scholarly journals Nano-Insecticides Against the Black Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Toxicity, Development, Enzyme activity, and DNA Mutagenicity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona A. M. Awad ◽  
El-Desoky S. Ibrahim ◽  
Engy I. Osman ◽  
Wael H. Elmenofy ◽  
Abdel Wahab M. Mahmoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Mutagenic Effects ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

High-frequency doses of chemical pesticides cause environmental pollution with high pesticide residues. In addition, increasing insecticide resistance in many insect pests requires novel pest control methods. Nanotechnology could be a promising field of modern agriculture, and is receiving considerable attention in the development of novel nano-agrochemicals, such as nanoinsectticides and nanofertilizers. This study assessed the effects of the lethal and sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, thiocyclam, and their nano-forms on the development, reproductive activity, oxidative stress enzyme activity, and DNA changes at the molecular level of the polyphagous species of black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon. The results revealed that A. ipsilon larvae were more susceptible to the nano-formsthan the regular forms of both nano chlorine and sulfur within the chlorantraniliprole and thiocyclam insecticides, respectively, with higher toxicities than the regular forms (ca. 3.86, and ca.2.06-fold, respectively). Significant differences in biological parameters, including developmental time and reproductive activity (fecundity and hatchability percent) were also observed. Correspondingly, increases in oxidative stress enzyme activities were observed, as were mutagenic effects on the genomic DNA of A. ipsilon after application of the LC50 of the nano-forms of both insecticides compared to the control. The positive results obtained here have led us to apply these nano-forms indifferent insect models in additional studies.

scholarly journals Identification and Management of Pests and Diseases of Garden Crops in Santa, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Konje C. N. ◽  
Abdulai A. N. ◽  
Achiri Denis Tange ◽  
Nsobinenyui D. ◽  
Tarla D. N. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
North West ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region

Aims: This work sought to identify the pests and diseases that hinder successful gardening and the pesticides used to manage these pests and their frequencies of application. Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out in the Santa Area of the North West Region of Cameroon. It was conducted from June 2013 to February 2014. Methodology: The study was carried out on six farms in Santa, a Sub-division in Mezam Division of the North West Region of Cameroon. On each of these farms, an area of 20 x 20 m was mapped and the plants therein observed. Insect pests, diseases and the pesticides used for their mitigation were identified at each growth stage. Results: The main diseases identified were clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and late blight (Phythophthora infestans) while Aphids (Myzus persicae S.), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) fruit worms (Helicoverpa amigera), Cutworms, fruitfly (Dacus punctatifrons) and grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus) were the prominent insect pests. The most applied pesticides were Cypermethrine and Dimethoate against insects, and Mancozeb and Maneb against fungi. Conclusion: From this study the most prominent pest of cabbage was the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), which affected the early growing stage. The main disease that affected tomato was blight, seen in both seasons but its severity was greater in the rainy season.  Insect pests were a major problem in the dry season causing high economic losses than in the wet season.

Isolation and identification of microbiota from Egyptian common insect pests invading economically important crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 5825-5830
Author(s):  
Waill A. Elkhateeb ◽  
Marwa O. ELnahas ◽  
Kareem M. Mousa ◽  
Adel A. Ahmed ◽  
Abdu Galib ALKolaibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
Paecilomyces Variotii ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
Absidia Corymbifera ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Fungal Microbiota ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Insects bodies contain multiple distinctive microbial colonies which play key role in the metabolism, development and health of an insect. In the current study bacterial and fungal microbiota were isolated from larval feces and adult wings of two major insect pests in Egypt, the Cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis and the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon. Isolated pathogens were identified and characterized according to the scientific described methods in such cases. Two different genera of bacteria (Bacillus & Serratia) were isolated from larval feces of both insects while isolated fungus were Paecilomyces variotii and Absidia corymbifera from the feces of A. ipsilon larvae, while Rhozopus stolonifer and Penicillium chrysogenum were isolated from adults wings of the same insect. The fungus Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Mucor circinilloides were isolated from feces of S. littoralis larvae. Numerous species of bacteria and fungi had been documented as a bio-agent against many insect pests, and most of them exhibited disruption in life-cycle of different species of Lepidopterous pests. The obtained data sheds light on microbial colonies associated with two major insect pests, however further studies are required to involve the isolated microbiota in the biological control programs of insect pests.

scholarly journals Insecticidal Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil as an Eco-Friendly Agent against the Black Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 737
Author(s):  
Moataz A. M. Moustafa ◽  
Mona Awad ◽  
Alia Amer ◽  
Nancy N. Hassan ◽  
El-Desoky S. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Background: The destructive insect pest Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous species targeting many economically important plants. The extensive and arbitrary use of insecticides has resulted in the build-up of insecticide resistance and pesticide residues accumulating in food. Therefore, it is becoming evident that alternative pest management tools are needed to reduce risks to humans, the environment, and non-target organisms, and at the same time, they should be used in field application at the lowest cost. Methods: In view of this objective, the present study demonstrates the toxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil (EO), against the black cutworm A. ipsilon under controlled laboratory conditions in terms of measuring the activity of peroxidase and detoxification enzymes. The chemical components of the EO were analyzed using GC–MS. Results: The results show that after 96 h post treatment, the LC15 and LC50 values were 427.67 and 2623.06 mg/L, respectively, of C. citratus EO on second-instar larvae of A. ipsilon. A slight significance in elongation of the larval duration with LC15 and LC50 value was found with control. By GC–MS analysis, the main compounds identified in the EO were α-citral and β-citral with percentages of 35.91%, and 35%, respectively. The oxidative stress indicates a significant increase in CAT and lipid peroxidase enzyme activity after 96 h post treatment at the LC15 and LC50. Conversely, the detoxification enzyme activity shows an inhibition of CarE and GST enzymes of larvae exposed to LC15 and LC50 values in response to C. citratus EO. Conclusions: The present data show that lemongrass EO has insecticidal activity against the black cutworm, A. ipsilon.

Implementing the systems approach in rice pest management : India context

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Tanwar ◽  
S Singh ◽  
SP Singh ◽  
Vikas Kumar Kanwar ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
National Level ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

A basic IPM module for basmati rice as a part of integrated crop management accounting the pest prevalence and the information available from literature has been developed. As the module is location specific and dynamic, therefore needs regular updating and fine tuning depending on the location and pest prevalence. The technology has been successfully validated and implemented during 1998 to 2019 in Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati, Dehraduni Basmati, Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with little modification and fine tuning. Implementation of the technology resulted in increase in rice grain yield i.e., 21.6% in Pusa Basmati 1 at Shikohpur, in Uttar Pradesh 21.5% in Taraori Basmati at Chhajpur in Haryana, 19.5% in Type 3 in Uttarakhand, 14.5 to 22.7% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana and 38.2% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Uttar Pradesh over farmer's practices (FP). In all the basmati rice trials, higher yield as well as Benefit - Cost (B-C) ratio was obtained in IPM as compared to FP. Implementation of IPM led to significant reduction in uses of chemical pesticides. In case of IPM, only 1.46 application of chemical pesticides (103.2 g a.i./ha) were undertaken in Pusa Basmati 1121 against 2.8 application in FP (1214.4 g a.i./ha) at Bambawad, Uttar Pradesh. ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack developed and validated IPM module at Sigmapur (Cuttack, Odisha) non-Basmati rice variety Pooja for four kharif seasons i.e 2010-2013 using standard agronomic practices. The trial resulted in an enhancement of 47.1% yield and 26.47 % B-C ratio over FP. Additional income of Rs. 9857/- per ha was also obtained in IPM over FP. On-Farm trial on validation of IPM module in non-Basmati rice (Pooja variety) under semi deep water conditions conducted in 10 ha during rabi 2017 at Nagapur and Basudeipur villages in Khurda district of Odisha resulted in reduction in the incidence of insect pests and diseases with higher population of natural enemies as compared to FP. Rice yield was recorded 5600 kg ha-1 in IPM as against 4900 kg ha-1 in FP. Recently, ICT based e-pest monitoring and advisory has become an important component for area wise implementation of IPM at state and national level. The programme has been successfully implemented in Odisha during 2010 and 2011 under RKVY. Implementation of the programme had resulted successful management of swarming caterpillar in 13 rice growing districts of Odisha during kharif 2010 and 2011.

Cholinesterase Activities and Oxidative Stress in Cattle Experimentally Exposed to Nitrate/Nitrite in Cultivated Pasture with Different Fertilization Schemes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Christ ◽  
Aleksandro Schafer Da Silva ◽  
Mateus Eloir Grabriel ◽  
Luan Cleber Henker ◽  
Renan Augusto Cechin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Cholinesterase Activities ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Group 1

  Background: Nitrate and nitrite poisoning is associated with pasture intake that has high nitrate levels and leads to acute methemoglobinemia. Pasture may accumulate nitrate under certain conditions, such as excessively fertilized soil or en­vironmental conditions that enhance the N absorption (rain preceded by a period of drought). After ingestion of plants, this substrate reaches the rumen and, in physiological conditions, is reduced to nitrite and afterward to ammonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in cholinesterase activities and oxidative stress caused by subclinical poisoning for nitrate and nitrite in cattle fed with Pennisetum glaucum in three different fertilization schemes. Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform the experimental poisoning, the pasture was cultivated in three dif­ferent paddocks: with nitrogen topdressing (urea; group 1), organic fertilizer (group 2) or without fertilizer (group 3; control). Nitrate accumulation in forage was evaluated by the diphenylamine test. After food fasting of 12 h, nine bovine were randomly allocated to one of the experimental groups and fed with fresh forage (ad libitum) from respective pad­dock. In different time points from beginning of pasture intake (0, 2, 4, 6 and 9 h) heart rate and respiratory frequency were assessed, as well as mucous membrane color and behavioral changes. Blood samples from jugular vein into vials with and without anticoagulant were collected. From blood samples, serum nitrite levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme activity were evaluated, as well as oxidative stress through the following param­eters: levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), beyond the antioxidant system by enzyme activity measurement of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The diphenylamine test was positive to group 1 and 2, so that the pasture presented 3.16 mg/kg, 2.98 mg/kg and 1.67 mg/kg of nitrate for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, cows from group 1 demonstrated increased (P < 0.05) nitrite levels in serum, compared to other groups, and greater heart rate after 9 h (P < 0.05). The AChE and BChE activity in group 1 showed significant increase (P < 0.05) at 4 and 6 h (AChE), and 4 and 9 h (BChE) compared to group 3. Also, NOx levels were lower at 6 and 9 h (P < 0.05) and at 9 h (P < 0.05) for animals of group 1 and 2, respectively, when compared to group 3. Furthermore, in the group 1 levels of ROS and TBARS were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after 2 and 4 h, and 6 and 9 h compared to other groups, respectively. The CAT activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) with 2 and 4 h of the experiment, but on the other hand, decreased at 6 and 9 h in group 1. Nevertheless, the animals from group 2 presented only a significant reduction in this enzyme activity at 9 h. Furthermore, SOD activity was reduced in animals of groups 1 (P < 0.05) at 4, 6 and 9 h, compared to other groups. Discussion: It was concluded that the nitrate and nitrite poisoning by pasture intake cultivated and fertilized with urea leads to increased levels of serum nitrite, as well as the cholinesterase activity and causes oxidative stress in cattle. It is conjectured that the cholinesterase activity and oxidative stress may assist in understanding the pathophysiology of changes caused by poisoning.Keywords: plant toxicology, poisoning, methemoglobin, cholinergic system, oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structures of an insecticidal Bt toxin reveal its mechanism of action on the membrane

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Byrne ◽  
Matthew G. Iadanza ◽  
Marcos Arribas Perez ◽  
Daniel P. Maskell ◽  
Rachel M. George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Data ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Wide Potential

AbstractInsect pests are a major cause of crop losses worldwide, with an estimated economic cost of $470 billion annually. Biotechnological tools have been introduced to control such insects without the need for chemical pesticides; for instance, the development of transgenic plants harbouring genes encoding insecticidal proteins. The Vip3 (vegetative insecticidal protein 3) family proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis convey toxicity to species within the Lepidoptera, and have wide potential applications in commercial agriculture. Vip3 proteins are proposed to exert their insecticidal activity through pore formation, though to date there is no mechanistic description of how this occurs on the membrane. Here we present cryo-EM structures of a Vip3 family toxin in both inactive and activated forms in conjunction with structural and functional data on toxin–membrane interactions. Together these data demonstrate that activated Vip3Bc1 complex is able to insert into membranes in a highly efficient manner, indicating that receptor binding is the likely driver of Vip3 specificity.

scholarly journals Treatment of the Fluoroquinolone-Associated Disability: The Pathobiochemical Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Michalak ◽  
Aleksandra Sobolewska-Włodarczyk ◽  
Marcin Włodarczyk ◽  
Justyna Sobolewska ◽  
Piotr Woźniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Bivalent Cations

Long-term fluoroquinolone-associated disability (FQAD) after fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic therapy appears in recent years as a significant medical and social problem, because patients suffer for many years after prescribed antimicrobial FQ treatment from tiredness, concentration problems, neuropathies, tendinopathies, and other symptoms. The knowledge about the molecular activity of FQs in the cells remains unclear in many details. The effective treatment of this chronic state remains difficult and not effective. The current paper reviews the pathobiochemical properties of FQs, hints the directions for further research, and reviews the research concerning the proposed treatment of patients. Based on the analysis of literature, the main directions of possible effective treatment of FQAD are proposed: (a) reduction of the oxidative stress, (b) restoring reduced mitochondrion potential ΔΨm, (c) supplementation of uni- and bivalent cations that are chelated by FQs and probably ineffectively transported to the cell (caution must be paid to Fe and Cu because they may generate Fenton reaction), (d) stimulating the mitochondrial proliferation, (e) removing FQs permanently accumulated in the cells (if this phenomenon takes place), and (f) regulating the disturbed gene expression and enzyme activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Some Eggplant Cultivars to Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Zienab Raeyat ◽  
Jabraiel Razmjou ◽  
Bahram Naseri ◽  
Asgar Ebadollahi ◽  
Patcharin Krutmuang
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Population Increase

Due to the detrimental side-effects of synthetic pesticides, the use of nonchemical strategies in the management of insect pests is necessary. In the present study, the susceptibility of fourteen eggplant cultivars to green peach aphid (M. persicae) were investigated. According to preliminary screening tests, ‘Long-Green’, ‘Ravaya’ and ‘Red-Round’ as relatively resistant, and ‘White-Casper’ and ‘Pearl-Round’ as susceptible cultivars were recognized. In the antixenosis tests, the highest hosting preference was documented for ‘White-Casper’. Population growth parameters were used for evaluation of antibiosis. The highest and lowest developmental time (d) was observed on ‘Long-Green’ (4.33 d) and ‘White-Casper’ (3.26 d), respectively. The highest and lowest intrinsic rates of population increase (rm) were on ‘White-Casper’ (0.384 d−1) and ‘Long-Green’ (0.265 d−1), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the height and fresh and dry weight of infested and noninfected plants. Plant resistance index (PRI), as a simplified way to assess all resistance mechanisms, provides a particular value to determine the proper resistant cultivar. The greatest PRI value was observed on ‘Long-Green’. In general, the ‘Long-Green’ showed the least, and the ‘White-Casper’ displayed the most susceptibility among tested cultivars infested by M. persicae, which might be useful in integrated management of this pest.

scholarly journals Myco-Biocontrol of Insect Pests: Factors Involved, Mechanism, and Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardul Singh Sandhu ◽  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
Vikas Beniwal ◽  
Gunjan Goel ◽  
Priya Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The growing demand for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture and increased resistance to insecticides have provided great impetus to the development of alternative forms of insect-pest control. Myco-biocontrol offers an attractive alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms which are perceived as less damaging to the environment. Their mode of action appears little complex which makes it highly unlikely that resistance could be developed to a biopesticide. Past research has shown some promise of the use of fungi as a selective pesticide. The current paper updates us about the recent progress in the field of myco-biocontrol of insect pests and their possible mechanism of action to further enhance our understanding about the biological control of insect pests.

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