Serum levels of specialised pro-resolving molecule pathways are greatly increased in SARS-CoV-2 patients and correlate with markers of the adaptive immune response

AbstractBackgroundSpecialised pro-resolution molecules (SPMs) halt the transition to chronic pathogenic inflammation. We aimed to quantify serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids in SARS-CoV-2 patients, and to identify potential relationships with innate responses and clinical outcome.MethodsSerum from 50 hospital admitted inpatients (22 female, 28 male) with confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and 94 age and sex matched cohort collected prior to the pandemic, were processed for quantification of bioactive lipids. Anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike quantitative binding assays were performed.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 serum had significantly higher concentrations of omega-6 derived pro-inflammatory lipids and omega-6 and omega-3 derived SPMs, compared to age and sex matched controls. Levels of SPMs were not markedly altered by age. There were significant positive correlations between SPMs and other bioactive lipids and anti-spike antibody binding. Levels of some SPMs were significantly higher in patients with an anti-spike antibody value >0.5. Levels of linoleic acid (LA) and 5,6-dihydroxy-8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid (5,6-DHET) were significantly lower in SARS-COV-2 patients who died.DiscussionSARS-COV-2 infection was associated with a robust activation of the pathways that generate the specialised pro-resolution molecules and other anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids, supporting the future investigation of these pathways which may inform the development of novel treatments.

Download Full-text

Imbalance Between Omega-6- and Omega-3-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Arthritis in Older Adults

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa113 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roxana Coras ◽

Brian Pedersen ◽

Rekha Narasimhan ◽

Anahy Brandy ◽

Lourdes Mateo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Disease Activity Score ◽

Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽

Mass Spectrometry Data ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Bioactive Lipids ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Elderly Onset

Abstract Elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) are common rheumatic diseases in older adults. Oxylipins are bioactive lipids derived from omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that serve as activators or suppressors of systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that arthritis symptoms in older adults were related to oxylipin-related perturbations. Arthritis in older adults (ARTIEL) is an observational prospective cohort with 64 patients older than 60 years of age with newly diagnosed arthritis. Patients’ blood samples at baseline and 3 months posttreatment were compared with 18 controls. A thorough clinical examination was conducted. Serum oxylipins were determined by mass spectrometry. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed in R. Forty-four patients were diagnosed with EORA and 20 with PMR. At diagnosis, EORA patients had a mean DAS28CRP (Disease Activity Score 28 using C-reactive protein) of 5.77 (SD 1.02). One hundred percent of PMR patients reported shoulder pain and 90% reported pelvic pain. Several n-6- and n-3-derived oxylipin species were significantly different between controls and arthritis patients. The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA was significantly downregulated in EORA but not in PMR patients as compared to controls. The top two candidates as biomarkers for differentiating PMR from EORA were 4-HDoHE, a hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, and 8,15-dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (8,15-diHETE). The levels of n-3-derived anti-inflammatory species increased in EORA after treatment. These results suggest that certain oxylipins may be key effectors in arthrtis in older adults and that the imbalance between n-6- and n-3-derived oxylipins might be related to pathobiology in this population.

Download Full-text

Anti-Platelet Properties of Apple Must/Skin Yeasts and of Their Fermented Apple Cider Products

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages7030054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Donal Moran ◽

Mary Fleming ◽

Eimear Daly ◽

Natasha Gaughan ◽

Ioannis Zabetakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Human Platelet ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Apple Cider ◽

Human Platelet Aggregation ◽

Yeast Strains ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Alcoholic beverages like apple cider are considered functional beverages with several health benefits, when consumed in moderation, which are mainly attributed to their microbiota and the plethora of their bioactive compounds. Among them, bio-functional polar lipids (PL) have recently been found in apple cider, which despite low quantities, have exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties, while fermentation seems to affect the functionality of apple cider’s PL bioactives. The aim of the present study was to elaborate yeast strains isolated from the complex mixtures of apple surface and must yeasts for evaluating their effects on the anti-platelet functional properties of PL bioactives from their final fermented apple cider products. First, bio-functional PL were extracted and separated from the biomass of the different isolated apple surface/must yeast strains, and were further assessed for their anti-platelet potency against human platelet aggregation induced by the potent inflammatory and thrombotic mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), or by a classic platelet agonist like adenosine diphopshate (ADP). Novel functional apple ciders were then produced from the fermentation of apple juice by elaborating the most bioactive and resilient yeast strains isolated from the apple must with optimum fermentation properties. PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple cider products were also further assessed for their anti-platelet properties against both the PAF and ADP pathways of human platelet aggregation. These novel cider products were found to contain PL bioactives with lower IC50 values (~40 μg) and thus increased anti-platelet potency against platelet aggregation induced by PAF and ADP. GC-MS analysis of the PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple ciders showed that apple cider PL bioactives are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) and the omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with favorably lower levels for their omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio, which further support the observed strong anti-platelet properties putative anti-inflammatory potency for the apple cider PL bioactives. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate and fully characterize the apple yeast strains that can be utilized for increasing the anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and cardioprotective functional properties of their fermented apple cider products.

Download Full-text

Anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2015.1126549 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (16) ◽

pp. 3421-3429 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Esther Tortosa-Caparrós ◽

Diana Navas-Carrillo ◽

Francisco Marín ◽

Esteban Orenes-Piñero

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Download Full-text

An Overview of Analeptic Applications of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Journal of Scientific Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i630405 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 95-118

Author(s):

Bharat Kwatra ◽

Harsimran Kaur ◽

Joydip Majumdar ◽

Mahek Shah ◽

Mansi Upadhyaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Skin Disorders ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Pufa Ratio ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

This article is an examination of the Analeptic Applications of Omega-3. The scientific development and subsequent clinical applications of Omega-3 in Healthcare continue to influence researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrates further aspects of the applications of Omega-3 on various health backgrounds, including. Cardiovascular Health: The study addresses the comparison of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in cardiovascular diseases. Higher intake of dietary Omega-3 helps activation, inhibition, and alteration of metabolic and signaling pathways which is associated with better cardiovascular health, while Omega-6 decreases the risk of coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular disease mortality. Immunology: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been found to show an anti-inflammatory effect in the body by downregulating the activation of various immune cells. They regulate immunological functions via eicosanoids and resolvins which are anti-inflammatory. External supplementation can reduce chronic and acute inflammation as well as reduce the chances of graft rejection. The regulatory effect is shown by modifying gene expression and/or signal transduction in human cells. They are also involved in altering the membrane composition of Fatty Acids(FA) and as a result, they affect the lipid raft structure and also membrane trafficking. Joint Health: The study shows the effects of omega-3 and other fatty acid consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), bone marrow lesions, and knee cartilage lesions. It notes the interrelations between synovitis, plasma levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs in OsteoArthritis (OA) patients along with risk factors for OA, which could help consider liable treatments for improvement of OA. The study highlights the importance of the Omega-6:Omega-3 PUFA ratio and clinical and functional outcome measures which can help us in better understanding the role of PUFAs and possible treatments for people with knee osteoarthritis while showing the effect of Omega-3 fatty acids on muscle health in RA. Skin Disorders: Fish oils rich in PUFAs are reported to improve several inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. They have also been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. The significance of omega-3 in skin structure was proved by describing a syndrome caused by stringent fat reduction in the diet that leads to erythema with scaling, hair loss, itching, and increased water loss.

Download Full-text

Associations between Vitamin D, Omega 6:Omega 3 Ratio, and Biomarkers of Aging in Individuals Living with and without Chronic Pain

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14020266 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 266

Author(s):

Akemi T. Wijayabahu ◽

Angela M. Mickle ◽

Volker Mai ◽

Cynthia Garvan ◽

Toni L. Glover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Chronic Pain ◽

Cellular Aging ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Biomarkers Of Aging ◽

Pain Status ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Elevated inflammatory cytokines and chronic pain are associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a measure of cellular aging. Micronutrients, such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) and omega 3, have anti-inflammatory properties. Little is known regarding the relationships between vitamin D, omega 6:3 ratio, LTL, inflammation, and chronic pain. We investigate associations between vitamin D, omega 6:3 ratio, LTL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in people living with/without chronic pain overall and stratified by chronic pain status. A cross-sectional analysis of 402 individuals (63% women, 79.5% with chronic pain) was completed. Demographic and health information was collected. Chronic pain was assessed as pain experienced for at least three months. LTL was measured in genomic DNA isolated from blood leukocytes, and micronutrients and CRP were measured in serum samples. Data were analyzed with general linear regression. Although an association between the continuous micronutrients and LTL was not observed, a positive association between omega 6:3 ratio and CRP was detected. In individuals with chronic pain, based on clinical categories, significant associations between vitamin D, omega 6:3 ratio, and CRP were observed. Findings highlight the complex relationships between anti-inflammatory micronutrients, inflammation, cellular aging, and chronic pain.

Download Full-text

Mediterranean Diet and Osteoarticular Diseases

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1386207322666191203103530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 242-250

Author(s):

Eliana R. Sanpaolo ◽

Addolorata Corrado ◽

Francesco P. Cantatore

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Omega 6 ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background: Besides the well-known positive effect on the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, in the latest decades growing evidence has accumulated on the beneficial effects of MD on various aspects of health outcomes. Nevertheless, data concerning the existence of a direct positive effect of MD, irrespective of its beneficial effect on body weight, in osteo-articular diseases, are still controversial. In osteo-articular diseases, a pro-inflammatory environment is highlighted, with an increased systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Objective: Our objective is to investigate the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and osteo-articular diseases. Conclusion: Many foods included in MD, have anti-inflammatory properties, due to the presence of nutrients, such as polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fats. The two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, have opposing effects on the inflammatory process. Omega-6 stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects, including significant reductions in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Some studies have shown that the dietary pattern of MD consumption has an important role in the prevention and development of inflammatory arthritis. Nevertheless, the possible influence of MD on chronic osteo-articular diseases is very limited, this review updates the main experimental and clinical evidences concerning the potential beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the most diffuse osteo-articular chronic and degenerative joint disease.

Download Full-text

Developing Mediterranean and Western Diets for an Anti-Inflammatory Feeding Trial (P12-017-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz035.p12-017-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amy Schweitzer ◽

Bobbie Barron ◽

Nga Barron ◽

Meredith McCormack ◽

Emily Brigham

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Western Diet ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Feeding Study ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Strict Diet ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Objectives Design a research diet that can be used to evaluate the relationship between nutrition and inflammation in a randomized, cross-over study in adults. Methods Dietary components were established for a Mediterranean menu and a Western menu based on a literature review. Three-day menu cycles were planned using the established components. Recipes were developed and adapted to meet menu goals at the 2000 calorie level. Proportional increments of menu items at the 2000 kcal level were used to establish 2500, 3000, and 3500 daily kcal levels to allow for varying energy requirements of participants. Meal plans were analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research 2017 (NDSR). Healthy Eating Index was calculated using NDSR data. Results 100% of grains in the Mediterranean diet, none in the Western diet, were whole grains. Sweets and pastries were included in the Western diet daily but not the Intervention diet. Mean HEI score for the three-day menu cycle was 91.1 and 37.2 for the Mediterranean and Western diet, respectively. Preliminary results from three participants fed both diets for 6 days: All three participants consumed within 5% of the planned diet with the exception of one participant, who, during the Mediterranean diet cycle, consumed 64%. Mean HEI calculated for actual participant intake (n = 3, 6 days each) was: 89.7 Mediterranean, 36.4 Western Conclusions The Mediterranean diet had a 10-fold higher ratio of omega-6: omega-3 fat than Western. A three-day menu cycle was planned and met goals for an anti-inflammatory feeding study. Recruitment is ongoing to study the feasibility of providing a Mediterranean style and Western style diet to adults with asthma in Baltimore City. Mean HEI for the first three recruits was similar to that of the planned menu, indicating that lack of strict diet adherence did not alter HEI goal of the diet. Although diet design was successful, there were challenges to feeding study participants that must be considered in future feeding studies. Adequate freezer space is key in food preparation and delivery. Acceptability of foods in the Mediterranean diet may effect diet compliance in those who typically eat a Western diet. Dietary restrictions and allergies excluded potential study subjects. Funding Sources This publication was made possible by the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR001079 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the Johns Hopkins ICTR, NCATS or NIH. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Download Full-text

Enhanced Skin Performance of Emulgel vs. Cream as Systems for Topical Delivery of Herbal Actives (Immortelle Extract and Hemp Oil)

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111919 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1919

Author(s):

Vanja M. Tadić ◽

Ana Žugić ◽

Milica Martinović ◽

Milica Stanković ◽

Svetolik Maksimović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Skin Hydration ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Hemp Oil

Immortelle, as rich source of chlorogenic acid and the phloroglucinol alpha-pyrone compound arzanol, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, affects cell regeneration, and has positive effect on many skin conditions. Hemp oil, characterized by a favorable omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, as well as an abundance of essential fatty acids and vitamin E, participates in immunoregulation and also act as an anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we examined the effect on the skin of creams and emulgels with immortelle extract and hemp oil, by comparing them to placebo samples and a non-treated control. A long-term in vivo study of biophysical skin characteristics, which lasted for 30 days, was conducted on 25 healthy human volunteers. Measured parameters were electrical capacitance of the stratum corneum, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin pH and erythema index. Further, a sensory study was carried out in which the panelists had to choose descriptive terms for sensory attributes in questionnaire. The results showed that application of all preparations led to increase of skin hydration and TEWL reduction, while the skin was not irritated, and its normal pH was not disrupted. This study also showed importance of the carrier. Not only were emulgels described by panelists as preparations with better sensory properties, there was a significant difference between the skin hydration effect of emulgel with immortelle extract and hemp oil compared to the placebo emulgel, which was not the case with creams. Such findings indicated enhanced delivery of herbal active substances from emulgel compared to the cream.

Download Full-text

A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102279 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2279 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Marialaura Simonetto ◽

Marco Infante ◽

Ralph L. Sacco ◽

Tatjana Rundek ◽

David Della-Morte

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Pufa Supplementation ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting arterial vessels and leading to vascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The relationship between atherosclerosis and risk of neurodegeneration has been established, in particular with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Systemic atherosclerosis increases the risk of VCID by inducing cerebral infarction, or through systemic or local inflammatory factors that underlie both atherosclerosis and cognition. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in inflammatory processes, but with opposite roles. Specifically, omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory properties by competing with omega-6 PUFAs and displacing arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Experimental studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the risk of different phenotypes of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review describes the link between atherosclerosis, VCID and inflammation, as well as how omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be useful to prevent and treat inflammatory-related diseases.

Download Full-text