Body and Organ Weights of Rats During Acclimatization to an Altitude of 12,470 Feet

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola S. Timiras ◽  
Alvin A. Krum ◽  
Nello Pace
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Adrenal Enlargement ◽  
Filial Generation ◽  
Preputial Glands

Body and organ weights of sea level control rats were compared with those of rats (P) born at sea level and then exposed to 12,470 feet, and with those of rats (F2) of the second filial generation born and maintained at altitude. Body weight was significantly lower from the fifth day of age in the F2 rats than in either control or P animals. The P rats exhibited normal weight gains in the period from 1 week to 6 months at altitude; however, they showed weight loss 72 hours after reaching altitude and again after 7–10 months of exposure. Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit values were accompanied by marked cardiac hypertrophy in all F2 rats. In the P animals hemoglobin and hematocrit values were elevated after 2 months of exposure and reached a plateau after 6 months; moderate cardiac hypertrophy was present only after 10 months at altitude. Adrenal weight was markedly increased in all P animals but not in the F2 rats. In the P rats at altitude for 24 and 72 hours adrenal enlargement was accompanied by thymic and lymphatic atrophy. Significant changes were not observed in the liver, kidneys, hypophysis, thyroid, testes and preputial glands.

scholarly journals The value of blood serotonin for effective weight loss in obese women

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Vadimovna Anikina ◽  
Elena Nikolaevna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Excessive Accumulation ◽  
Made In

Introduction. Obesity is a disorder of energy balance, which leads to excessive accumulation of fat. In recent years, many important discoveries were made in this field, including the discovery of hormones produced by adipose tissue and the identification of many of the central and peripheral pathways of energy balance.Objective. To study the levels of hormones that affect appetite and metabolism in women with obesity baseline and after weight loss while taking sibutramine.Materials and methods. The study included 56 women aged 42,9±9,5 years, with a BMI of 34,6±6,1 kg/m2. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination. Hormonal study included determination of serotonin, leptin, ghrelin, endothelin-1, adiponectin.Results: In women with obesity we identified hyperleptinemia and increased serotonin levels. The decrease in body weight in patients receiving sibutramine was accompanied by lower levels of serotonin, leptin, ghrelin, endothelin-1, and increase of adiponectin.Conclusions: Obese patients have significantly elevated levels of leptin, serotonin, ghrelin compared to women of normal weight. Sibutramine treatment leads to a decrease in serotonin, leptin, ghrelin and is more effective in women with a BMI less than 36,5 kg/m2.

scholarly journals MON-161 Body Weight Reduction Not Always Reduced Adrenal Gland Volume in Obese Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adrenal Gland Volume

Abstract Recent studies have shown that obesity is a major risk factor for idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA). IHA patients have greater AGV than normal controls. However, it is unclear whether such changes are caused by obesity and whether losing weight could reverse the morphological and functional abnormalities of the adrenal gland. This study was to investigate the association of obesity with adrenal gland volume (AGV) and the effects of weight loss on AGV. This study recruited obese patients (N=25) who underwent sleeve gastrectomy and age- and sex-matched normal-weight (N=25) and overweight healthy volunteers (HV) (N=21). Thin-slice computed tomography was used to evaluate adrenal morphological changes. AGV was measured semiautomatically based on the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) image. The effects of weight loss on AGV were evaluated in patients for one year or more after sleeve gastrectomy. The results showed that left, right and total AGV were larger in obese patients than those in overweight and normal- weight HVs (6.77±0.36, 5.76±0.31, and 12.53±0.64 cm3 vs. 3.88±0.14, 3.09± 0.13 and 6.97± 0.24 cm3 vs. 3.38±0.23, 2.67±0.15 and 6.04±0.36 cm3). No statistically significant difference was identified between overweight and normal-weight HVs. Sleeve gastrectomy significantly reduced body weight (-27.1±2.5 kg), left AGV (-0.80±0.26 cm3), and right AGV (-0.88±0.20 cm2). However, the adrenal volume in five patients was not reduced, despite significant weight loss postsurgery. In brief, obesity leads to increased AGV, and in some cases, this effect seems to be irreversible. We speculate that obesity causes permanently adrenal morphological changes (increased volume or hyperplasia), and under certain circumstances, it results in excessive aldosterone secretion via altered adipokines (leptin, CTRP1, etc.).

Influence of long-term exposure to adverse environments on organ weights and histology

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. Hale ◽  
Roy B. Mefferd ◽  
Gordon Vawter ◽  
G. Elizabeth Foerster ◽  
Dominic Criscuolo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Temperature Dependency ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Thymus Weight ◽  
Pressure Dependency ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Induced Changes

A comparison was made of the morphological effects of cold, heat and simulated altitude on adult male rats given exposures of 24 weeks' duration. By the use of covariance analysis it was possible to determine the extent to which organ weights were dependent upon body weight and to adjust the values in order to remove body weight influences. For liver, heart and kidney, adjusted weights indicated temperature-dependency, while pressure-dependency was established for liver and kidney only. Histologically, temperature-dependency was indicated for liver, kidney, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary. Fur weight was reduced in heat but not altered in cold. Fasting in cold induced changes in adrenal and thymus weight and unusually high body weight loss; in heat, fasting caused a significant thymus weight loss without adrenal weight increase. The thymus-adrenal ratio was elevated during a 24-hour fast in all environments except cold, where it was decreased.

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Fed and Fasted Rats Exposed to an Altitude of 12,470 Feet

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola S. Timiras ◽  
Robert Hill ◽  
Alvin A. Krum ◽  
Adam W. Lis
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Filial Generation ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fasted Rats

Blood sugar levels and the glycogen content of liver, heart, skeletal muscle, diaphragm and kidney of both fed and fasted sea level control rats were compared with those of fed and fasted rats (P) born at sea level and then exposed to an altitude of 12,470 feet for various periods of time, and with those of fed rats (F2) of the second filial generation born and maintained at altitude. In the P animals after short-term (24 and 72 hr.) exposure, liver, heart, muscle and diaphragm glycogen was markedly decreased in the fed animals as compared with the fed sea level controls, and markedly increased in the fasted hypoxic animals as compared with the fasted sea level controls. In fed P animals after long-term exposure, liver, heart, muscle and diaphragm glycogen was the same as in fed controls after 2 and 6 months at altitude, and became markedly lower than in the controls after 10 months. In the F2 rats, liver and muscle glycogen was markedly decreased when compared with the controls; in contrast, cardiac glycogen content was significantly higher in these F2 rats than in the controls. Changes were not observed in kidney glycogen. Hyperglycemia was observed in all P rats after 24 hours, and hypoglycemia after 72 hours at altitude. In the long-term experiments glycemia was the same in experimental (P and F2) and control rats.

Energy Balance, Exercise, and Cancer Risk

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine B Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Healthy Weight

Excess body weight is a risk factor for most cancers. Furthermore, obesity is associated with worsened prognosis after a cancer diagnosis and negatively affects the delivery of systemic therapy, contributes to morbidity of cancer treatment, and may raise the risk of second malignancies and comorbidities. However, an obesity paradox may be occurring in patients with cancer; this paradox has been observed when cancer patients with an elevated body mass index (BMI) have improved survival compared with normal-weight patients, and this has been observed in a variety of cancer patients. The reliance on BMI as a measure of body fatness has limitations in the cancer population; hence, the use of tools that directly measure body fat may be more predictive of cancer risk. Despite public health recommendations for achieving and maintaining a healthy weight for cancer prevention and survivorship, few studies have evaluated the effect of intentional body weight loss on cancer risk, although the evidence is suggestive of a relationship. Future research needs to elucidate if weight loss after a cancer diagnosis decreases the risk of recurrence and mortality, and if so, how much weight loss is needed. This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 65 references Key words: body weight, cancer, interventions, lifestyle, morbidity, mortality, obesity, prevention, risk, sedentary, survivorship, weight loss

Abuse of Laxatives to Reduce Weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 208-234
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Weight For Age

Two psychiatric conditions are commonly associated with laxative and/or diuretic abuse to control weight. They are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The newest diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa now makes it possible to diagnose this disorder before profound weight loss has occurred. There are four criteria: (1) refusal to maintain body weight greater than a minimum normal weight for age and height, the minimum being 15% below that expected; (2) intense fear of gaining weight; (3) a disturbance in the way one's body weight, size, or shape is experienced; and (4) amenorrhea in girls. Anorexia nervosa usually begins in early to late adolescence. It is primarily a disorder of girls.

Endocrine responses to acute and chronic high-altitude exposure (4,300 meters): modulating effects of caloric restriction

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (6) ◽  
pp. E1078-E1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly E. Barnholt ◽  
Andrew R. Hoffman ◽  
Paul B. Rock ◽  
Stephen R. Muza ◽  
Charles S. Fulco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Morning Cortisol ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
The Difference

High-altitude anorexia leads to a hormonal response pattern modulated by both hypoxia and caloric restriction (CR). The purpose of this study was to compare altitude-induced neuroendocrine changes with or without energy imbalance and to explore how energy sufficiency alters the endocrine acclimatization process. Twenty-six normal-weight, young men were studied for 3 wk. One group [hypocaloric group (HYPO), n = 9] stayed at sea level and consumed 40% fewer calories than required to maintain body weight. Two other groups were deployed to 4,300 meters (Pikes Peak, CO), where one group (ADQ, n = 7) was adequately fed to maintain body weight and the other [deficient group (DEF), n = 10] had calories restricted as above. HYPO experienced a typical CR-induced reduction in many hormones such as insulin, testosterone, and leptin. At altitude, fasting glucose, insulin, and epinephrine exhibited a muted rise in DEF compared with ADQ. Free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and norepinephrine showed similar patterns between the two altitude groups. Morning cortisol initially rose higher in DEF than ADQ at 4,300 meters, but the difference disappeared by day 5. Testosterone increased in both altitude groups acutely but declined over time in DEF only. Adiponectin and leptin did not change significantly from sea level baseline values in either altitude group regardless of energy intake. These data suggest that hypoxia tends to increase blood hormone concentrations, but anorexia suppresses elements of the endocrine response. Such suppression results in the preservation of energy stores but may sacrifice the facilitation of oxygen delivery and the use of oxygen-efficient fuels.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Antiobesitas Ekstrak Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.Merr) Pada Model Mencit Obesitas

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patonah Patonah ◽  
Elis Susilawati ◽  
Ahmad Riduan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Organ Index

Obesitas merupakan suatu kondisi terjadinya akumulasi lemak yang berlebih dalam tubuh. Obesitas merupakan faktor resiko hipertensi, diabetes mellitus, gangguan jantung dan penyakit pembuluh darah lainnya. Upaya menurunkan obesitas dapat menurunkan resiko penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas antiobesitas ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L.Merr) pada model mencit swiss Webster obesitas. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit dikelompokkan secara acak menjadi 6 kelompok  yaitu kelompok normal (menerima pembawa obat), induksi (menerima pembawa obat), pembanding (menerima orlistat 15,6 mg/Kg ), dan 3 kelompok menerima ekstrak daun katuk dosis 100, 200, 400 mg/kg. Semua kelompok (kecuali kelompok normal) diinduksi obesitas dengan fruktosa dan makanan tinggi lemak selama 21 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah bobot badan, indeks makanan, indeks feses, indeks organ, dan indeks lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara penurunan bobot badan kelompok perlakuan yang diberi ekstrak daun katuk terhadap kelompok induksi (p<0.05). Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun katuk mempunyai aktivitas antiobesitas dan ekstrak terbaik dalam menurunkan bobot badan adalah ekstrak daun katuk 400 mg/Kg . Obesity is a condition an over-accumulating of lipids in the body. The weight over than 20 % from normal weight is called obese. The main cause of obesity is the unbalance intakes and outputs of lipids in the body. Obesity is a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and other vascular diseases.The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of katuk leaves extracts (Sauropus androgynus L.Merr) as antiobesity on Swiss Webster mice models of obesity. A total of 30 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and 5 mice contains each group, normal, induction, the comparator (orlistat 15.6 mg / Kg), katuk leaves extract 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg. Parameters measured were body weight, food index, feces index, organ index and fat index. Results showed that there were significant differences in weight loss parameters between treatment groups were given the katuk leaves extract compare to the control group (p<0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the katuk leaves extract has antiobesity activity and the best extract as antiobesity was katuk leaves extract dose of 400 mg / Kg.

Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1741-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Butterfield ◽  
J. Gates ◽  
S. Fleming ◽  
G. A. Brooks ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Maintain Body Weight

The hypothesis that high-altitude weight loss can be prevented by increasing energy intake to meet energy requirement was tested in seven men, 23.7 +/- 4.3 (SD) yr, taken to 4,300 m for 21 days. Energy intake required to maintain body weight at sea level was found to be 3,118 +/- 300 kcal/day, as confirmed by nitrogen balance. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), determined by indirect calorimetry, increased 27% on day 2 at altitude and then decreased and reached a plateau at 17% above the sea level BMR by day 10. Energy expended during strenuous activities was 37% lower at altitude than at sea level. Fecal excretion of energy, nitrogen, total fiber, and total volatile fatty acids was not significantly affected by altitude. Energy intake at altitude was adjusted after 1 wk, on the basis of the increased BMR, to 3,452 +/- 452 kcal/day. Mean nitrogen balance at altitude was negative (-0.25 +/- 0.71 g/day) before energy intake was adjusted but rose significantly thereafter (0.20 +/- 0.71 and 0.44 +/- 0.66 g/day during weeks 2 and 3). Mean body weight decreased 2.1 +/- 1.0 kg over the 3 wk of the study, but the rate of weight loss was significantly diminished after the increase in energy intake (201 +/- 75 vs. 72 +/- 48 g/day). Individual regression lines drawn through 7-day segments of body weight showed that in four of seven subjects the slopes of body weight were not significantly different from zero after the 2nd wk. Thus weight loss ceased in four of seven men in whom increased BMR at altitude was compensated with increased energy intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Body weight and return to work among survivors of early-stage breast cancer

ESMO Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. e000908
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Meglio ◽  
Gwenn Menvielle ◽  
Agnes Dumas ◽  
Arnauld Gbenou ◽  
Sandrine Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundMany breast cancer (BC) survivors are employed at diagnosis and are expected to return to work after treatment. Among them, around 50% are overweight or obese. There are limited data about the impact of body weight on their ability to return to work.MethodsWe used data from CANcer TOxicity (NCT01993498), a prospective, multicentre cohort of women with stage I–III BC. Professionally active women who were ≥5 years younger than retirement age were identified. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations of body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis and subsequent weight changes with non-return to work 2 years after diagnosis, adjusting for psychosocial, treatment and behavioural characteristics.ResultsAmong 1869 women, 689 were overweight or obese. Overall, 398 patients (21.3%) had not returned to work 2 years after diagnosis. Non-return to work was more likely for overweight or obese than underweight or normal weight patients (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.75; p=0.045). Weight loss (≥5%) was observed in 15.7% overweight or obese and 8.7% underweight or normal weight patients and was associated with significant increases in physical activity only among overweight or obese patients (mean change, +4.7 metabolic-equivalent-of-task-hour/week; 95% CI +1.9 to +7.5). Overweight or obese patients who lost weight were more likely to return to work compared with those who did not lose weight (aOR of non-return-to-work, 0.48; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.97, p=0.0418), whereas weight loss was associated with increased odds of non-return to work among underweight or normal weight women (aOR 2.07; 95% CI 1.20 to 3.56, p=0.0086) (pinteractionBMI×weight changes=0.0002). The continuous trend of weight gain on non-return to work was significant for overweight or obese patients (aOR for one-percent-unit difference, 1.03; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06, p=0.030).ConclusionsExcess weight may be a barrier to return to work. Among overweight or obese BC survivors, weight loss was associated with higher rates of return to work, whereas further weight gain was associated with lower likelihood of return to work. Employment outcomes should be evaluated in randomised studies of weight management.

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