scholarly journals Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition of Maize in Different NPK Fertilizer Levels Based on Multivariate Method Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Csaba Bojtor ◽  
Árpád Illés ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi ◽  
Adrienn Széles ◽  
Brigitta Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
Yield Formation

One of the critical issues in using micronutrient fertilisers is the comparison of methods and amounts of fertiliser use, which is very important from the aspect of increasing production and economic viewpoint. The aim of this research was to analyse the nutrient composition of different parts of the maize (Zea mays L. FAO 490) during the growing season with six-level nitrogen fertilisation supplies at five phenological stages. The study included essential nutrients as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S) (in first cluster) and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) (in second cluster) in treatments on different leaf stage. Growth stages have different nutrient demands based on their actual demand. The first cluster included nitrogen and sulphur and the second included calcium and zinc in the NPK treatments on the stalk of plants. Nitrogen and potassium had their maximum effect on the stalk of maize during the growing season. Magnesium and copper were the second most important and desirable factors during the different growth stages and treatments in relation to the stalk. Nitrogen and calcium had their maximum impact during the yield formation stage and nitrogen and phosphorus had their most desirable effect during the grain filling stage. The effect of nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative properties of maize showed that nitrogen increases the production of dry matter, grain yield, and its components. The maximum amount of absorption in the plants occurs before the accumulation of applied fertiliser, which is the prelude to the production of maximum biomass.

scholarly journals Effects of Controlled Irrigation and Drainage on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Paddy Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-kai Gao ◽  
Shuang-en Yu ◽  
Guang-cheng Shao ◽  
Dong-li She ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Paddy Water ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Percolation Water

Controlled irrigation and drainage (CID) has received attention for improving water quality. Under CID condition, water stress is frequently experienced in two contexts: first drought and then flooding (FDTF) and first flooding and then drought (FFTD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of FDTF and FFTD on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in paddy water at different growth stages. The effects of water stress on the migration and transformation of N and P were also investigated. Results showed that CID can decrease N and P concentrations in surface water.NH4+-Nwas the major form of N in surface drainage and percolation water. Mean total phosphorus (TP),NH4+-N, andNO3--Nconcentrations were significantly higher than in FFTD during the growth stage. MeanNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations were significantly higher in percolation water under flooding stress than those under drought stress at growth stage, except for mean TP concentrations at milky stage (stage IV). Meanwhile, flooding can sharply increase theNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations in percolation water after drought. Thus, without CID, the considerably highNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations via runoff and leaching can be responsible for the eutrophication of water bodies in the vicinity of paddy fields during the rice growing season when water stress transforms from drought into flooding.

Bacterioplankton, Phytoplankton, and Zooplankton Communities in a British Columbia Coastal Lake Before and After Nutrient Reduction

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1504-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Joan Hardy ◽  
Ken S. Shortreed ◽  
John G. Stockner
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Coastal Lake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Concentrations

Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were applied weekly during the growing season from 1980 to 1982 and twice weekly in 1983 to Hobiton Lake, a warm monomictic coastal lake in British Columbia. The lake was not fertilized in 1984. Average numbers of bacteria during the growing season decreased from a high of 1.53 × 106∙mL−1 in the fertilized condition to 0.84 × 106∙mL−1 in the unfertilized condition. Chlorophyll a concentrations decreased from a maximum seasonal average of 2.69 μg∙L−1 (1981) to 1.30 μg∙L−1 (1984), and algal numbers decreased from 5.83 × 104∙mL−1 (1983) to 2.29 × 104∙mL−1 (1984). Although the numbers of phytoplankton in each size fraction (picoplankton, nanoplankton, or microplankton) decreased in the unfertilized condition, the greatest change was an almost fourfold decrease in picoplankton, which consisted of 90% cyanobacteria (primarily Synechococcus spp.). Abundance of the large diatoms Rhizosolenia spp. and Melosira spp. increased in 1984, resulting in an increase in average seasonal algal volume. Average densities of medium (0.15–0.84 mm) and large (0.85–1.5 mm) zooplankton were greatest in 1982, while rotifers and small zooplankton (0.10–0.14 mm) were most dense in 1984 following nutrient reduction. The lake had relatively high concentrations of planktivorous juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that appeared to minimize any direct effect of nutrient additions on zooplankton densities.

scholarly journals Influence of meteorological parameters on wheat yield under different sowing conditions

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
ANANTA VASHISTH ◽  
DEBASISH ROY ◽  
AVINASH GOYAL ◽  
P. KRISHNAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Growth Stages

Field experiments were conducted on the research farm of IARI, New Delhi during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. Three varieties of wheat (PBW-723, HD-2967 and HD-3086) were sown on three different dates for generating different weather condition during various phenological stages of crop. Results showed that during early crop growth stages soil moisture had higher value and soil temperature had lower value and with progress of crop growth stage, the moisture in the upper layer decreased and soil temperature increased significantly as compared to the bottom layers. During tillering and jointing stage, air temperature within canopy was more and relative humidity was less while during flowering and grain filling stage, air temperature within canopy was less and relative humidity was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop. Radiation use efficiency and relative leaf water content had significantly higher value while leaf water potential had lower value in timely sown crop followed by late and very late sown crop. Yield had higher value in HD-3086 followed by HD-2967 and PBW-723 in all weather conditions. Canopy air temperature difference had positive value in very late sown crop particularly during flowering and grain-filling stages. This reflects in the yield. Yield was more in timely sown crop as compared to late and very late sown crop.  

scholarly journals Leaf photosynthetic function duration during yield formation of large-spike wheat in rainfed cropping systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifang Wang ◽  
Jutao Sun ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Zhouping Shangguan
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Large Spike ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Yield Formation

Improving photosynthetic capacity significantly affects the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rainfed regions. In this study, the physiological characteristics of eight large-spike wheat lines were compared with a multiple-spike cultivar as a control (CK) in a field over two consecutive seasons: 2010–2012. The tillering peak was 7–21 d after returning green for line 2040, the average rate of decline of relative water content was slower, and the average duration time of photosynthetic rate was longer than CK in vitro. There was a strong linear and positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and root activity at jointing, flowering, and grain-filling stages. In addition, average yields were higher in large-spike lines than CK (multiple-spike cultivar). The results suggest that large-spike lines might have greater water retaining capacity during yield formation under rainfed conditions.

Efect of great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth.) on the growth of wheat and great brome and their uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Gill ◽  
WM Blacklow
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Bromus Diandrus ◽  
Yield Determinants

A field experiment was conducted at Badgingarra, W.A., during 1981 to study competition between wheat (cv. Gamenya) and great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth.). Shoot dry matter per plant of wheat was reduced from 1.41 g per plant in wheat monoculture to 0.50 g per plant after competing for 71 days with great brome at density of 400 plants m-2. Tiller production was reduced from 605 tillers m-2 in monocultures of wheat to 336 tillers m-2 when growing in association with 400 plants m-2 of great brome. Competition with great brome reduced the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat shoots; at Feeke's scale 3 (tillers formed) wheat plants competing with 400 plants m-2 of great brome had 3.15 � 0.09% (mean � s.e., w/w) nitrogen and 0.58% phosphorus against a concentration of 4.05 � 0.1% nitrogen and 0.77% phosphorus in the monoculture of wheat. The reduction in the nitrogen - and phosphorus concentrations in wheat shoots earlier than any significant reductions in their dry matter suggested that great brome competed with wheat for absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus. Competition with great brome also resulted in significant reduction in the grain yield (r = - 0.77) and yield determinants of wheat. Reduction in mass per grain (r = - 0.77) was probably due to competition with great brome for water during grain-filling.

scholarly journals The Influence of Soil Acidity on the Physiological Responses of Two Bread Wheat Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Brigitta Tóth ◽  
Csaba Juhász ◽  
Maryke Labuschagne ◽  
Makoena Joyce Moloi
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Antioxidative Capacity ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Mda Content

The recent study was conducted to examine the influence of acidic soil on the activities of ascorbate (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD), proline, protein as well as malon-dialdehyde (MDA) content, in two commercial spring wheat cultivars (PAN3497 and SST806) at different growth stages (tillering and grain filling). A cultivar effect was significant only for MDA content, while the treatment effect was highly significant for proline, protein, and MDA. The sampling time effect was significant for most characteristics. MDA, antioxidative capacity, as well as protein content increased with maturity. At grain filling, MDA and proline contents were significantly higher at pH 5 than pH 6 and 7 for both cultivars, with the highest content in SST806. Similarly, SST806 had significantly higher APX and POD when growing at pH 5. There were no significant differences in protein content at grain filling between either genotype or treatments affected by low pH. This study showed that growth stage and soil pH influence the rate of lipid peroxidation as well as the antioxidative capacity of wheat, with a larger effect at grain filling, at pH 5. Although SST806 had higher proline, POD, and APX content than PAN3497 at this growth stage, this coincided with a very high MDA content. This shows that the high antioxidative capacity observed here, was not associated with a reduction of lipid peroxidation under low soil pH. Further research should, therefore, be done to establish the role of the induced antioxidant system in association with growth and yield in wheat.

The composition of the rhizosphere of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi)

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Van Outryve ◽  
F. Gosselé ◽  
K. Kersters ◽  
J. Swings
Keyword(s):  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonad ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Pseudomonas Paucimobilis

The bacterial composition of the chicory rhizosphere (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi) was examined at four different growth stages in the field and also after 1 month storage of the roots. Based on protein fingerprints (SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total cell proteins) 233 isolates were grouped into 117 different groups. Forty percent of the isolates belonged to one of three groups: CH001, CH002, or CH213. Fingerprint type CH001 and CH002 were comprised of fluorescent pseudomonads. Fingerprint type CH213 was identified as Alcaligenes paradoxus. Fingerprint type CH213 strains, normally isolated early in the growing season, were inhibited in vitro by fingerprint type CH001 strains which appeared later in the growing season. Gram-negative isolates were predominant among the remaining fingerprint types: Pseudomonas paucimobilis, Xanthomonas maltophilia, Agrobacterium radiobacter, and Flavobacterium spp. A few Gram-positive isolates were found at the beginning of the growing season, i.e., Bacillus spp. and Streptomyces spp. The production of antifungal compounds was restricted to the 11 isolates among which were fluorescent Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. Twenty-four fluorescent pseudomonad isolates from the rhizosphere were pathogenic on chicory leaves.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments and Gas Exchange Properties in Two Greenhouse Grown Maize (Zea Mays L.) Cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Hussain ◽  
Abdul Wahid ◽  
Rizwan Rasheed ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Akram
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Photosynthetic Attributes

Abstract The greenhouse (GH) effect has emerged as a major factor in changing cropping patterns and limiting crop yields. This study was conducted to determine the comparative growth and photosynthetic responses of selected heat-resistant (cv. Sadaf) and heat-susceptible (cv. Agatti-2002) cultivars of maize to simulated GH conditions during spring and autumn seasons at seedling, silking and grain filling stages in 2007. Fifteen day old plants were shifted to plexiglass-fitted canopies to create GH conditions and data were recorded at each growth stage. The results revealed that the seasons, GH conditions and cultivars had large effects on plant growth and photosynthetic attributes. Simulated GH conditions increased the canopy temperature 4-7 °C in spring and 3-5 °C in autumn, but increased relative humidity by 2-3% in spring and 5-9% in autumn season. Although GH reduced the growth of both cultivars, shoot dry mass was reduced more in spring grown heat-susceptible maize at all growth stages. Although the cultivars showed a decrease in growth and photosynthesis, GH conditions resulted in less damage to cv. Sadaf than cv. Agatti-2002 in both seasons. Major indicators of sensitivity to GH effect were loss of chlorophyll b and carotenoids, reductions in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and possibly reduced ability of Rubisco to fix CO2 in sensitive maize.

Compositional changes over four years for binary mixtures of grass species grown with white clover

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. McKenzie ◽  
Y. A. Papadopoulos ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
E. Butt
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Reed Canarygrass

Kentucky bluegrass, meadow fescue, orchardgrass, tall fescue, timothy, and reed canarygrass were seeded in all possible two-grass combinations with white clover in conventional and underseeded barley treatments using a split-plot design at the Western Agriculture Centre near Pynn’s Brook, NL. The objectives were: (1) to assess dry matter yield (DMY) of two binary grass species when sown with white clover in mixtures under a system with cuttings at similar crop growth stages as rotational grazing and to assess the effect of underseeding to barley on this system; (2) to identify mixtures that enhance herbage distribution throughout the grazing season; and (3) to assess the sward dynamics over successive cropping seasons. The composition of the binary grass mixtures with white clover affected seasonal DMY, seasonal herbage distribution, and sward dynamics over the production years. Orchardgrass in mixtures decreased DMY, shifted the herbage distribution toward early season, and competed with other species. Timothy composition of the stand showed the largest decline over the 3 production years, whereas white clover declined in mixtures with bluegrass, orchardgrass, or tall fescue. Meadow fescue and reed canarygrass with white clover was the most productive mixture with excellent persistence and good yield distribution over the growing season. Orchardgrass was the least compatible species in the mixtures; it dominated first growth and contributed the least to biomass production in later years. Both bluegrass and reed canarygrass performed well in mixtures over the 3 production years; bluegrass appeared to enhance the performance of the other species during summer regrowth whereas reed canarygrass was superior in the later part of the growing season. Underseeding with barley did not affect white clover yield in any production year but detrimentally affected the yield of orchardgrass and meadow fescue in mixtures, and their seasonal distribution. Key words: Bluegrass, orchardgrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, timothy, reed canarygrass, repeated measurements, principal component analysis, herbage DM distribution, species competition

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