The Viscosity of Superheated Steam up to 275 Deg C: A Refined Determination

1963 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kestin ◽  
P. D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Density Effect ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Simple Correlation

This paper describes a series of measurements made with an oscillating disk viscometer of the viscosity of superheated steam. These measurements were made on eight isotherms, ranging from 148 deg C to 275 deg C, and thus go to a temperature higher than previously achieved with steam in this type of instrument. The measurements again show that in the range of temperature investigated the viscosity of superheated steam decreases with increasing density. The precision of the present measurements has permitted a simple correlation to be made of the effect of temperature and density upon the viscosity. From this it now appears that the temperature at which the density effect ceases to be negative is about 315 deg C. The correlation of the present results is μμpoise=88.020+0.32827tdegC+0.00021350t2(degC)2−−ρg/cm31858−5.90tdegC The standard deviation of the measurements from this is 0.26 μpoise.

scholarly journals SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CEFPIROME IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
DILIP M CHAFLE
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Ferric Nitrate ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Relative Standard

Objective: A simple, sensitive and precise visible spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of cefpirome (CFM) in pure and oral injectable dosage form. Methods: A spectrophotometric method is based on the formation of stable red color product by oxidation of drugs by ferric nitrate and subsequent complexation with 1, 10 – phenanthroline with maximum absorption at 515 nm. Result: The red color complex was formed between Fe (II) and 1, 10 – phenanthroline after reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) in the presence of CFM drug. The phosphoric acid solution was used only for quenching the complex formation reaction. Several parameters such as the maximum wavelength of absorption, the volume of reagents, sequence of addition and effect of temperature and time of heating were optimized to achieve high sensitivity, stability and reproducible results. Under the optimum conditions, linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.994) was found over the concentration range from 0.20 to 6.00 μg/mL with a molar extinction coefficient 7.7813 × 104 L/mol/cm, limit of detection 0.2026 and limit of quantification 0.6141 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method was evaluated statistically for linearity, accuracy, and precision in terms of standard deviation, percentage recovery, percentage error and relative standard deviation. The proposed method can be applied for the routine estimation of CFM in the laboratory.

Building a measure of institutional excellence for Iraqi sports clubs

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 0075
Author(s):  
Mohammed AbdulJabbar Dr. Ahmed Raad
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Title Iii ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Institutional Excellence ◽  
Descriptive Method

Excellence is an integrated system based on modern management techniques and approaches, with the aim of raising performance and achievement levels to the highest levels, to outperform other organizations and to reach the global level. The current research aims to build a measure of the institutional excellence of Iraqi sports clubs, where the researcher in Title III used a set of scientific steps, where the researcher used the descriptive method on a sample of players participating in the Iraqi Premier League basketball, and was used by the mathematical medium and the standard deviation and the coefficient of simple correlation and the value of T-Test as appropriate statistical means. The researchers found a special measure that measures institutional excellence in Iraqi sports clubs.

Analysis of Variance

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brynn Hibbert ◽  
J. Justin Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Combined Data

• What ANOVA is, and what it is used for. • To perform and interpret a one-way ANOVA. • To determine which effects are significant using least significant difference. • To perform and interpret a two-way ANOVA. … ANOVA is the workhorse method of using statistics to compare means and determine the effects of influence factors on measurement results (i.e., anything that can be varied or measured that may affect the result). In chapter 3 we learned how to use Student t-tests to compare two means. There is nothing to stop us performing a series of t-tests on pairs of means that must be compared, but a different approach that looks at the variance of data, ANOVA, can decide if there is a significant effect caused by a factor for which we have any number of sets of data. ANOVA relies on an understanding of two things. First, how the variances of different components can be combined to give the overall observed variance of data. Second, that a difference in means can lead to a spread of results of the combined data that can be detected in terms of an increased variance. As an example, consider an attempt to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of replicate analyses conducted by two methods. The standard deviation of each set of results will estimate the repeatability of the measurement. If the two methods have different means then the standard deviation of the combined data will be increased by any differences arising from the methods. This is illustrated in figure 4.1. When the means are far apart, even though the individual standard deviations are not great, the combination has a huge standard deviation. ANOVA is powerful because it can determine if there is significant difference among a number of instances of the same factor (e.g., if we wanted to know if there were any difference in the result between three or more analytical methods), and also among different factors (e.g., what is the effect of temperature and concentration on the yield of a reaction?).

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Incidence of Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis and Its Management in Funtua Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1311-1316
Author(s):  
J. Alemaka ◽  
B.A. Sawa ◽  
R.O. Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Hot Dry Season ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Monthly Distribution ◽  
Management Method ◽  
Spinal Meningitis ◽  
The Relationship

This study was aimed at analysing the effect of temperature on the incidence of cerebro-spinal meningitis and its management in Funtua General Hospital of Katsina State, Nigeria from 1986-2015. For each year, monthly and annual incidence of CSM occurrence in the study area for the 30 years period was subjected to time series analysis. Linear trend line equation was fitted in order to determine the direction of change in the incidence of CSM. The relationship between temperature and the incidence of meningitis was analysed using simple correlation. To determine the management method of CSM in the area, a questionnaire was used to generate information from sampled respondents and analysed using descriptive statistics. The monthly distribution of CSM cases (1986-2015) indicated April and March had the highest incidence cases (1606 and 1128 respectively) while the lowest cases were recorded in September and October with (1 case) each. The seasonal variation also showed that the highest incidence cases fell within the hot-dry season which mark the period with the highest average temperatures while the lowest incidence cases fell within the hot-wet season when humidity is high in the area. Annual trend of CSM indicated an increasing trend (approximately 60 persons) over the 30year period in the study area. There is a significant and positive relationship between mean monthly temperature and incidence of meningitis with an observed value of (p < 0.05 and r = 0.592). The observed correlation (r = -0.141, p>0.05) indicated that there was negative and insignificant relationship between annual temperature and the incidence of meningitis in the study area. In conclusion, meningitis in the study area over the 30years under review has been a recurrent epidemic however; the rate of occurrence differs from year to year. Majority (78%) used the orthodox method to manage CSM while 22% used the traditional method who claimed it was effective as they recovered from the disease.

Effect of temperature and velocity of superheated steam on initial condensation of distillers’ spent grain pellets during drying

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Puthukulangara Ramachandran ◽  
Justin Bourassa ◽  
Jitendra Paliwal ◽  
Stefan Cenkowski
Keyword(s):  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Spent Grain

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Nucleic Acid Molecules Prepared by Monolayer Techniques

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Dimitrij Lang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Contour Length ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Protein Monolayer

The success of the protein monolayer technique for electron microscopy of individual DNA molecules is based on the prevention of aggregation and orientation of the molecules during drying on specimen grids. DNA adsorbs first to a surface-denatured, insoluble cytochrome c monolayer which is then transferred to grids, without major distortion, by touching. Fig. 1 shows three basic procedures which, modified or not, permit the study of various important properties of nucleic acids, either in concert with other methods or exclusively:1) Molecular weights relative to DNA standards as well as number distributions of molecular weights can be obtained from contour length measurements with a sample standard deviation between 1 and 4%.

The effect of temperature on high-resolution TEM image contrast

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
T. Geipel ◽  
W. Mader ◽  
P. Pirouz
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Waller Factor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Debye Waller Factor ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Atomic Form Factor

Temperature affects both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons in a crystal. The Debye-Waller factor, B, describes the influence of temperature on the elastic scattering of electrons, whereas the imaginary part of the (complex) atomic form factor, fc = fr + ifi, describes the influence of temperature on the inelastic scattering of electrons (i.e. absorption). In HRTEM simulations, two possible ways to include absorption are: (i) an approximate method in which absorption is described by a phenomenological constant, μ, i.e. fi; - μfr, with the real part of the atomic form factor, fr, obtained from Hartree-Fock calculations, (ii) a more accurate method in which the absorptive components, fi of the atomic form factor are explicitly calculated. In this contribution, the inclusion of both the Debye-Waller factor and absorption on HRTEM images of a (Oll)-oriented GaAs crystal are presented (using the EMS software.Fig. 1 shows the the amplitudes and phases of the dominant 111 beams as a function of the specimen thickness, t, for the cases when μ = 0 (i.e. no absorption, solid line) and μ = 0.1 (with absorption, dashed line).

Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Mancini ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tang-Chuan Wang ◽  
Helena Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

Bedingungen für den Erfolg übergewichtiger und adipöser Kinder in einem ambulanten Programm zur Gewichtsreduktion durch Veränderungen des Lebensstils

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Pott ◽  
Georg Fröhlich ◽  
Özgür Albayrak ◽  
Johannes Hebebrand ◽  
Ursula Pauli-Pott
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Psychische Belastung ◽  
Deviation Score ◽  
Höheres Alter

Fragestellung: Es wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich erfolgreiche Teilnehmer eines ambulanten familienzentrierten Gewichtskontrollprogramms durch spezifische familiäre und psychologische Charakteristiken auszeichnen. Einbezogen wurden die psychosoziale Risikobelastung der Familie, Depressivität und Bindungsstil der Hauptbezugsperson, der Body mass index (BMI) und der BMI-Standardabweichungswert («Standard deviation score», SDS) des teilnehmenden Kindes und der Familienmitglieder sowie die individuelle psychische Belastung des teilnehmenden Kindes. Methodik: Die Daten wurden per Interview und Fragebogen vor dem Behandlungsbeginn erhoben. Von 136 in das Programm aufgenommenen übergewichtigen und adipösen Kindern zwischen 7 und 15 Jahren beendeten 116 das 12-monatige Interventionsprogramm. Von diesen zeigten 100 (85,3 %) eine Reduktion des BMI-SDS und 79 (68.1 %) eine mehr als 5 %ige Reduktion des BMI-SDS. Diese «erfolgreichen» Kinder wurden mit 56 «nicht erfolgreichen» (Abbrecher und Kinder mit einer 5 %igen oder geringeren Reduktion des BMI-SDS) verglichen. Ergebnisse: Nicht erfolgreiche Kinder unterschieden sich von den erfolgreichen durch ein höheres Alter, eine höhere psychosoziale Risikobelastung, Depressivität und einen vermeidenden Bindungsstil der Mutter sowie durch das Vorhandensein adipöser Geschwister. In einer logistischen Regressionsanalyse zeigten sich mütterliche Depressivität und das Vorhandensein adipöser Geschwister als beste und voneinander unabhängige Prädiktoren. Schlussfolgerungen: Um die spezifischen Bedürfnisse der Familien zu erfüllen und einen Misserfolg zu verhindern, sollten zusätzliche Programmbausteine zur spezifischen Unterstützung von Jugendlichen mit adipösen Geschwistern und Müttern mit Depressionen und vermeidenden Bindungsstil entwickelt werden. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Module muss dann in weiteren Studien überprüft werden.

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