Effect of sweat loss on body fluids

Six healthy men were studied under normal conditions and after dehydration caused by sweating produced 1) in a sauna at 80 C, 2) by hard muscular work at 18 C, and 3) by mild exercise at room temperature 38 C. The dehydration period lasted for 2.5@#X2013;3.5 hr. Sweat was collected in impermeable plastic bags around the forearm. Body weight, Evans blue space, and apparent inulin space were determined before and about 90 min after the dehydration period. The average decrease in body weight was 3.1 (4.1%), 3.1, and 3.5 kg for 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The reduction in apparent inulin space was 1.4, 0.2 and 1.3 liters, respectively. The decrease in Evans blue space paralleled the reduction in apparent inulin space. In the three conditions no significant differences were found in calculated total loss of electrolytes. Water liberated from combustion of fat and carbohydrates plus water previously stored with glycogen can account for up to 1.1 liters of the intracellular water loss during the hard exercise (2). The additional water loss from the cells is discussed in light of electrolyte shifts. dehydration; intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid; plasma volume Submitted on January 20, 1964

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A modified bioassay for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m77-049 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 331-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Stavric ◽

D. Jeffrey

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Body Weight ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Evans Blue ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Blue Dye ◽

Evans Blue Dye ◽

Heat Stable ◽

Stomach Distention ◽

Time Required

Infant mice were injected orally with preparations containing Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and Evans blue dye, and incubated at 22 °C. With enterotoxin-positive samples, the stomach was distended and contained essentially all of the dye. With enterotoxin-negative samples, the stomach remained normal in size and the dye passed freely into the intestines. The time required to obtain the maximum ratio of gut weight to body weight varied from 30 to 90 min and was dependent upon the concentration of enterotoxin. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) had no effect during this period.Based on these findings, the mouse incubation time was reduced from 4 h to 90 min, and the heating of test samples was retained only for confirmation of ST. The location of the dye and stomach distention served as an indicator of positive responses to ST. Incubation of the mice at room temperature (22 °C) was found satisfactory.

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Increase in Cell Number as a Factor in the Growth of the Organs and Tissues of the Young Male Rat

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.10.4.530 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 530-562

Author(s):

M. Enesco ◽

C. P. Leblond

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Young Male ◽

Cell Number ◽

The Body ◽

Male Rat ◽

The Past ◽

Old Rats ◽

Young Rat

While the organs and tissues of the young rat are known to increase in size with age (Donaldson, 1924), little is known of the role played by the component cells in this increase. There is evidence that cells enlarge (Levi, 1906; Plenk, 1911) and new cells are added (Strasburger, 1893), but we do not know to what extent the enlargement and proliferation of the cells cause the growth of organs and tissues. The present work is an attempt to clarify this problem. In the past, the growth of organs and tissues has often been measured by weight gain (Donaldson, 1924). However, this approach might be misleading, since the body-weight may increase in the absence of growth, for instance as a result of fat-storage in old rats, of pregnancy in females, and even of changes in room temperature.

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Oxidative stability of tilapia feeds containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20190344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thiago Luís Magnani Grassi ◽

Juliana Sedlacek-Bassani ◽

Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Control Diet ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Oxidative Rancidity ◽

Plastic Bags

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of microbial biomass on the oxidative rancidity of tilapia rations stored for 12 months. Treatments included a control diet and diets supplemented with either 0.01% vitamin E, 0.25 and 0.5% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 0.25 and 0.5% of Spirulina platensis. Experimental diets were stored in the dark inside plastic bags at room temperature (25 °C) for 12 months. The oxidative rancidity was measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). It was concluded that the inclusions of Spirulina platensis at 0.25% (1.734 ± 0.206) and 0.5% (1.629 ± 0.181) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.5% (1.459 ± 0.305) minimized the oxidative rancidity in comparation to control diet (2.843 ± 0.109) of Nile tilapia until 12 months of storage.

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Pertambahan Bobot Badan dan Waktu Pembusukan Daging Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Ekstrak Jaloh Dikombinasi dengan Kromium

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v10i2.640 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Sugito Sugito ◽

Erdiansyah Rahmi ◽

Azhari Azhari ◽

M. Isa

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Body Weight ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Room Temperature ◽

The Body ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The gain body weight and Spoilage of meat broiler which giving jaloh extract to combine with chromiumABSTRACT. A study was conducted on broiler chickens under heat stress to evaluate the effect of combined jaloh (Salix tetrasperma Roxb) extract with chromium mineral in the body weight, value of feed ratio conversion, and time to meat to become decomposed. Twenty four of 20-day old Cobb female broiler chickens were randomly assigned and divided to 4 treatment groups. Completely randomized design was used in this study. The treatments were as follows: 1) chickens given no heat stress and jaloh extract nor chromium (tCp); 2) chickens under heat stress without given jaloh extract nor chromium (Cp); 3) chickens under heat stress and given jaloh extract in 1.000 mg/lt drinking water (Cp+Ej); and 4) chickens under heat stress, given jaloh extract in 1.000 mg/lt drinking water, and chromium in 1.000 ug/lt drinking water (Cp+Ej+Cr). Heat stress given was 33 ± 1oC of cage temperature during 4 hours per day within 15 days. Jaloh extract and chromium treatments in drinking water were given at 2 hour before cage temperature reaching 33 ± 1oC and were stopped being given after 1 hour, when cage temperature back to room temperature. On the 16th day of the study chickens were measured before slaughtered. Samples obtained were chicken meat that taken from breast part (musculus pectoralis). The result suggested that either giving jaloh extract per se at the dose of 1.000 mg/lt in drinking water or combine it with chromium that given two hours before cage temperature reaching 33 ± 1oC, can prevent chickens from decreasing their body weight, decreasing value of feed ratio convertion, and extending time to meat to become decomposed.

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Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis in Newborn Baby

Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons ◽

10.3329/jbcps.v26i1.4232 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45

Author(s):

Jagadish C Das

Keyword(s):

Water Loss ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Newborn Baby ◽

Preterm Baby ◽

Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽

Proportionate Change ◽

Fluid Requirement ◽

Term Baby

Assessment of fluid and electrolyte properly in neonate is very important but difficult. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during this period depends on some factors notably gestational age of baby, its postnatal age, pathological conditions and environmental situation. In fetus, water and electrolytes is constantly supplied from mother, which is cut-off by delivery of the baby. Extracellular fluid volume that is greater than intracellular fluid volume in fetus precipitously decreases after birth. Adaptation of fluid and electrolyte after birth is due to discontinuation of placental exchange, onset of insensible water loss, thermoregulation, autonomic renal regulation and intake of fluid and other nutrients. The adaptation course is divided into transition phase, intermediate phase and stable growth phase. Fluid and electrolyte therapy in neonate should be very judicious, because administration of minimum fluid and electrolyte may bring a maximum proportionate change of such environment. Fluid requirement in neonate after birth increases gradually by first few days. Preterm baby require more fluid than term baby during the first week of life due to high insensible water loss in the former. Electrolytes with intravenous fluid should be offered after ensuring initial diuresis, a decrease in sodium or at least 5-6% weight loss in neonates. Key words: Fluid, electrolyte, homeostasis, newborn baby. DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v26i1.4232 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2008; 26: 39-45

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METABOLIC REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.39.5.724 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 724-732

Author(s):

John C. Sinclair ◽

Jon W. Scopes ◽

William A. Silverman

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Mean Value ◽

Reference Standards ◽

Contributory Factor ◽

Tissue Mass ◽

Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen consumption of 92 normally grown newborn babies of birth weight 750 to 3,940 gm has been expressed in terms of various metabolic reference standards in order to identify any systematic variation in expression of metabolic rate that is introduced by these bases of reference in the newborn population. It is postulated that differences in body composition comprise a contributory factor to the variation among newborn babies in rate of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight. The predictive error from a mean value is increased if surface area, body weight, or fat-free body weight is substituted for body weight as a metabolic reference standard. By taking into account known changes in body composition of the fetus with increasing maturity, a compartment representing the active tissue mass is calculated. This corresponds closely to body weight minus extracellular fluid and includes fat. Rate of oxygen consumption is proportional to the size of this compartment over the range of body weights studied. Implications are discussed as to the metabolic rate of adipose tissue in the newborn and body composition among undergrown babies.

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Water Relationships of Aphis Fabae Scop. During Tethered Flight

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.38.1.175 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

A. J. COCKBAIN

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Water Loss ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Aphis Fabae ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Saturation Deficit ◽

Tethered Flight ◽

C 23 ◽

Total Body

1. Water content varies from 64 to 73% of the total body weight and 72-76% of the fatless body weight of 24 hr. old unflown alatae of Aphis fabae. 2. Water loss during flight may be attributed to evaporation and excretion. A mean of 0.07 mg. water is lost per aphid during a 6 hr. tethered fligh a 25-26° C. and 57-82% R.H., corresponding to c. 9% body weight; at least 66% of the loss (c. 1% body weight/hr.) is by evaporation. 3. Excretion during fligh is not affected by relative humidity differences over the range 41-75% at 25%26° C., but the relative amounts of water lost during prolonged flight are inversely related to relative humidity, because of the effect of humidity on evaporation. 4. Proportion of water in he body does no change significantly during tethered fligh. Mean percentage water to total body weight increases from c. 68-69% during 6 hr.; mean percentage water to fatless body weight decreases from c. 74 to 73%. 5. Water loss is evidently not a limiting factor to fligh in atmospheres of saturation deficit less than c. 23 mm. Hg.

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Stability of Cotrimoxazole in Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686089001000207 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 157-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sandra E. Holmes ◽

Stephen Aldous

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Dialysis Fluid ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid ◽

The Stability ◽

RENAL RESPONSE TO INFUSION OF ISOTONIC RINGER-LOCKE SOLUTION: EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0740193 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 193-204

Author(s):

J. T. BAKER ◽

S. SOLOMON

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Proximal Tubule ◽

Volume Expansion ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽

Water Reabsorption ◽

Locke Solution ◽

Hypophysectomized Rats ◽

Distal Tubules

A comparison of the renal response to extracellular fluid volume expansion (5% body weight) was made between 25 normal and 25 chronically hypophysectomized rats. The extracellular fluid compartments averaged 25 ± 1% of body weight in both groups during control, fasted conditions. Extracellular fluid volume increased to 33 ± 1% in hypophysectomized and 34 ± 2% in normal rats during expansion, based on body weight. In addition, filtration fraction was similar in both normal and hypophysectomized rats during control (0·29 ± 0·03 and 0·26 ± 0·02 respectively) and infusion of Ringer–Locke solution (0·24 ± 0·05 and 0·27 ± 0·05 respectively). Thus our results cannot be explained by differences in the degree of expansion or failure to increase filtration in proportion to plasma flow. During infusion of isotonic Ringer–Locke solution, fractional water and sodium excretion both averaged 5·1% in normal rats and only 1·3% and 0·82% respectively in hypophysectomized rats. The ratio of single nephron to whole kidney filtration rate failed to increase as much in hypophysectomized compared with normal rats. Significant increases of fractional volume excretion occurred in both groups by the end of the accessible portion of the proximal tubule. However, fractional water reabsorption was depressed significantly more in normal (mean = 37%) than in hypophysectomized rats (mean = 19%). Fractional water reabsorption in distal tubules was similar in both groups during expansion. Arterial pressure was lower in hypophysectomized rats under control conditions, but showed similar changes during expansion compared with normal rats. Passage time decreased significantly in all groups after Ringer–Locke infusion, but remained prolonged in hypophysectomized rats in proximal and distal tubules. It is concluded that chronic hypophysectomy results in a less efficient renal excretion of volume and sodium chloride load. This inefficiency appears to be related in part to (1) failure of the proximal tubule to depress water reabsorption to a level equivalent to normal rats, and (2) failure to re-distribute flow to outer cortical glomeruli following extracellular fluid volume expansion in hypophysectomized rats.

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Autonomic adaptations mediate the effect of hydration on brain functioning and mood: Evidence from two randomized controlled trials

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-52775-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hayley A. Young ◽

Alecia Cousins ◽

Stephen Johnston ◽

John M. Fletcher ◽

David Benton

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Water Loss ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Brain Functioning ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Superior Parietal Cortex ◽

Central Gyrus ◽

Serial Addition ◽

Affective Consequences

Abstract Dehydration (water loss >2.0% of body weight) has significant negative effects on physical and mental performance. In two studies the effects of minor hypo-hydration (water loss <1.0% of body weight) on CNS function, mood and cardiovascular functioning were measured. Study 1: On two mornings twelve male participants were exposed to a temperature of 30 °C for four hours and either did or did not drink two 150 ml glasses of water during that time. Study 2: Fifty-six (25 M) individuals were exposed to the same 30 °C environment and randomly allocated to either drink (2 × 150 ml) or not drink. When not given water 0.59% (Study 1) and 0.55% (Study 2) bodyweight was lost. Participant’s heart rate variability (HRV) was measured, and they rated their thirst and mood. In study 1, participants participated in an fMRI protocol during which they completed a modified version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), at the end of which they rated its difficulty. Decreases in fMRI BOLD activity in the orbito-frontal cortex, ventral cingulate gyrus, dorsal cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, right striatum, post-central gyrus and superior parietal cortex were observed when participants were hypo-hydrated. These deactivations were associated with reduced HRV, greater perceived effort, and more anxiety. In study 2 declines in HRV were found to mediate the effect of hypo-hydration on ratings of anxiety. These data are discussed in relation to a model that describes how autonomic regulatory and interoceptive processes may contribute to the affective consequences of minor hypo-hydration.

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