scholarly journals Lipid metabolism and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease: implication of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode A. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Pufa Diet ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Pufa Group

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complicated and multifarious disease, and is the number one cause of mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of CVD is attributed to the interaction between genetics and environment. There are numerous data that support the cardioprotective properties of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); however, there are also controversial reports. Considering the reported sex and age differences in the pathophysiology of CVD and the metabolism of n-3 PUFA, it is imperative to consider these factors in the cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA. The current thesis investigated the effects of n-3 PUFA on the risk factors of CVD, such as dyslipidemia and obesity, with a particular focus on how sex, age, and dose of n-3 PUFA affect lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins of C57BL/6 mice offspring at weaning and 16 weeks postweaning were chosen as study outcomes to assess the sex, age, and dose-specific effects of n-3 PUFA on markers of dyslipidemia, a well-known risk factor of CVD. A longer exposure to a postnatal diet high in n-3 PUFA increased plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the offspring in a sex-specific manner; however, the profile of this increase was less atherogenic, as the high n-3 PUFA group had a lower plasma concentration of very small LDL particles in both males and females. There was no effect of high n-3 PUFA diet observed on plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; however, the high n-3 PUFA group had a higher cholesterol efflux in the male offspring but not in female offspring. Lipidomic analyses revealed that high n-3 PUFA diet led to higher hepatic and plasma concentrations of n-3 PUFA-containing bioactive lipids, such a phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids, which could positively influence pathways involved in cardioprotection. The effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on obesity at the cellular level was also investigated, using adipocyte hypertrophy as the outcome measure of adipose tissue enlargement. A diet high in n-3 PUFA prevented adipocyte hypertrophy in males, with no effect in females. High n-3 PUFA diet also led to the downregulation of the messenger RNA expression of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, fatty acid binding protein-4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor protein γ, and leptin in males, which are key proteins involved in adipocyte hypertrophy; however, no effect was observed in females. The last study assessed the effects of dose and duration of exposure to dietary n-3 PUFA on docosahexaenoic acid accretion in the brain, and the expression of neurotrophins known to have neuroprotective and cardioprotective benefits. Dietary n-3 PUFA led to an age-dependent increase in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin receptor kinase, and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein. In conclusion, the results from the current thesis demonstrate a sex-, dose-, and age-specific effect of n-3 PUFA on risk factors of CVD, and on novel regulatory pathways by which n-3 PUFA could reduce dyslipidemia and obesity. The results also suggest that n-3 PUFA could be neuroprotective and cardioprotective through a common neurotrophin signalling pathway.

scholarly journals Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes Alter Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxidative Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Gupta ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Karla Luna ◽  
Anjali Logue ◽  
Alexander J Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1

Rationale: Chronic electronic cigarette (EC) users exhibit a higher susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to undergo oxidation as compared to non-user controls. However, there is a paucity of data regarding EC effects on lipid peroxidation in the blood and their relationship to cardiovascular risk. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic (≥1 year) EC use exerts intermediate effects on plasma lipid peroxidation and/or antioxidant defense compared to chronic tobacco cigarette (TC) smoking. Methods and Results: We enrolled EC-users (n=32), TC-smokers (n=29) and non-users (n=45), with mean ages of 28.3, 27.8 and 27.4 years, respectively. Plasma concentrations of free polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidized metabolites were assessed by mass spectrometry. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), concentrations of glutathione, bilirubin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and functional activity of paraoxonase1 (PON1) were determined by colorimetric and enzymatic assays. Multivariable analysis was performed using classification models for segregating participants based on biomarker profiles. Plasma arachidonic acid (AA) concentration was higher in TC-smokers but lower in EC-users, together with linoleic acid (LA) concentration, as compared to TC-smokers and non-users (p<0.05). Oxidized LA metabolites (9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE)) were lower in EC-users and TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p<0.001). Consistently, TAC and bilirubin were elevated in EC-users and TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p<0.05). Of interest, plasma HO-1 concentration was higher in TC-smokers as compared to non-users (p=0.01) with intermediate levels in EC-users. Multivariable analysis identified 5 biomarkers (13-HODE, LA, 9-HODE, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), AA) that discriminated EC-users from TC-smokers and non-users with an accuracy of 73.4%. Conclusions: Chronic use of EC induces common (i.e. lower 9- and/or 13-HODEs and higher TAC and bilirubin) as well as differential effects (i.e. altered AA and LA concentrations) to those induced by TC, along with intermediate plasma HO-1 concentration, suggesting that EC, likewise TC smoke, could impact cardiovascular risk.

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and development of prehypertension

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
В.В. Шерстнев ◽  
М.А. Грудень ◽  
В.П. Карлина ◽  
В.М. Рыжов ◽  
А.В. Кузнецова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Optimal Blood Pressure

Цель - исследование взаимосвязи факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и развития предгипертонии. Методика. Проведен сравнительный и корреляционный анализы показателей модифицируемых и немодифицируемых факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у обследованных лиц в возрасте 30-60 лет с «оптимальным» артериальным давлением, (n = 63, АД <120/80 мм рт.ст.) и лиц с предгипертонией (n = 52, АД = 120-139/80-89 мм рт.ст.). Результаты. Показано, что лица с предгипертонией по сравнению с группой лиц, имеющих «оптимальное» артериальное давление характеризуются статистически значимо повышенным содержанием холестерина и холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности, интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности, а также значимыми сочетаниями факторов риска: повышенный уровень холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности с интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности; повышенное содержание креатинина с уровнем триглициридов; наследственная отягощенность по заболеваниям почек и интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности; наследственная отягощенность по сахарному диабету и гипертрофия левого желудочка сердца. У лиц с предгипертонией документированы перестройки структуры взаимосвязи (количество, направленность и сила корреляций) между показателями факторов риска в сравнении с лицами, имеющими «оптимальное» артериальное давление. Заключение. Выявленные особенности взаимосвязей факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при предгипертонии рассматриваются как проявление начальной стадии дизрегуляционной патологии и нарушения регуляции физиологических систем поддержания оптимального уровня артериального давления. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between risk factors for cardiovascular disease and development of prehypertension. Methods. Comparative and correlation analyses of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease were performed in subjects aged 30-60 with «optimal» blood pressure (n = 63, BP <120/80 mm Hg) and prehypertension (n = 52, BP = 120-139 / 80-89 mm Hg). Results. The group with prehypertension compared with the «optimal» blood pressure group had significantly increased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, sedentary/intellectual type of occupation, and significant combinations of risk factors. The risk factor combinations included an increased level of LDL cholesterol and a sedentary/intellectual occupation; increased serum levels of creatinine and triglycerides; hereditary burden of kidney disease and a sedentary/intellectual occupation; hereditary burden of diabetes mellitus and cardiac left ventricular hypotrophy. In subjects with prehypertension compared to subjects with «optimal» blood pressure, changes in correlations (correlation number, direction, and strength) between parameters of risk factors were documented. Conclusion. The features of interrelationships between risk factors for cardiovascular disease observed in prehypertension are considered a manifestation of early dysregulation pathology and disordered regulation of physiological systems, which maintain optimal blood pressure.

scholarly journals Intake of Fish and Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2342
Author(s):  
Lan Jiang ◽  
Jinyu Wang ◽  
Ke Xiong ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pufa Intake ◽  
Prospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the association of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk. However, the results were inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to quantitatively evaluate the association between marine n-3 PUFA, fish and CVD mortality risk with prospective cohort studies. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and MEDLINE databases from the establishment of the database to May 2021. A total of 25 cohort studies were included with 2,027,512 participants and 103,734 CVD deaths. The results indicated that the fish consumption was inversely associated with the CVD mortality risk [relevant risk (RR) = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.85−0.98]. The higher marine n-3 PUFA intake was associated with the reduced risk of CVD mortality (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.85–0.89). Dose-response analysis suggested that the risk of CVD mortality was decreased by 4% with an increase of 20 g of fish intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99) or 80 milligrams of marine n-3 PUFA intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98) per day. The current work provides evidence that the intake of fish and marine n-3 PUFA are inversely associated with the risk of CVD mortality.

Plasma glycerophospholipid profile, erythrocyte n–3 PUFAs, and metabolic syndrome incidence: a prospective study in Chinese men and women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangshuang Chen ◽  
Qingqing Wu ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Geng Zong ◽  
Huaixing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
P Value ◽  
Total N ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT Background Animal studies have highlighted critical roles of glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism in various metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related features such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. However, human prospective studies of associations between circulating GPs and risks of MetS are scarce. Objectives We aimed to investigate whether GPs are associated with incidence of MetS in a well-established cohort. Methods A total of 1243 community-dwelling Chinese aged 50–70 y without MetS at baseline and followed up for 6 y were included in current analyses. A total of 145 plasma GPs were quantified by high-throughput targeted lipidomics. MetS was defined using the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans. Results After 6 y, 429 participants developed MetS. Eleven GPs, especially those with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) or very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) at the sn-2 position, including 1 phosphatidylcholine (PC) [PC(18:0/22:6)], 9 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) [PE(16:0/22:6), PE(18:0/14:0), PE(18:0/18:1), PE(18:0/18:2), PE(18:0/20:3), PE(18:0/22:5), PE(18:0/22:6), PE(18:1/22:6), and PE(18:2/22:6)], and 1 phosphatidylserine (PS) [PS(18:0/18:0)], were positively associated with incident MetS (RRs: 1.16–1.30 per SD change; Bonferroni-corrected P &lt; 0.05). In network analysis, the strongest positive association for MetS incidence was evidenced in a module mainly composed of PEs containing C22:6 and PSs [RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.31 per SD change; Bonferroni-corrected P &lt; 0.05]. This association was more pronounced in participants with lower erythrocyte total n–3 PUFA concentrations [Bonferroni-corrected Pinter(P value for the interaction)&lt; 0.05]. Conclusions Elevated plasma concentrations of GPs, especially PEs with LCPUFAs or VLCPUFAs at the sn-2 position, are associated with higher risk of incident MetS. Future studies are merited to confirm our findings.

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