External morphology of Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): growth and sexual dimorphism

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Amano ◽  
Nobuyuki Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diving Behavior ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Phocoenoides Dalli

We studied development and sexual dimorphism in external measurements of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) from the northwestern North Pacific. Relative rates of increase in the measurements of the head and flipper decrease postnatally, while those of the flukes, dorsal fin, and girths in the posterior part of the body do not. Growth patterns of the flukes and increase in girth at the anus are different from those in other small odontocetes. This is considered to be related to the fast swimming and presumed deep diving behavior of Dall's porpoise. Growth rates of appendages decrease with time after birth, as in other cetaceans. Secondary sexual features of males appear in the dorsal fin, flukes, and girth at the anus; the flukes show more distinct sexual dimorphism than the dorsal fin.

Heart and aorta morphology of the deep-diving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2030-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M Drabek ◽  
Jennifer M Burns
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Ascending Aorta ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diving Behavior ◽  
Hooded Seal ◽  
Descending Aorta ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
The Right

An investigation of the heart morphology of 8 male and 15 female hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) revealed that the heart is proportionately large and the aortic bulb is larger than that reported for most seals. Hooded seals of all ages have large hearts (0.64% of the body mass) and the right ventricle is proportionately longer and more muscular than reported for other seals. The bulb of the ascending aorta shows the large-diameter characteristic of seals capable of making long deep dives, and is constricted to a diameter of less than one-third in the descending aorta. In addition, the ascending aorta has a much greater concentration of elastin fibers than does the descending aorta. In combination with the large right ventricle, these features probably serve to increase lung perfusion during the hooded seal's surface recovery, and to maintain a high blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle during diving bradycardia. That there was no substantive difference in the heart morphology of pups, yearlings, and adults, suggests that these features are important in the development of diving behavior, and agrees with the rapid behavioral and physiological development of hooded seal neonates.

The effect of three different growth rates on some offal components of cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Reverse Situation

SummaryThis paper describes the effect of three different growth rates on some offal components of Angus cattle. The growth rates were: high (H, 0·8 kg/day), low (L, 0·4 kg/day) and high-maintenance (HM, 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was held constant).Equations are presented which enable the weights of the offal components to be calculated within the body weight range 300–440 kg.For most tissues, weights in the H group were greater than in the L and HM groups and included: liver, rumen-reticulum, small intestine and the total alimentary tract. Weight of fat trimmed from the rumen-reticulum, omasum, large intestine and total alimentary tract was also greater in the H than in the L and HM groups. The reverse situation held for head, feet and tail and the spleen.In spite of these differences between groups in weights and composition of offals, the carcass composition in all groups was similar (Murray, Tulloh & Winter, 1974). It appears that, at a given body weight, changes in the offals may buffer the carcass against change in composition when cattle are exposed to different growth patterns.

Sexual dimorphism in a marsupial: seasonal and lifetime differences in sex-specific mass

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Brushtail Possum

Whereas sexual dimorphism in body mass is common in many vertebrates, the developmental mechanisms leading to diverging growth patterns between the sexes are poorly understood in mammals. In the present study, I investigate seasonal and lifetime differences in sex-specific mass in a marsupial, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). From the age of 2 years, males were heavier than females, but significant dimorphism was evident only at the age of 4 years. Annual mass gain was greater in males than in females from 2 to 4 years of age. The body mass of both sexes fluctuated throughout the year, although patterns differed: females lost mass during lactation in winter, whereas males lost mass during the breeding season in later summer and autumn. The mass of a juvenile predicted its mass as an adult for males, but not females. Male-biased sexual dimorphism in mass of possums appears to arise through a combination of a greater rate and duration of mass gain in young males, and the diversion of somatic reserves away from growth and into reproduction in females.

scholarly journals Redescription of Paradiplozoon hemiculteri (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) from the type host Hemiculter leucisculus, with neotype designation

Parasite ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Jirsová ◽  
Xuejuan Ding ◽  
Kristína Civáňová ◽  
Eliška Jirounková ◽  
Jana Ilgová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type Host ◽  
Hemiculter Leucisculus ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Median Plate

Paradiplozoon hemiculteri (Ling, 1973), a member of the Diplozoidae, parasitizes the gills of Asian fish. Not only is the type material unavailable for this species, the original description was poor and somewhat conflicting, and adequate molecular data were not available. What is more, the available morphological and molecular data are inconsistent and fluctuate significantly. Here, we present a redescription of P. hemiculteri based on morphological and molecular data from new isolates collected from the type host, the sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855), captured at the neotype locality (Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, southern China); a neotype for P. hemiculteri was designated from this collection. The length and width of the body, buccal suckers, pharynx, attachment clamps, sickle and the central hook handle were all measured and the shape of the anterior and posterior part of the median plate and anterior and posterior joining sclerites accurately documented. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the second rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) indicated that all new samples clustered together and differed clearly from sequences attributed to P. hemiculteri, which are deposited in GenBank. Our results confirm that P. hemiculteri is the only diplozoid that has demonstrably been found on the gills of H. leucisculus to date.

PRE-MATERNAL ISOLATION EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF OFFSPRING

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sackler ◽  
A. S. Weltman ◽  
R. Schwartz ◽  
P. Steinglass
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Isolation Stress ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT This report was designed to determine combined effects of maternal endocrine imbalances and abnormal behaviour due to prolonged isolation stress of female mice on the behaviour, developmental growth rate and endocrine function of their offspring. Sixty female albino mice averaging 19 g were divided equally into isolated and control groups. The isolated females were housed singly; control females were maintained in groups of 2 mice per cage. After observation of behavioural and physiological effects characteristic of isolation stress in the test mice, all isolated and control mice were mated after a 6½ month experimental, isolation period. No differences were observed in fertility and fecundity of the two groups of mothers. Analyses of developmental growth rates of the litters of the isolated versus control mothers showed significantly lower body weights in the test offspring at 3 and 4 weeks of age. The body weights of the female offspring remained significantly lower from the 4th to 11th weeks. The effects on the body weights of the male offspring declined and were no longer statistically significant at the 5th to 11 weeks. Locomotor activity at 4½ and 8 weeks of age was markedly or significantly higher in the male and female mice from isolated mothers. Tail-blood samples taken prior to autopsy at 5 and 11 weeks of age revealed significant decreases in the total leukocyte and eosinophil counts of both sexes. At the two ages, the absolute and relative spleen and thymus weights of the male and female offspring were markedly and/or significantly lower than the values observed in counterpart young from control females. Significant decreases were also observed in the absolute gonadal organ weights of both sexes at 11 weeks of age. The various data indicated inhibited growth rates, heightened locomotor activity and evasiveness, as well as evidence of increased adrenocortical function in the offspring from test mothers. The gonadal weight decreases suggested retarded gonadal development. Further studies using split-litter techniques are required to differentiate the effects of prenatal endocrine imbalances versus postnatal maternal influence (i. e., nursing care) on the offspring.

scholarly journals Erratum: Corrigendum: Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates

Nature ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 531 (7595) ◽  
pp. 538-538
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Erickson ◽  
Kristina Curry Rogers ◽  
Scott A. Yerby
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Patterns

Comparative assessment of odontometric parameters for gender determination: A hospital based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Mosmi Lomi ◽  
Jonathan Daniel M
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Maxillary Canine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Gender Determination ◽  
Significant Difference

Determining gender is one of the most important procedure in forensics. Teeth are made of the most enduring mineralized tissues in the body, as such, they have an extraordinary resistance to putrefaction and the effects of external agents (physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical or biological) which makes them invaluable material for anthropological, genetic, odontologic and forensic examinations.i)To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canine using maxillary canine index, maxillary first molar and central incisor using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual/buccopalatal (BL) dimensions of the crown. ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canine index, first molar and central incisor dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual/buccopalatal) in determining sex.This study consisted of total 30 participants (males=15, females=15) of age group ranging from 20 to 35 yrs. Measurement of dimensions of selected teeth were performed on maxillary cast using digital Vernier caliper, resolution 0.01mm. Data thus obtained were analyzed statistically.The mean values of all the measurements in males were greater than females. There was statistical significant difference in mean value of bucco-lingual width of molar, mesiodistal width of canine (on left side, right side and average) and the inter-canine distance between males and females. The buccolingual width of molar showed the highest % of sexual dimorphism (5.33%) and the mesiodistal width of molar showed the least % of dimorphism (0.7%). Bucco-lingual width of molar posed the highest prediction accuracy for gender determination. We conclude that buccolingual width of maxillary first molar can be used to predict the gender when only teeth of maxillary arch are available for forensic examination.

Concentrations of glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium in the blood of beef calves at 2 ½ months of age and their relationships with subsequent weight gain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Body Weights

SummaryBlood samples were taken at 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age from 230 male Hereford × Friesian calves, the progeny of 12 Hereford bulls. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium were measured and correlated with body weights and growth rates until slaughter at 19½ months of age.Correlations between growth rates and glucose concentrations (0·44) and between growth rates and albumin concentrations (0·38) were observed until 4 months of age. Similar correlations between body weights and blood glucose or albumin concentrations persisted until 6 months of age. By 10 months, however, the correlations had begun to decline, and by slaughter they had become insignificant.Correlations between growth rates and inorganic phosphate or sodium concentrations were smaller, and also decreased with age.The effect of hypoglycaemia on growth rate was compared with the effect of enzootic pneumonia. Although the 10% of calves with the lowest glucose concentrations were growing 24% more slowly than the other calves at the time of sampling, this growth depression was not related to pneumonia, and they subsequently made up for most of the early loss of growth.Three blood samples were also taken from 22 Hereford bulls. No significant correlations were observed between the blood composition of the bulls and the body weights or weight gains of their progeny.

Growth Rates and Possible Age of a North Pacific Manganese Nodule

1979 ◽  
pp. 815-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lalou ◽  
E. Brichet ◽  
G. Poupeau ◽  
P. Romary ◽  
C. Jehanno
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Manganese Nodule

scholarly journals Growth and body weight of free-range reindeer in western Alaska

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg L. Finstad ◽  
Alexander K. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Average Body

Total body weight of 9749 reindeer calves and 4798 adult reindeer were measured from 1984 to 1999 on the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, USA. Growth rates of male and female calves, and annual growth patterns of adults were determined. Male calves grew faster than female calves. Reproductive females were lighter than non-reproductive females during summer but there was no effect of reproduction on average body weights the following winter. Adult males age 3-5 were heavier during summer than winter. Castrated males weighed the same as uncastrated males in summer, but were significantly heavier in winter, and did not display the large annual fluctuations in weight typical of reproductive males and females. Growth rates were higher and body weights greater in this herd than many other cir-cumpolar reindeer populations. We suggest these kinds of physiological indices should be used to monitor the possible effects of spatial and temporal variation in population density and to evaluate changes in herding practices.

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