Vitamin A and Vitamin E: Will the Real Antioxidant Please Stand Up?

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Blaner ◽  
Igor O. Shmarakov ◽  
Maret G. Traber
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Transcriptional Regulator ◽  
The Body ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Apparent Contradiction

Vitamin A, acting through its metabolite, all- trans-retinoic acid, is a potent transcriptional regulator affecting expression levels of hundreds of genes through retinoic acid response elements present within these genes. However, the literature is replete with claims that consider vitamin A to be an antioxidant vitamin, like vitamins C and E. This apparent contradiction in the understanding of how vitamin A acts mechanistically within the body is a major focus of this review. Vitamin E, which is generally understood to act as a lipophilic antioxidant protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids present in membranes, is often proposed to be a transcriptional regulator. The evaluation of this claim is another focus of the review. We conclude that vitamin A is an indirect antioxidant, whose indirect function is to transcriptionally regulate a number of genes involved in mediating the body's canonical antioxidant responses. Vitamin E, in addition to being a direct antioxidant, enables the increase of peroxidized lipids that alter both metabolic pathways and gene expression profiles within tissues and cells. However, there is little compelling evidence that vitamin E has a direct transcriptional mechanism like that of vitamin A. Thus, we propose that the term antioxidant not be applied to vitamin A, and we discourage the use of the term transcriptional mediator when discussing vitamin E. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Immunosensation: Neuroimmune Cross Talk in the Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Tamari ◽  
Aaron M. Ver Heul ◽  
Brian S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Structural Barrier ◽  
Thermal Stimuli ◽  
Antimicrobial Immunity

Classically, skin was considered a mere structural barrier protecting organisms from a diversity of environmental insults. In recent decades, the cutaneous immune system has become recognized as a complex immunologic barrier involved in both antimicrobial immunity and homeostatic processes like wound healing. To sense a variety of chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli, the skin harbors one of the most sophisticated sensory networks in the body. However, recent studies suggest that the cutaneous nervous system is highly integrated with the immune system to encode specific sensations into evolutionarily conserved protective behaviors. In addition to directly sensing pathogens, neurons employ novel neuroimmune mechanisms to provide host immunity. Therefore, given that sensation underlies various physiologies through increasingly complex reflex arcs, a much more dynamic picture is emerging of the skin as a truly systemic organ with highly coordinated physical, immunologic, and neural functions in barrier immunology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Spectrum of Helicobacter-Mediated Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Robinson ◽  
John C. Atherton
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
The Past ◽  
H Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease. The infection has been implicated in more than 75% of duodenal ulcer cases and 17% of gastric ulcer cases. H. pylori has been classified as a human carcinogen, since it is the main cause of distal gastric adenocarcinoma and B cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Evidence also links H. pylori with extragastric conditions including iron deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Studies indicate that H. pylori may be protective against other conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., reflux esophagitis and related pathologies) and elsewhere in the body (e.g., asthma). The infection is asymptomatic in the vast majority of cases; more serious outcomes occur in only 10–15% of infected individuals. Despite extensive research over the past 3 decades, there is no effective vaccine, and the circumstances leading to disease development remain unclear. In addition, there is now a growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori. This review discusses these important issues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 16 is January 25, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Effect of immunonutritional status, healthcare factors, and lifestyle on acute respiratory infections among under-5 children in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205031212094053
Author(s):  
Md. Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Farina Aziz ◽  
Md. Rabiul Islam ◽  
Monira Ahsan ◽  
Sheikh Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Z Score ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Acute respiratory infection is a major cause of death for under-5 children in Bangladesh. We aimed to analyze the effect of immunonutritional status, healthcare factors, and lifestyle on the incidence of acute respiratory infection among under-5 children taking individual-level and contextual-level risk factors into consideration. Methods: This study recruited 200 children suffering from acute respiratory infection and 100 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and sociodemographic profile. Serum antioxidant vitamin A (retinol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) were assessed along with the impact of vaccination, socioeconomic factors, and Z-score on the incidence of acute respiratory infection. Results: Serum antioxidant vitamins were significantly lower in the acute respiratory infection children compared to the non–acute respiratory infection group. Vitamin A was found to be significantly high in acute respiratory infection children who were breastfed for more than 1 year. Vitamin E levels were found to be significantly higher in the acute respiratory infection children who were immunized. Compared to the children living in tin-shed house or huts, serum vitamin E level increased in those acute respiratory infection children who resided in apartments. Vitamin A level was significantly high in those acute respiratory infection children whose height-for-age was −2 SD and above ( Z-score), and vitamin C levels were also significantly high in those acute respiratory infection children whose weight-for-height was −2 SD and below ( Z-score). Conclusion: Deficiencies of antioxidant vitamins along with healthcare and lifestyle factors have a significant influence on the incidence of acute respiratory infection among under-5 children in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Multiple cytochrome P-450 genes are concomitantly regulated by vitamin A under steady-state conditions and by retinoic acid during hepatic first-pass metabolism

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Catharine Ross ◽  
Christopher J. Cifelli ◽  
Reza Zolfaghari ◽  
Nan-qian Li
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Wide Range

Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential precursor for the production of retinoic acid (RA), which in turn is a major regulator of gene expression, affecting cell differentiation throughout the body. Understanding how vitamin A nutritional status, as well as therapeutic retinoid treatment, regulates the expression of retinoid homeostatic genes is important for improvement of dietary recommendations and therapeutic strategies using retinoids. This study investigated genes central to processes of retinoid uptake and storage, release to plasma, and oxidation in the liver of rats under steady-state conditions after different exposures to dietary vitamin A (deficient, marginal, adequate, and supplemented) and acutely after administration of a therapeutic dose of all- trans-RA. Over a very wide range of dietary vitamin A, lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) as well as multiple cytochrome P-450s (CYP26A1, CYP26B1, and CYP2C22) differed by diet and were highly correlated with one another and with vitamin A status assessed by liver retinol concentration (all correlations, P < 0.05). After acute treatment with RA, the same genes were rapidly and concomitantly induced, preceding retinoic acid receptor (RAR)β, a classical direct target of RA. CYP26A1 mRNA exhibited the greatest dynamic range (change of log 26 in 3 h). Moreover, CYP26A1 increased more rapidly in the liver of RA-primed rats than naive rats, evidenced by increased CYP26A1 gene expression and increased conversion of [3H]RA to polar metabolites. By in situ hybridization, CYP26A1 mRNA was strongly regulated within hepatocytes, closely resembling retinol-binding protein (RBP)4 in location. Overall, whether RA is produced endogenously from retinol or administered exogenously, changes in retinoid homeostatic gene expression simultaneously favor both retinol esterification and RA oxidation, with CYP26A1 exhibiting the greatest dynamic change.

Antioxidant Effect on Urinary Excretion of Malondialdehyde in Non-Athletes During Aerobic Training

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadley ◽  
Visser ◽  
Vander Steen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

Conditions in the body during aerobic exercise increase the level of lipid peroxidation (LP). LP is associated with elevated concentration of modified low-density lipoproteins that are implicated in development of cardiovascular disease. Supplementation with antioxidant vitamin E to athletes at 267 mg (400 IUs) or greater has been reported to reduce levels of LP associated with exercise. Little is currently known about the effects of modest supplementation of vitamin E on previously sedentary adults who initiate an aerobic fitness program. In the present study, sedentary subjects (n = 14) kept 24-hour diet records to establish antioxidant intake of vitamins E and C and collected 24-hour urine samples that were used to determine baseline urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, one measure of in vivo LP. No significant differences were noted in the parameters between groups. Seven subjects were randomly selected and supplemented daily with 133 mg (200 IUs) of vitamin E. All subjects participated in moderate-intensity aerobic training for 8 weeks. Post-training, non-supplemented subjects excreted significantly more MDA (p&<0.05) and consumed significantly fewer antioxidants than the supplemented group. Vitamin E supplementation appears to suppress elevated LP associated with beginning an aerobic exercise regimen in previously sedentary subjects.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CADMDIUM LOAD ON THE LEVEL OF VITAMINS A AND E IN BLOOD OF LAYING HENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
A. Y. Ostapyuk ◽  
B. V. Gutyj
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Cadmium Sulfate ◽  
Experimental Group

Cadmium – a heavy metal, classified as a second class of danger, has a pronounced tendency to accumulate in the body. Absorbed cadmium accumulates in the liver as a complex with metallothionein. The aim of the study was to study the effect of Cadmium on the level of vitamins A and E in the blood of laying hens. For research, three groups of poultry were formed: control and two experimental. The control group chickens were on a regular diet, fed with compound feed and drinking water without cadmium sulfate. To drinking water of chickens of experimental groups for 30 days was added cadmium sulfate in doses: the first group – 2 mg/kg, the second group – 4 mg/kg of body weight. The keeping conditions of the chickens and the indoor microclimate parameters for all groups of birds were similar. After cadmium loading at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, the level of vitamin A in the blood of chickens has probably decreased since the 14th day of the experiment. It was the lowest at 21 days of experience. When drinking cadmium sulfate at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight decreased levels of vitamin A by 4 and 21 days of the experiment, respectively, by 24 and 40% compared with the control group of chickens. When examining the level of vitamin E in the blood of laying hens under cadmium loading, it was found that in the second experimental group of chickens the level of this vitamin was significantly lower than in the control and the first experimental group of chickens. When compared with the control group of chickens, it was found that on the 14th day of the experiment, the level of vitamin E was lower in the first experimental group by 12% and in the second – by 27%, respectively. At day 21 of the experiment, the level of vitamin E was the lowest in the second experimental group, where it was 0.70 ± 0.011 µg/ml, respectively, which is 44% lower than the control. A significant decrease in the content of vitamins A and E indicates not only the pathological condition of the liver, but also the enhancement of oxidation processes associated with a decrease in the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system. Cadmium compounds have high biological activity, they easily form complex compounds with proteins, nucleic acids, which inactivate a number of enzymes.

scholarly journals Molecular Heterogeneity and Evolution in Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Caswell-Jin ◽  
Carina Lorenz ◽  
Christina Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Tumor Subtypes ◽  
Current State

Breast cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of tumor subtypes, whether defined by immunohistochemistry of key proteins, RNA expression profiles, or genetic alterations, and each of these subtypes may benefit from a distinct treatment approach. However, there can be striking heterogeneity within tumors, which may pose challenges to the development of personalized approaches to therapy. Intratumor heterogeneity can be divided into three main categories: genetic, phenotypic, and microenvironmental. Here, we review technologies to interrogate these three categories of heterogeneity in patient samples, as well as the current state of understanding of these categories in breast cancer, from cell to cell, across different regions of the same tumor mass, across treatment, and across metastasis. Efforts to characterize tumor heterogeneity longitudinally will be crucial to the development of personalized oncology for breast cancer. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 5 is March 4, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Programmed DNA Elimination in Vertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeramiah J. Smith ◽  
Vladimir A. Timoshevskiy ◽  
Cody Saraceno
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Genome Rearrangement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Vertebrate Lineage ◽  
Dna Elimination ◽  
Dna Loss ◽  
Dna Silencing

Over the last few decades, an increasing number of vertebrate taxa have been identified that undergo programmed genome rearrangement, or programmed DNA loss, during development. In these organisms, the genome of germ cells is often reproducibly different from the genome of all other cells within the body. Although we clearly have not identified all vertebrate taxa that undergo programmed genome loss, the list of species known to undergo loss now represents ∼10% of vertebrate species, including several basally diverging lineages. Recent studies have shed new light on the targets and mechanisms of DNA loss and their association with canonical modes of DNA silencing. Ultimately, expansion of these studies into a larger collection of taxa will aid in reconstructing patterns of shared/independent ancestry of programmed DNA loss in the vertebrate lineage, as well as more recent evolutionary events that have shaped the structure and content of eliminated DNA. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Association Between Intake of Antioxidant Vitamins and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Among Korean Adults (P24-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoeun Ahn ◽  
Shinyoung Jun ◽  
Jiae Shin ◽  
Dongwoo Ham ◽  
Eunhee Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Funding Sources

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the association between intake of antioxidant vitamins and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Methods Based on the data from the 2013∼2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a total of 10,351 adults aged 19∼64 years were included. Presence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ criteria. Intakes of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E) were estimated by combining a 24-h dietary recall data with an antioxidant vitamin database for common Korean foods. We analyzed through the multiple logistic regression method to assess the association between dietary antioxidant vitamins and metabolic syndrome. Results Men in the highest tertile of vitamin C (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58–0.95, p for trend = 0.0212) and vitamin E (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60–0.96, p for trend = 0.0212) intakes showed a significantly lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest tertiles. Women in the highest intake group of vitamin A had a lower OR for increased waist circumference (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.99, p for trend = 0.0618) than the lowest intake group. The OR for elevated triglycerides was lower among women in the highest tertile of vitamin C compared with those in the lowest tertile (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.61–0.93, p for trend = 0.0016). Conclusions These results suggest that the dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins might be associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Further prospective research is required to elucidate the association between dietary antioxidants intake and the incidence of metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases. Funding Sources This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(NRF-2018R1A2B6007070). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Expression of Enzymes Synthesizing (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 and Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2) and Metabolizing (Cyp26) Retinoic Acid in the Mouse Female Reproductive System*

Endocrinology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 3638-3645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Vermot ◽  
Valérie Fraulob ◽  
Pascal Dollé ◽  
Karen Niederreither
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 ◽  
Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase

Abstract Vitamin A is required for female reproduction. Rodent uterine cells are able to synthesize retinoic acid (RA), the active vitamin A derivative, and express RA receptors. Here, we report that two RA-synthesizing enzymes [aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1) and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Raldh2)] and a cytochrome P450 (Cyp26) that metabolizes vitamin A and RA into more polar metabolites exhibit dynamic expression patterns in the mouse uterus, both during the ovarian cycle and during early pregnancy. Aldh1 expression is up-regulated during diestrus and proestrus in the uterine glands, whereas Raldh2 is highly induced in the endometrial stroma in metestrus. Cyp26 expression, which is not detectable during the normal ovarian cycle, is strongly induced in the uterine luminal epithelium, 24 h after human CG hormonal administration. Raldh2 stromal expression also strongly responds to gonadotropin (PMSG and human CG) induction. Furthermore, Raldh2 expression can be hormonally induced in stromal cells of the vagina and cervix. All three enzymes exhibit differential expression profiles during early pregnancy. Aldh1 glandular expression is sharply induced at 2.5 gestational days, whereas Raldh2 stromal expression increases more steadily until the implantation phase. Cyp26 epithelial expression is strongly induced between 3.5–4.5 gestational days, i.e. when the developing blastocysts colonize the uterine lumen. These data suggest a need for precise regulation of RA synthesis and/or metabolism, in both cycling and pregnant uterus.

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