scholarly journals Innate Immune Recognition ofMycobacterium tuberculosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanneke Kleinnijenhuis ◽  
Marije Oosting ◽  
Leo A. B. Joosten ◽  
Mihai G. Netea ◽  
Reinout Van Crevel
Keyword(s):  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Insight Into

Tuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), is a major health problem, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity plays an important role in the host defense againstM. tuberculosis, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition ofM. tuberculosis, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their adaptor molecule MyD88 play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against tuberculosis. In addition to TLRs, other PRRs such as NOD2, Dectin-1, Mannose receptor, and DC-SIGN are also involved in the recognition ofM. tuberculosis. Human epidemiological studies revealed that genetic variation in genes encoding for PRRs and downstream signaling products influence disease susceptibility, severity, and outcome. More insight into PRRs and the recognition of mycobacteria, combined with immunogenetic studies in TB patients, does not only lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis but also may contribute to the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Exercise as A Potential Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Insight into the Underlying Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Yun Seo ◽  
Jeong Rim Ko ◽  
Jung Eun Jang ◽  
Tae Nyun Kim ◽  
Jae Boum Youm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Microvascular Diseases ◽  
Insight Into

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and renal comorbidities. Among these, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes the most severe symptoms and is considered to be a major health problem worldwide. Exercise is widely known as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Importantly, the onset of complications arising due to diabetes can be delayed or even prevented by exercise. Regular exercise is reported to have positive effects on diabetes mellitus and the development of DCM. The protective effects of exercise include prevention of cardiac apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and microvascular diseases, as well as improvement in cardiac mitochondrial function and calcium regulation. This review summarizes the recent scientific findings to describe the potential mechanisms by which exercise may prevent DCM and heart failure.

An Insight into Unani Hypoglycemic Drugs and Their Mechanism of Action.

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fazil ◽  
Sadia Nikhat ◽  
Imran Ali
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Diabetes mellitus type-II is a major health problem characterized by hypo-insulinemia and insulin resistance; leading to hyperglycemia and its complications. In Unani medicine, it is known as ziyābetus. Several drugs are prescribed in Unani medicine as single and compound formulations for this disease. Most of these drugs have been studied on scientific parameters and shown significant activity in reducing the symptoms and complications of diabetes. Objectives: Critical evaluation of Unani medicines for treating diabetes patients. To provide complete information on this subject with the action of the mechanism so that proper treatment should be done with prospective research. Methods: Unani literature was reviewed extensively via various search engines for the herbs, shrubs used for diabetes treatment. Ten drugs were selected for the present review. Results and Conclusion: There is convincing evidence to suggest that the selected drugs have promising actions against diabetes and its complications. Also, none of the studies has reported any adverse effects with the drugs. Also, there is evidence to suggest that the method of usage described in Unani medicine may reduce or eliminate adverse events if any. Further, there is a great need to do more research on making medicine more effective. Besides, the review article is useful for treating patients effectively by advancing the research.

scholarly journals New Aspects in Immunopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mortaz ◽  
M. Varahram ◽  
P. Farnia ◽  
M. Bahadori ◽  
MR Masjedi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Host Interactions

Our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) pathology and immunology has become extensively deeper and more refined since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as the etiologic agent of disease by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882. A great challenge in chronic disease is to understand the complexities, mechanisms, and consequences of host interactions with pathogens. TB, caused by MTB, is a major health problem in world, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity is shown playing an important role in the host defense against the MTB, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition of MTB, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their down streams, proteins play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against MTB. Beside of TLRs signaling, recently the activation of inflammasome pathway in the pathogenesis of TB much appreciated. Knowledge about these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of TB, on one hand, and for the development of novel strategies of vaccination and treatment such as immunotherapy on the other. Given the critical role of TLRs/inflammasome signaling in innate immunity and initiation of the appropriate adaptive response, the regulation of these pathways is likely to be an important determinant of the clinical outcome of MTB infection. In this review paper we focused on the immune response, which is the recognition of MTB by inflammatory innate immune cells following infection.

scholarly journals Absence of an Important Vaccine and Diagnostic Target in Carriage- and Disease-Related Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi C. Smith-Vaughan ◽  
Anne B. Chang ◽  
Derek S. Sarovich ◽  
Robyn L. Marsh ◽  
Keith Grimwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Genome Sequence Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi)-associated disease is a major health problem globally. Whole-genome sequence analysis identified the absence ofhpdgenes encodingHaemophilusprotein D in 3 of 16 phylogenetically distinct NTHi isolates. This novel finding is of potential clinical significance, as protein D andhpdrepresent important NTHi vaccine antigen and diagnostic targets, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement and Its Flanking Regions

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 3501-3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Müller ◽  
Inga Benz ◽  
Ariane Liebchen ◽  
Inka Gallitz ◽  
Helge Karch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Type 3 Secretion System ◽  
Enterocyte Effacement ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Flanking Regions ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT The attaching-and-effacing (A/E) phenotype mediated by factors derived from the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a hallmark of clinically important intestinal pathotypes of Escherichia coli, including enteropathogenic (EPEC), atypical EPEC (ATEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains. Epidemiological studies indicate that the frequency of diarrhea outbreaks caused by ATEC is increasing. Hence, it is of major importance to further characterize putative factors contributing to the pathogenicity of these strains and to gain additional insight into the plasticity and evolutionary aspects of this emerging pathotype. Here, we analyzed the two clinical ATEC isolates B6 (O26:K60) and 9812 (O128:H2) and compared the genetic organizations, flanking regions, and chromosomal insertion loci of their LEE with those of the LEE of other A/E pathogens. Our analysis shows that the core LEE is largely conserved—particularly among genes coding for the type 3 secretion system—whereas genes encoding effector proteins display a higher variability. Chromosomal insertion loci appear to be restricted to selC, pheU, and pheV. In contrast, striking differences were found between the 5′- and 3′-associated flanking regions reflecting the different histories of the various strains and also possibly indicating different lines in evolution.

scholarly journals Innate Recognition and Signaling during Times of Pandemic and Beyond from Intensive Care Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-143
Author(s):  
Sylvia Frisancho-Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Immune Monitoring ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
Elimination Clearance ◽  
Regulatory Functions

The systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) underlies the majority of intensive care-related conditions. Depending on the origin it may become a governing force of organ dysfunctions. The immune response therefore may be a contemptuous reaction. While necessary for viral, or bacterial elimination, clearance of debris, and regeneration, when dysregulated, overpowering, or chronically ongoing, it may lead to significant collateral damage, organ failure, and autoimmunity. Understanding the immune response in specific complex situations, monitoring, and targeted influencing may become a future step in intensive care management. Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) is a representative innate immune receptor with authoritative downstream signaling and regulatory functions. The following review aims to bridge the logics of innate immune recognition, signaling, and influence on intensive care-related acute conditions by TLR4. We demonstrate that overwhelming innate immune response can be blunted, skewed, and consequently, adaptive immunity positively influenced, but such an approach must be careful and targeted for specific situations optimally under comprehensive immune monitoring. The unanswered questions of the field, as well as possible caveats of such novel approaches, are mapped through discussing in vitro and animal models, human trials.

scholarly journals Human dendritic cell sequestration onto the Necator americanus larval sheath during ex-sheathing: a possible mechanism for immune privilege

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hassan ◽  
D. I. Pritchard ◽  
A. M. Ghaemmaghami
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Human Dendritic Cell ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Necator Americanus ◽  
Initial Interaction ◽  
Human Dendritic Cells ◽  
Low Expression

AbstractDespite the profound health implications of Necator americanus infection in humans, many aspects of its interaction with the host immune system are poorly understood. Here we investigated the early events at the interface of N. americanus larvae (L3) and human dendritic cells (DCs). Our data show that co-culturing DCs and the larvae trigger ex-sheathing of hookworms rapidly where a majority of DCs are sequestered onto the larval sheath allowing the ex-sheathed larvae to migrate away unchallenged. Intriguingly, DCs show negligible interaction with the ex-sheathed larvae, alluding to differences between the surface chemistry of the larva and its sheath. Furthermore, blocking of two key C-type lectin receptors on DC surface (i.e. DC-SIGN and mannose receptor) resulted in inhibition of ex-sheathing process and DC sequestration, highlighting the importance of C-type lectins on DCs in the induction of the ex-sheathing. Analyses of DC phenotype and cytokine profile after co-culture with the N. americanus larvae showed an immature phenotype as evidenced by the low expression of the maturation markers and cytokines. These data provide new insights into early events at the interface of human DCs and N. americanus larvae and could explain how L3 evade immune recognition upon initial interaction with DCs.

scholarly journals Gradings of periodontitis in relation with systemic disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3671
Author(s):  
Abdulhameed G. Albeshr ◽  
Yazeed A. Alhabdan ◽  
Raef Mohamad Aljasem ◽  
Maha Assad Munshi ◽  
Ahmed Mohammadhassan Bagasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Insight Into

With the increasing prevalence rates of periodontitis cases, it has a great impact on human health, especially elderly patients. It constitutes a major health problem that can cause significant burdens. Infections are the main pathology that have been previously reported among studies in the literature because it has a strong correlation. There are common mechanisms that can cause systemic diseases: induction of systemic inflammation, inflammatory markers, the release of toxins, and translocation into other organs through the bloodstream. Proving the correlation between the potential presence of the involved pathogen and systemic diseases might be a significant key factor in predicting these systemic events. In addition, it will assist to have proper management in early intervention. The aim of the study was to provide more insight into the effect of correlation between periodontitis and other systemic diseases according to studies in the literature. Multiple organisms that can cause periodontitis have been significantly correlated with the development of many systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), pneumonia, respiratory tract infections, oral and colorectal cancers, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been commonly reported with the variously discussed systemic diseases which should draw more attention towards the proper management and prevent this organism and other microbes within the literature to enhance the outcomes.

scholarly journals Exercise as A Potential Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Insight into the Underlying Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Yun Seo ◽  
Jeong Rim Ko ◽  
Jung Eun Jang ◽  
Tae Nyun Kim ◽  
Jae Boum Youm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Microvascular Diseases ◽  
Insight Into

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and renal comorbidities. Among these, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes the most severe symptoms and is considered to be a major health problem worldwide. Exercise is widely known as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Importantly, the onset of complications arising from diabetes can be delayed or even prevented by exercise. Regular exercise is reported to have positive effects on diabetes mellitus and the development of DCM. The protective effects of exercise include the prevention of cardiac apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and microvascular diseases, as well as improvement in cardiac mitochondrial function, and calcium regulation. The present review summarizes the recent findings to describe the potential mechanisms by which exercise may prevent DCM and heart failure.

Bacterial glycans and their interactions with lectins in the innate immune system

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Prado Acosta ◽  
Bernd Lepenies
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Bacterial Surfaces ◽  
Bacterial Glycosylation

Bacterial surfaces are rich in glycoconjugates that are mainly present in their outer layers and are of great importance for their interaction with the host innate immune system. The innate immune system is the first barrier against infection and recognizes pathogens via conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Lectins expressed by innate immune cells represent an important class of PRRs characterized by their ability to recognize carbohydrates. Among lectins in innate immunity, there are three major classes including the galectins, siglecs, and C-type lectin receptors. These lectins may contribute to initial recognition of bacterial glycans, thus providing an early defence mechanism against bacterial infections, but they may also be exploited by bacteria to escape immune responses. In this review, we will first exemplify bacterial glycosylation systems; we will then describe modes of recognition of bacterial glycans by lectins in innate immunity and, finally, we will briefly highlight how bacteria have found ways to exploit these interactions to evade immune recognition.

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