THE HETEROGENEOUS IMPACT OF CHILDREN ON THE PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE LABOR MARKET IN TAIWAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (02) ◽  
pp. 297-323
Author(s):  
CHUN-LI TSAI
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Married Female

This paper is an attempt to investigate how children affect married women’s decision to participate in the Taiwanese labor market. The effect of children on the female labor supply is usually negative for most married women; however, it might also be positive for some subpopulations. Thus, herein, we use a local likelihood logit regression to detect the heterogeneity in the effects of children on married female employment that cannot be detected by parametric (e.g. probit or logit models) or semiparametric estimation. Our empirical findings provide evidence of some heterogeneity in the response related to children on the participation of Taiwanese married women in the work force. Since, we find evidence of heterogeneous effects, we suggest that different government policy instruments should be precisely targeted at different specific subpopulations in order to effectively increase the participation of married women in the labor force. When comparing these average characteristics of married women with positive versus negative employment effects due to having children, we find that the average married woman’s educational attainment and the logarithm of the husband’s wage income differ significantly between women with positive effects of children and those with negative effects of children.

scholarly journals Bullying among adolescents: The role of skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 945-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Sarzosa ◽  
Sergio Urzúa
Keyword(s):  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Factor Analytic Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Effects Of Bullying

Bullying cannot be tolerated as a normal social behavior portraying a child's life. This paper quantifies its negative consequences allowing for the possibility that victims and nonvictims differ in unobservable characteristics. To this end, we introduce a factor analytic model for identifying treatment effects of bullying in which latent cognitive and noncognitive skills determine victimization and multiple outcomes. We use early test scores to identify the distribution of these skills. Individual‐, classroom‐ and district‐level variables are also accounted for. Applying our method to longitudinal data from South Korea, we first show that while noncognitive skills reduce the chances of being bullied during middle school, the probability of being victimized is greater in classrooms with relatively high concentration of boys, previously self‐assessed bullies and students that come from violent families. We report bullying at age 15 has negative effects on physical and mental health outcomes at age 18. We also uncover heterogeneous effects by latent skills, from which we document positive effects on the take‐up of risky behaviors and negative effects on schooling attainment. Our findings suggest that investing in noncognitive development should guide policy efforts intended to deter this problematic behavior.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Employment in the Informal Sector of the Economy on Labor Market Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8435
Author(s):  
Anzhelika Viktorovna Karpushkina ◽  
Irina Valentinovna Danilova ◽  
Svetlana Vladimirovna Voronina ◽  
Irina Petrovna Savelieva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Productivity Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

The paper analyzes employment in Russia’s informal sector based on its spatial and dynamic characteristics. In recent years, the Russian labor market has been characterized by a steady growth of employment rates in the informal sector of the economy, high volatility and territorial differentiation of such employment, and its ambiguous effect on the gross value added and productivity. Given slowing economic growth and reduced productivity, this trend is by no means positive. The database for this study is based on Rosstat data from 83 Russian regions over the period between 2006 and 2020. The research explains the territorial and dynamic features of employment in the informal sector and classifies Russian regions by their employment situation in the informal sector of the economy. We hypothesize that the instability of the labor market is driven by higher rates of employment in the informal sector. To assess employment volatility in the informal sector, we identify the main trends of intersectoral labor mobility and evaluate their intensity. The results distinguish between regions with negative and positive effects. We also reveal problem regions experiencing the negative effects of intersectoral mobility and high or very high rates of employment in the informal sector. The findings can be used to diagnose and monitor regional labor markets, productivity dynamics, and changes in employment as well as to develop national employment programs to ensure the sustainable development of the labor market.

scholarly journals School-to-work Transitions for Students with Intellectual Disabilities: Teachers' Perceptions and Experiences of a Recent Workplace-Based Reform in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Ineland ◽  
Kateryna Karhina ◽  
Lotta Vikström
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Work Transitions ◽  
Students With Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract Having a job, or being employed, is associated with a number of positive effects. Although policies in Sweden support the right of people with disabilities to work and highlight access to employment as a priority, this group of people continues to lose out in employment against other citizens. However, little is known about actions or initiatives implemented to enhance labor market participation among people with disabilities. This study contributes useful findings on a promising implementation of a school-to-work transition initiative, workplace based learning (WBL), in special needs upper-secondary schools in Sweden. The aim of the study was to identify how teachers, having a key role in the implementation process, view and experience WBL and its actual functioning to enhance school-to-work transitions for students with intellectual disabilities. Drawing on 13 interviews with teachers working as supervisors and coordinators in the WBL training, our findings lead to three main conclusions. First, the teachers had significant reliance on WBL and its potential to prepare students for the labor market. Second, the teachers hesitated with regard to whether and to what extent WBL actually enhances school-to-work transitions. Third, the WBL reform has had significant negative effects on the working conditions of the supervising teachers involved. Our study uncovers a number of barriers for WBL to function as an actual bridge to work for students with intellectual disabilities, which we argue have important messages to bring for both policy and practice.

scholarly journals SOCIAL-DEMOGRAFICANDCULTURALDIVERSITYINTHE WORKFORCE: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-70
Author(s):  
Olga Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Important Trend ◽  
Human And Social Capital ◽  
Social Demographic

Social-demographic and cultural diversityis an important trend in the modern labor market and has a significant impact on social and labor relations within heterogeneous groups. The research in this area has ambiguous results. Positive effects (opportunities) are associated with a diversity of knowledge, perspectives and approaches to problem-solving within the group, which stimulates creativity and creates a favorable environment for innovation. Negative effects (risks) arise as a result of segregation in the labor market, as a backfire to anti-discrimination measures, and as a result of intra-group conflicts that reduce the group performance and satisfaction with teamwork. Diversity can exist not only on the interpersonal (intra-group) level, but also on the intrapersonal level. Intrapersonal diversity that results from diverse life and professional experience contributes to the accumulation of human and social capital, boosts creativity, and helps individuals to interact effectively with other members of the working group.

Postgraduate Medical Training, Stress, and Marriage

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrijoy Kelner ◽  
Carolyn Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Medical Training ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Marital Support ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Training ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Interns And Residents ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
Married Female

In a pilot study, 20 interviews were conducted with married female interns and residents and their spouses in order to explore both positive effects of spousal support and negative effects of additional role obligations during medical training. The marital state has been shown to be related to lowered levels of stress. Past studies of medical marriage have focused on male physicians and their wives. However, marriage and parenthood impact differently on women than men, and thus on women physicians. To explore these differences, our findings are contrasted with findings on male medical students and their wives by R. Coombs. Compared to our subjects, Coombs found spouses were either housewives or held lower level jobs rather than demanding careers, and consequently our subjects experienced greater difficulty meeting demands of everyday life (cooking, cleaning, child care). Coombs’ wives showed greater vicarious identification with the goals and satisfactions of the physician in-training; greater feelings of obligation to nurture, support and make sacrifices on behalf of their spouses; and less resentment toward the current system of medical training. They stressed the nurturing aspect of marital support rather than instrumental aspects. Subjects in both studies feared growing apart but while Coombs’ wives feared being outgrown intellectually, our husbands were critical of their wives’ narrowness of interests. Subjects in both studies believed marriage provided benefits (intimacy, support, affection, sex) but also complained of the negative impact of exhausting and emotionally draining medical training. Implications of findings for reducing the stress of medical training are discussed.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Mobilizing for Some

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Media ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Factors

Abstract. This study investigated the effects of politicians’ nonparticipatory and participatory Facebook posts on young people’s political efficacy – a key determinant of political participation. We employed an experimental design, using a sample of N = 125 high school students (15–20 years). Participants either saw a Facebook profile with no posts (control condition), nonparticipatory posts, or participatory posts. While nonparticipatory posts did not affect participants’ political efficacy, participatory posts exerted distinct effects. For those high in trait evaluations of the politician presented in the stimulus material or low in political cynicism, we found significant positive effects on external and collective efficacy. By contrast, for those low in trait evaluations or high in cynicism, we found significant negative effects on external and collective efficacy. We did not find any effects on internal efficacy. The importance of content-specific factors and individual predispositions in assessing the influence of social media use on participation is discussed.

On the diversity of the effects of the state support for agriculture

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai M. Svetlov ◽  
Renata G. Yanbykh ◽  
Dariya A. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
State Support ◽  
Soft Budget Constraints ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Corporate Farms

In this paper, we assess the effects of agricultural state support of corporate farms on their revenues from agricultural production sales in 14 Russian regions that differ in technology, environment and institutional conditions. In addition to the direct effect of the state support, the indirect effects via labor and capital are revealed. For this purpose, we identify production functions and statistical models of production factors for each of these regions separately. We find out diverse effects of the state support on revenues among the regions. Positive effects prevail. Negative effects are mainly caused by labor reductions that follow subsidy inflows. Another cause of negative effects is the soft budget constraints phenomenon.

Hormonal contraception as a method of social adaptation of women in modern society

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Tatyana Yu Pestrikova ◽  
Elena A Yurasova ◽  
Igor V Yurasov ◽  
Tamara D Kovaleva
Keyword(s):  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chlormadinone Acetate

Relevance. Currently, women make up more than 40% of the global workforce and more than half of students studying at universities around the world. Women's education, especially at a high level, tends to increase female employment. The mismatch of the style and rhythm of modern life with a genetically determined and working millennium reproductive program requires the choice of a specific approach to social adaptation. Aim. Analysis of literary sources on the use of hormonal contraception as a method of social adaptation. Materials and methods. To write this review, domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 2-10 years. The review included articles from peer-reviewed literature. Results. The review describes the features of modern hormonal contraceptives. Their non-contraceptive effects are presented. The individual non-contraceptive effects of a combined oral contraceptive containing 30 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate were determined. It has been established that the use of this contraceptive helps to improve the well-being and mood of patients, which allows you to actively use this contraceptive in routine clinical practice with premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, without the use of analgesics. Conclusions. The numerous positive effects of ethinyl estradiol and chlormadinone acetate allow the use of the drug as a means to increase social adaptation, and, consequently, improve the quality of life.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPOSES OF COW PEA (CV. PUSA BARSATI) GROWN ON FLY ASH AMENDED SOIL IN PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA AND RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Singh ◽  
A. A. Khan ◽  
Iram Khan ◽  
Rose Rizvi ◽  
M. Saquib
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Insignificant Difference

Plant growth, yield, pigment and protein content of cow-pea were increased significantly at lower levels (20 and 40%) of fly ash but reverse was true at higher levels (80 and 100%). Soil amended by 60% fly ash could cause suppression in growth and yield in respect to 40% fly ash treated cow-pea plants but former was found at par with control (fly ash untreated plants). Maximum growth occurred in plants grown in soil amended with 40% fly ash. Nitrogen content of cow-pea was suppressed progressively in increasing levels of fly ash. Moreover,  Rhizobium leguminosarum  influenced the growth and yield positively but Meloidogyne javanica caused opposite effects particularly at 20 and 40% fly ash levels. The positive effects of R. leguminosarum were marked by M. javanica at initial levels. However, at 80 and 100% fly ash levels, the positive and negative effects of R. leguminosarum and/or M. javanica did not appear as insignificant difference persist among such treatments.Key words:  Meloidogyne javanica; Rhizobium leguminosarum; Fly ash; Growth; YieldDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4098Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 17-22 Uploaded date: 28 December, 2010  

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