Aberrations in Oxidative Stress Markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in the onset and development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Data from clinical studies have highlighted increased peripheral blood oxidative stress markers in patients with ALS, but results are inconsistent. Therefore, we quantitatively pooled data on levels of blood oxidative stress markers in ALS patients from the literature using a meta-analytic technique. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Web of Science, and we included studies analyzing blood oxidative stress marker levels in patients with ALS and normal controls. We included 41 studies with 4,588 ALS patients and 6,344 control subjects, and 15 oxidative stress marker levels were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that malondialdehyde (Hedges’ g, 1.168; 95% CI, 0.812 to 1.523; P<0.001), 8-hydroxyguanosine (Hedges’ g, 2.194; 95% CI, 0.554 to 3.835; P=0.009), and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product (Hedges’ g, 0.555; 95% CI, 0.317 to 0.792; P<0.001) levels were significantly increased in patients with ALS when compared with control subjects. Uric acid (Hedges’ g, -0.798; 95% CI, -1.117 to -0.479; P<0.001) and glutathione (Hedges’ g, -1.636; 95% CI, -3.020 to -0.252; P=0.02) levels were significantly reduced in ALS patients. In contrast, blood Cu, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, coenzyme-Q10, and transferrin levels were not significantly different between cases and controls. Taken together, our results showed significantly increased blood levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product and decreased glutathione and uric acid levels in the peripheral blood of ALS patients. This meta-analysis helps to clarify the oxidative stress marker profile in ALS patients, supporting the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a central component underpinning ALS pathogenesis.

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The Effects of Resveratrol on Oxidative Stress Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530319666191116112950 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 718-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mahsa Omidian ◽

Mina Abdolahi ◽

Elnaz Daneshzad ◽

Mohsen Sedighiyan ◽

Mohadeseh Aghasi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers

Objective: Recent trial studies have found that resveratrol supplementation beneficially reduces oxidative stress marker, but, there is no definitive consensus on this context. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol supplementation on oxidative stress parameters. Methods: We searched databases of Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane Library up to December 2018 with no language restriction. Studies were reviewed according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane handbook. To compare the effects of resveratrol with placebo, weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled based on the random-effects model. Results: Among sixteen clinical trials, we found that resveratrol supplementation increased GPx serum levels significantly (WMD: 18.61; 95% CI: 8.70 to 28.52; P<0.001) but had no significant effect on SOD concentrations (WMD: 1.01; 95% CI: -0.72 to 2.74; P= 0.25), MDA serum levels (WMD: -1.43; 95% CI: -3.46 to 0.61; P = 0.17) and TAC (WMD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.29 to 0.11; P = 0.36) compared to placebo. Finally, we observed that resveratrol supplementation may not have a clinically significant effect on oxidative stress. Conclusion: However, the number of human trials is limited in this context, and further large prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm the effect of resveratrol supplement on oxidative stress markers.

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Blood Oxidative Stress Marker Aberrations in Patients with Huntington’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis Study

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/9187195 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Quan Tang ◽

Hua Liu ◽

Xiao-Jie Shi ◽

Yong Cheng

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Huntington's Disease ◽

Huntington’S Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Healthy Control

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Although studies have shown that blood oxidative stress markers are dysregulated in HD patients, clinical data on the blood oxidative stress markers of HD patients is inconsistent. To better understand the pathogenesis of HD, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of blood oxidative stress markers in HD patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. A database search from PubMed and Web of Science identified 12 studies with 375 HD patients and 447 HC subjects in this meta-analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that blood lipid peroxidation products (Hedges’ g=0.883, 95%CI=0.637 to 1.130, p<0.001), 8-hydroxyguanosine (Hedges’ g=1.727, 95%CI=0.489 to 2.965, p=0.006) levels, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (Hedges’ g=2.026, 95%CI=0.570 to 3.482, p=0.006) were significantly increased in HD patients compared to controls. In contrast, reduced glutathione levels were lower in HD patients than in controls (Hedges’ g=−0.611, 95%CI=−1.016 to−0.207, p=0.003). However, blood superoxide dismutase, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides did not show significant differences between cases and controls. Taken together, this study clarified the associations between blood oxidative stress markers and HD, supporting the clinical evidence that HD is accompanied by increased oxidative stress.

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Abstract 17095: Association of Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Use Behaviors With Levels of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Among United States Adults, Path 2013-2014

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.17095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Stokes ◽

Anna E Wilson ◽

Wubin Xie ◽

Olusola A Orimoloye ◽

Jessica L Fetterman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Stress Marker ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Categorical Models ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased rapidly in recent years; however, the cardiovascular risks of e-cigarettes remain unclear. Using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey, this study assesses the cross-sectional association of cigarette and e-cigarette use behaviors with markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], soluble intercellular adhesion molecule [sICAM], interleukin-6 [IL-6], fibrinogen), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane [F2PG2a]), and nicotine exposure (cotinine). Methods: We analyzed data from adults (18+ years) who provided urine and blood specimens at wave 1 (2013-2014). Biomarkers were examined as continuous and categorical variables using the clinical cut points of ≥3 mg/L for hsCRP >10 ng/mL for cotinine, and the upper quartiles of fibrinogen (≥381mg/dL), IL-6 (≥2.32 pg/mL), sICAM (≥288.77 ng/mL), and 8-isoprostane (≥788 pg/mL). Progressively adjusted negative binomial and generalized structural equation models were used, as well as sensitivity checks to assess the robustness of associations. Results: Of the 7,019 participants (58.6% non-users, 1.8% current vapers, 29.7% current smokers, 9.9% dual users), 67.2% had ≥1 high inflammatory or oxidative stress marker. Current vapers had increased risk of high hsCRP (IRR 1.28; 95% CI,1.02-1.59) and sICAM (IRR 2.01; 95% CI,1.42-2.85) compared to non-users. Relative to current smokers, current vapers who were former smokers had lower risk of having ≥1 high inflammatory or oxidative stress marker (IRR 0.80; 95% CI,0.69-0.94). Dual users had higher levels of all 5 inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared to never smokers in both continuous and categorical models, with similar levels compared to current smokers. Current smokers and dual users had higher levels of cotinine compared to exclusive vapers. Conclusions: This study suggests that current vapers may have lower levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared to current smokers, but only after complete cessation of combustible cigarettes. Our findings strengthen the need for longitudinal studies investigating the association of vaping with markers of cardiovascular risk, particularly among dual users.

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Oxidative Stress Levels Are Correlated with Disease Progression and Iron Overload in MDS Patients with Excess Blasts

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v128.22.5532.5532 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 128 (22) ◽

pp. 5532-5532

Author(s):

Naomi Shimizu ◽

Yasuhiro Watanabe ◽

Noriko Ban ◽

Takashi Yamaguchi ◽

Hidekazu Hasunuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Flow Cytometry ◽

Iron Overload ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Research Funding ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Marker ◽

Stress Markers

Abstract Introduction : Oxidative stress is closely related to iron overload in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and induces DNA damage. A recent study has suggested that oxidative stress leads to increased mutation frequency in a murine model of MDS, and that additional mutations lead to the progression of MDS. We have recently reported that oxidative stress marker reflects not only iron overload but also disease progression in a MDS patient (2016, Shimizu et al). So there is a possibility that the increase in oxidative stress markers may have not only caused the iron overload but also resulted in the disease progression of MDS. To clarify this point, we evaluated the association among oxidative stress marker and disease progression in eight patients with MDS. In this study, we first examined the oxidative stress marker, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolite (dROM), ferritin in serum and Wilms Tumor 1 gene (WT1) in the peripheral blood throughout the course of treatment. Then, we analyzed the correlations of the levels of dROM, ferritin and WT1. Next, we investigated ROS expression in each fraction of WBC by flow cytometry in a healthy donor and some MDS patients. Materials and methods: Levels of serum dROM were measured by colorimetry, using samples of MDS (RA n=3, RAEB-1 n=4, RAEB-2 n=1). Ferritin in serum and WT1 in peripheral blood were also measured. Statistical analyses were performed by Pearsonfs test. The ROS expression was evaluated during the clinical course by flow cytometry. Results: Table 1 shows the relationship between dROM, ferritin and WT1 in MDS patients throughout the treatment. Case 1 to 3 patients showed disease progression with excess blasts in spite of azacitidine treatment. These patients showed a correlation tendency between dROM and ferritin, dROM and WT1. Case 1 showed close relationship between ferritin and WT1. Case 3 shows slight relation between ferritin and WT1. Case 4 to 8 patients showed no disease progression. They were treated with supportive therapy, including blood transfusion or cytokine therapy. These patients showed no relation between dROM and the elevation of ferritin and WT1. In these patients, there was no relation between ferritin and WT1 except Case 6. We also evaluated the score of WPSS, IPSS and dROM at diagnosis. dROM did not correlate with WPSS and IPSS. Figure 1 shows increased ROS expression during disease progression in a MDS patient compared with healthy control. Considering that other MDS patients with excess blasts showed the similar pattern, the present result suggested that the oxidative stress markers were produced by tumor-derived cells. Conclusions: dROM levels were slightly related with the ferritin and WT1 mRNA expression levels in MDS patients with excess blasts. We speculate that the increase in the oxidative stress markers is a cause of not only iron overload but also the disease progression of MDS. Oxidative stress markers may contribute to evaluate the progression of treatment efficacy for MDS patients. Table 1 Patientfs characteristics and correlation between serum dROM and ferritin, WT1 mRNA in MDS patients. Table 1. Patientfs characteristics and correlation between serum dROM and ferritin, WT1 mRNA in MDS patients. Figure 1 The increment of ROS expression during disease progression in a MDS patient with excess blasts. Figure 1. The increment of ROS expression during disease progression in a MDS patient with excess blasts. Disclosures Nakaseko: BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; PFIZER: Honoraria, Research Funding; NOVARTIS: Honoraria.

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Relationship between atherogenic index and oxidative stress among patients presented with coronary artery disease in a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4560 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽

pp. 2807-2813

Author(s):

Resmi C R ◽

Kedari G S R ◽

Deepa P K

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Lipid Parameters ◽

And Oxidative Stress

CAD is recognized as a multifactorial disease that is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of lipid parameters, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in subjects with CAD compared to their age & sex matched controls and to analyze the relationship between atherogenic Index and oxidative stress among them 62 clinically proved CAD patients and 62 healthy age and sex matched subjects without CAD were selected for this study. 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected from all the subjects and investigations such as FPG, lipid profile, oxidative markers Malondialdehyde (MDA), F2 isoprostanes (F2iso) and antioxidants glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin-C, vitamin-E were performed. This study showed that levels of lipid parameters total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and AI were significantly higher whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were significantly low in CAD patients compared to normal controls. Oxidative stress markers MDA and F2 Isoprostanes level were significantly high, whereas enzymatic antioxidants GST and SOD and non-enzymatic antioxidants Vitamin-C and Vitamin-E levels were significantly low in CAD patients. Oxidative stress markers were found to significantly influence the AI. Results of this study showed that oxidative stress markers F2iso and MDA and antioxidants GST, VIT-C and VIT-E are found to influence the atherogenic index significantly.

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A Whole-Food-Based Health Product (A-F Betafood®) Improves Gallbladder Function in Humans at Risk of Gallbladder Insufficiency: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020540 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 540

Author(s):

Malkanthi Evans ◽

Najla Guthrie ◽

Bassem F. El-Khodor ◽

Brandon Metzger ◽

Saradhadevi Varadharaj

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Liver Function ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Health Product ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Gallbladder Function ◽

Stress Markers

A-F Betafood® is a whole food-based health product. The product contains phytonutrients and bioactives with antioxidant properties that may support gallbladder and liver function. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of A-F Betafood® on gallbladder and liver function. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study fifty overweight but otherwise healthy adults received A-F Betafood® or placebo for 12 weeks. Gallbladder function as assessed by gallbladder volume, ejection fraction (GBEF), ejection rate, wall thickness and liver function determined via aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein analysis at baseline and week 12 were the primary outcomes. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and oxidative stress markers including oxidized low-density lipoprotein, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were assessed as secondary outcomes. A-F Betafood®-supplementation significantly reduced gallbladder wall thickness (p = 0.049) by 9% compared to placebo from baseline to week 12. The A-F Betafood® group alone had significant improvements in gallbladder volume (32%; p = 0.044) and GBEF (19%; p = 0.047) at week 12. There were no changes in liver function, oxidative stress markers or blood lipid concentrations, though MDA concentrations decreased in both groups. Our findings demonstrate A-F Betafood®-supplementation significantly improves measures of gallbladder function and support healthy gallbladder function in the individuals with gall bladder condition.

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Clerodendrum volubile Ethanol Leaf Extract: A Potential Antidote to Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1155/2020/8859716 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olufunke Esan Olorundare ◽

Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye ◽

Akinyele Olubiyi Akinsola ◽

Daniel Ayodele Sanni ◽

Mamoru Koketsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Troponin I ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Dry Extract ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Antioxidant Mechanisms

Doxorubicin is widely applied in hematological and solid tumor treatment but limited by its off-target cardiotoxicity. Thus, cardioprotective potential and mechanism(s) of CVE in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity were investigated using cardiac and oxidative stress markers and histopathological endpoints. 50–400 mg/kg/day CVE in 5% DMSO in distilled water were investigated in Wistar rats intraperitoneally injected with 2.5 mg/kg DOX on alternate days for 14 days, using serum troponin I and LDH, complete lipid profile, cardiac tissue oxidative stress marker assays, and histopathological examination of DOX-treated cardiac tissue. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative assays of CVE’s secondary metabolites were also conducted. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of flavonoids (34.79 ± 0.37 mg/100 mg dry extract), alkaloids (36.73 ± 0.27 mg/100 mg dry extract), reducing sugars (07.78 ± 0.09 mg/100 mg dry extract), and cardiac glycosides (24.55 ± 0.12 mg/100 mg dry extract). 50–400 mg/kg/day CVE significantly attenuated increases in the serum LDH and troponin I levels. Similarly, the CVE dose unrelatedly decreased serum TG and VLDL-c levels without significant alterations in the serum TC, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels. Also, CVE profoundly attenuated alterations in the cardiac tissue oxidative stress markers’ activities while improving DOX-associated cardiac histological lesions that were possibly mediated via free radical scavenging and/or antioxidant mechanisms. Overall, CVE may play a significant therapeutic role in the management of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in humans.

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ROASTED CASHEW NUT KERNEL (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES HEPATIC AND RENAL STATUS BUT NOT LIPID PROFILE IN RATS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.10510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Ademola Clement Famurewa ◽

Innocent Abi ◽

Emmanuel U Eru

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Dietary Consumption ◽

Liver And Kidney

ABSTRACTObjective: Although studies suggest that nut consumption is associated with a variety of beneficial health outcomes, however, there is a dearth of datain the literature to document this effect for roasted cashew nut kernel (RCNK). Our objective was to determine whether dietary consumption of RCNKcould improve lipid profile, hepatic and renal status in rats.Methods: A total of 24 rats were randomly divided into four groups: A control and three experimental groups fed with roasted cashew nutsupplementeddietatdifferentconcentrationsfor28consecutivedays.Aftertheexperimentalperiod,ratswereanesthetized withether andretroorbitalbloodsampleswerewithdrawn.Serumsamples wereobtained toanalyzelipid profile,markersof oxidativestress,hepatic andrenalstatususingstandardmethods.Results: The supplemented diet significantly decreased the liver function parameters in rats. All the concentrations of RCNK in diets significantlyreduced serum creatinine and urea levels. However, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased,whereas oxidative stress markers and malondialdehyde were improved by the supplemented diet, although insignificantly, as compared with thecontrol.Conclusions: These results suggest that RCNK may have beneficial health effects on the liver and kidney status although marked improvement wasnot demonstrated in oxidative stress markers. However, the significant increase in serum total and LDL-C indicates the need for further studies.Keywords: Roasted cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale, Lipid profile, Liver enzymes, Oxidative stress.

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Physiochemical Studies of Sodium Chloride on Mungbean (Vigna radiataL. Wilczek) and Its Possible Recovery with Spermine and Gibberellic Acid

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2015/858016 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Srijita Ghosh ◽

Sanglap Mitra ◽

Atreyee Paul

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Low Concentrations

The physiological and biochemical responses to increasing NaCl concentrations, along with low concentrations of gibberellic acid or spermine, either alone or in their combination, were studied in mungbean seedlings. In the test seedlings, the root-shoot elongation, biomass production, and the chlorophyll content were significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. Salt toxicity severely affected activities of different antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased significantly over water control. Similarly, oxidative stress markers such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents also increased as a result of progressive increase in salt stress. Combined application of NaCl along with low concentrations of either gibberellic acid (5 µM) or spermine (50 µM) in the test seedlings showed significant alterations, that is, drastic increase in seedling elongation, increased biomass production, increased chlorophyll content, and significant lowering in all the antioxidant enzyme activities as well as oxidative stress marker contents in comparison to salt treated test seedlings, leading to better growth and metabolism. Our study shows that low concentrations of either gibberellic acid or spermine will be able to overcome the toxic effects of NaCl stress in mungbean seedlings.

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Active recovery training does not affect the antioxidant response to soccer games in elite female players

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114510002394 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 104 (10) ◽

pp. 1492-1499 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Helena Andersson ◽

Anette Karlsen ◽

Rune Blomhoff ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Fawzi Kadi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Active Recovery ◽

Dietary Antioxidants ◽

Antioxidant Defence ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Dietary Antioxidant ◽

Endogenous Antioxidant

Changes in plasma endogenous and dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were studied following two 90 min elite female soccer games separated by 72 h of either active or passive recovery. The active recovery group (n 8) trained for 1 h at 22 and 46 h after the first game (low-intensity cycling and resistance training), while the passive group rested (n 8). Blood samples were taken before the games; immediately after the games; 21, 45 and 69 h after the first game; and immediately after the second game. The oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were not affected by active recovery. The oxidative stress marker GSSG increased by the same extent after both the games, while the lipid peroxidation marker diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite remained unchanged. The endogenous antioxidants total glutathione and uric acid and ferric reducing/antioxidant power increased immediately after both the games with the same amplitude, while increases in cysteine, cysteine–glycine and total thiols reached significant levels only after the second game. The changes in dietary antioxidants after the first game were either rapid and persistent (tocopherols and ascorbic acid (AA) increased; polyphenols decreased) or delayed (carotenoids). This resulted in high pre-second game levels of tocopherols, AA and carotenoids. Polyphenols returned to baseline at 69 h, and were not affected by the second game. In conclusion, the soccer-associated dietary antioxidant defence, but not the endogenous antioxidant defence, is persistent. Similar acute oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant responses and dissimilar dietary antioxidant reactions occur during two repeated female soccer games. Finally, the complex antioxidant response to soccer is not affected by active recovery training.

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