scholarly journals Optimizing a human fecal assay that elicits bacterial swarming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Byju ◽  
Deeti Patel ◽  
Weijie Chen ◽  
Sridhar Mani
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Complex Material ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Distinct Property ◽  
Bacterial Swarming

AbstractA distinct property of many bacteria is swarming: swift movement across a surface through flagella propulsion. Early research indicates that bacterial swarming can be a protective host response to intestinal inflammation. Central to the further study of bacterial swarming in human health is an effective and replicable assay for swarming that can accommodate complex material, such as fecal matter. To date, nearly all swarming assays described in the literature are specific for bacteria grown in culture, most often Pseudomonas. In this paper, we describe a protocol for discerning swarming of bacteria from frozen human fecal samples. Moreover, we tested 4 variables that may influence the effectiveness of the assay: the method by which frozen samples were thawed, the concentration of agar used in the Lysogenic broth (LB) agar plate, the volume of LB agar poured in the plate, and the volume of sample inoculated. We found that while the type of thaw and volume of LB agar had little to no effect on swarming, greater concentrations of agar were negatively correlated with swarming and greater volumes of the sample were positively correlated with swarming.

Evaluation of Human Fecal Calprotectin Detection Kits and Their Potential use as Non-Invasive Intestinal Biomarker of Infectious Enterocolitis in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Barbosa ◽  
Lucas Rodrigues ◽  
Daniel Columbus ◽  
Juan Aguirre ◽  
John Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Fecal Calprotectin ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Infectious Colitis ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Infectious Enterocolitis

Abstract Background: Fecal calprotectin is largely applied as a non-invasive intestinal inflammation biomarker in human medicine. Previous studies in pigs investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin in healthy animals only. Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding its application during infectious diarrhea. This study investigated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella Typhimurium infected pigs. Results: Fecal samples from pigs with colitis (n=18) were collected from animals experimentally inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae G44 or from sham-inoculated controls. Fecal samples from pigs with enteritis (n=14) were collected from animals inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or from sham-inoculated controls. For both groups, fecal samples were scored as: 0 = normal; 1 = soft, wet cement; 2 = watery feces; 3 = mucoid diarrhea; and 4 = bloody diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin levels were assayed using a sandwich ELISA, a turbidimetric immunoassay and a point-of-care dipstick test. Fecal calprotectin levels were greater in colitis samples scoring 4 versus ≤ 4 using ELISA, and in feces scoring 3 and 4 versus ≤ 1 using immunoturbidimetry (P < 0.05). No differences were found in calprotectin concentration among fecal scores for enteritis samples, regardless of the assay used. All samples were found below detection limits using the dipstick method.Conclusions: Fecal calprotectin is a potential non-invasive biomarker of infectious colitis, but it is not suitable for detection of enteritis. While practical, the use of commercially available human presents sensitivity limitations. Further studies are needed to validate the field application of calprotectin as a marker.

scholarly journals Food habits of indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (Kerr 1792), in district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Khan ◽  
N. Irshad ◽  
B. Ahmed ◽  
M. R. Khan ◽  
R. A. Minhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Crested Porcupine ◽  
Summer Time

Abstract The Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is classified as an agricultural pest species. It feeds on plants and crops; hence, it is responsible for massive financial losses worldwide. The current study was conducted to assess the diet composition of Indian Crested Porcupine in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Thus, fecal samples were collected and examined from different sampling sites. Reference slides of the material collected from the study area were prepared for identification of dietary components in fecal pellets. A total of 80 fecal samples were collected and processed. Percent relative frequencies (P.R.F.) were calculated for each plant species recovered from pellets. Data revealed that Indian Crested Porcupine consumed 31 plant species in its diet, among them Zea mays (34.31±7.76) was the most frequently selected species followed by Rumex obtusifolius (15.32±2.57) and Melia azedarach (12.83±4.79). The study revealed that the greatest diversity of (n=20) plant species were consumed in summer season while minimum (n=13) species were used during winter. Among the parts of plants, stem was highly consumed in spring (57.2%) as compared to seed in fall (36.7%) while spikes and leaf were the least recovered parts from the fecal matter. The Berger-Parker diversity index showed highly diversified food (10.92) in the summer time of the year as compared to the autumn season (2.95). This study provides a baseline for the diet preference of this pest in the study area. Based on current findings, a detailed investigation on damage assessment, exploration, habitat use and management of Indian Crested Porcupine in AJ&K has been recommended.

scholarly journals Exosomes in Intestinal Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchana K. Ayyar ◽  
Alan C. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Exosomes are 30–150 nm sized vesicles released by a variety of cells, and are found in most physiological compartments (feces, blood, urine, saliva, breast milk). They can contain different cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), a distinct exosome profile can be detected in blood and fecal samples. In addition, circulating exosomes can carry targets on their surface for monoclonal antibodies used as IBD therapy. This review aims to understand the exosome profile in humans and other mammals, the cargo contained in them, the effect of exosomes on the gut, and the application of exosomes in IBD therapy.

scholarly journals Experimental infectious challenge in pigs leads to elevated fecal calprotectin levels following colitis, but not enteritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica A. Barbosa ◽  
Lucas A. Rodrigues ◽  
Daniel A. Columbus ◽  
Juan C. P. Aguirre ◽  
John C. S. Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Fecal Calprotectin ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

Abstract Background Fecal calprotectin is largely applied as a non-invasive intestinal inflammation biomarker in human medicine. Previous studies in pigs investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin in healthy animals only. Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding its application during infectious diarrhea. This study investigated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella Typhimurium infected pigs. Results Fecal samples from pigs with colitis (n = 18) were collected from animals experimentally inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 3). Fecal samples from pigs with enteritis (n = 14) were collected from animals inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 4). For both groups, fecal samples were scored as: 0 = normal; 1 = soft, wet cement; 2 = watery feces; 3 = mucoid diarrhea; and 4 = bloody diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin levels were assayed using a sandwich ELISA, a turbidimetric immunoassay and a point-of-care dipstick test. Fecal calprotectin levels were greater in colitis samples scoring 4 versus ≤ 4 using ELISA, and in feces scoring 3 and 4 versus ≤ 1 using immunoturbidimetry (P < 0.05). No differences were found in calprotectin concentration among fecal scores for enteritis samples, regardless of the assay used. All samples were found below detection limits using the dipstick method. Conclusions Fecal calprotectin levels are increased following the development of colitis, but do not significantly change due to enteritis. While practical, the use of commercially available human kits present sensitivity limitations. Further studies are needed to validate the field application of calprotectin as a marker of intestinal inflammation.

scholarly journals Su2001 – Effect of a Modified American Diet on Intestinal Inflammation in Samp1/Yitfc (SAMP) Mice Transplanted with Fecal Matter from a Patient with Crohn’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. S-686-S-687
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Basson ◽  
Adrian Gomez-Nguyen ◽  
Alexandra N. Warner ◽  
Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios ◽  
Fabio Cominelli
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fecal Matter

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hookworm infection and Strongyloidiasis in Cats and Potential Risk Factor of Human Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 06002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blego Sedionoto ◽  
Witthaya Anamnart
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Potential Risk Factor ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Fecal Samples

Hookworm infection and Stronyloidiasis are public health problem in the worldwide which both of them could infective in human by penetrated on skin and they have potential risk from Gastrointestinal zoonotic helminths of pets, including cats. We investigated the prevalence soil transmitted helminths infection in human and cats used modified Formal-Ether Concentration and agar plate culture. Fecal samples of 23 cats and human from Naitung and Subua Villages (area study 1), and fecal samples of 15 cats and 17 humans from Thasala Beach villages (area study 2) were collected. Result of study in area study 1 showed prevalence of infection in human was not hookworm and strongyloidiasis but 10% humans have infected Ascaris and Tricuris, and in cats have infected by hookworm 75.2% and S. strercoralis 8.5%, toxocara 13%, spirometra 13% and overall prevalence 82.5%. In area study 2 showed in human has infected by Trichuris 100% and S. stercoralis 29.4% and in cats have infected by hookworm 100% and S. strercoralis 40%, toxocora 20%, and spirometra 20%. Helminth infection found in both humans in two areas study are S. strercoralis. Hookworms were the most common helminth in cats but did not connection with infection in human, while S. strercoralis was helminth infection in cats which has potential zoonotic disease to human.

scholarly journals Stool pattern is associated with not only the prevalence of tumorigenic bacteria isolated from fecal matter but also plasma and fecal fatty acids in healthy Japanese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Watanabe ◽  
Haruka Murakami ◽  
Harumi Ohno ◽  
Kumpei Tanisawa ◽  
Kana Konishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Validated Questionnaire

Abstract Background Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli containing polyketide synthase (pks+E. coli) has been shown to be involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development through gut microbiota analysis in animal models. Stool status has been associated with potentially adverse gut microbiome profiles from fecal analysis in adults. We examined the association between stool patterns and the prevalence of pks+E. coli isolated from microbiota in fecal samples of 224 healthy Japanese individuals. Results Stool patterns were determined through factorial analysis using a previously validated questionnaire that included stool frequency, volume, color, shape, and odor. Factor scores were classified into tertiles. The prevalence of pks+E. coli was determined by using specific primers for pks+E. coli in fecal samples. Plasma and fecal fatty acids were measured via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The prevalence of pks+E. coli was 26.8%. Three stool patterns identified by factorial analysis accounted for 70.1% of all patterns seen (factor 1: lower frequency, darker color, and harder shape; factor 2: higher volume and softer shape; and factor 3: darker color and stronger odor). Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the prevalence of pks+E. coli for the highest versus the lowest third of the factor 1 score was 3.16 (1.38 to 7.24; P for trend = 0.006). This stool pattern exhibited a significant positive correlation with fecal isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and hexanoate but showed a significant negative correlation with plasma eicosenoic acid and α-linoleic acid, as well as fecal propionate and succinate. No other stool patterns were significant. Conclusions These results suggest that stool patterns may be useful in the evaluation of the presence of tumorigenic bacteria and fecal fatty acids through self-monitoring of stool status without the requirement for specialist technology or skill. Furthermore, it may provide valuable insight about effective strategies for the early discovery of CRC.

scholarly journals Recovered microbiome of an oviparous lizard differs across gut and reproductive tissues, cloacal swabs, and feces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Bunker ◽  
Mark Martin ◽  
Stacey Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Community Function ◽  
Lower Intestine ◽  
Specialized Function ◽  
Sceloporus Virgatus

Microbial diversity and community function are related, and can be highly specialized in different gut regions. The cloacal microbiome of Sceloporus virgatus provides antifungal protection to eggshells during oviposition – a specialized function that suggests a specialized microbial composition. Here, we describe the S. virgatus cloacal microbiome from tissue and swab samples, and compare it to tissue samples from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and oviduct, adding to the growing body of evidence of microbiome localization in reptiles. We further assessed whether common methods of microbial sampling – cloacal swabs and feces – provide accurate representations of these microbial communities and whether feces might “seed” the cloacal microbiome or impact the accuracy of cloacal swab sampling. We found that different regions of the gut had unique microbial community structures. The cloacal community, in particular, showed extreme specialization averaging 99% Proteobacteria (Phylum) and 83% Enterobacteriacaea (Family). Cloacal swabs recovered communities similar to that of lower intestine and cloacal tissues, but fecal samples had much higher diversity and a distinct composition (62% Firmicutes and 39% Lachnospiraceae) relative to all gut regions. Finally, we found that feces and cloacal swabs recover different communities, but cloacal swabs may be contaminated with fecal matter if taken immediately after defecation. These results serve as a caution against the assumption that fecal samples provide an accurate representation of the gut, and that although cloacal swabs can reflect a portion of the lower GI tract microbiome, they may also result in a mixed community of gut and fecal microbes.

Transmission Of ESBL Producing Klebsiella Ozaenae Between Wildlife And Domesticated Animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S136-S137
Author(s):  
G M Leu-Burke ◽  
B Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Urban City

Abstract Introduction/Objective Animal and human interaction can result in zoonotic transmission, colonization and risk for infectious disease. However wildlife exposure to humans through domesticated animals is not fully understood. Alaska’s largest urban city, Anchorage, is home to approximately one thousand moose migrating into city parks and suburban backyards with an environmental impact from fecal contamination. As domesticated canines inhabit the same environment there is a potential public health for microbial transfer from wildlife to humans. Methods In order to determine potential risk of zoonosis from wildlife to domesticated animals, we ground collected fecal samples from three related canines (Chico, Kali, Chubs), moose habituating the canine’s backyard and from an unrelated canine (Odin) who lived nearby, but did not inhabit the same backyard environment. Observation of canine outdoor activity, including rolling and digging in the soil, was also evaluated. Using standard microbial techniques, all fecal samples were cultured for enterobacteriaceae and further identified by biochemical testing, along with antimicrobial resistance using conventional minimum inhibition concentration antibiotic panels. Phenotypic evaluation for extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme was performed using antibiotic disc diffusion. Results Fecal samples from the moose contained identical biotype and antimicrobial resistance of ESBL producing Klebsiella ozaenae with related canines Chico and Chubs. Chico and Chubs consistently exposed themselves to moose fecal matter by digging in contaminated soil, indicating aerosol transmission. Although Kali and Odin interacted with Chico and Chubs, they were not colonized suggesting a lack of microbial transmission between domesticated animals. Conclusion Close proximity to moose in urban Anchorage draws our attention to their commensal microbiome and potential for infectious transfer. Domesticated animals inhabit shared environment and are at risk for colonization during exposure to wildlife fecal contaminated soil and water. In a limited study, we found transfer of ESBL Klebsiella ozaenae from moose to domesticated animals in a shared urban residence. Human contact with infected domesticated animals, along with aerosol soil exposure during gardening or landscaping activities, presents opportunity for zoonosis from urban wildlife and a risk for colonization of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Cocoa Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits for Human Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Andújar ◽  
M. C. Recio ◽  
R. M. Giner ◽  
J. L. Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Potential Benefits

This paper compiles the beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols on human health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer prevention. Their antioxidant properties may be responsible for many of their pharmacological effects, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the protection of LDL-cholesterol against oxidation, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. The phenolics from cocoa also modify the glycemic response and the lipid profile, decreasing platelet function and inflammation along with diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, which, taken together, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa polyphenols can also modulate intestinal inflammation through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration and expression of different transcription factors, which leads to decreases in the production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The phenolics from cocoa may thus protect against diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a causal or contributing factor, such as cancer. They also have antiproliferative, antimutagenic, and chemoprotective effects, in addition to their anticariogenic effects.

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