Role of Microparticles in Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Endothelial Dysfunction, Thrombosis, and Inflammation

Microparticles are small cell vesicles that are derived from the cell membrane in response to different biological processes. There is growing evidence supporting the association between microparticles and cardiovascular disease, as their pathophysiology commonly includes endothelial damage and chronic inflammation which also promote a prothrombotic state. The direct causal link between the release of the different subtypes of microparticles and their implications on physiological and pathological conditions is still not completely elucidated. However, evidence suggests microparticles released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelium may help to evaluate vascular health as they have a relevant role in inflammation, endothelial function, and thrombosis. This review aims to provide a short overview of the biogenesis, characteristics, and detection methodology of microparticles with a special focus on their possible implication in cardiovascular settings.

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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Shuttles of RNA and Their Clinical Significance as Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12060902 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 902

Author(s):

Eva Costanzi ◽

Carolina Simioni ◽

Gabriele Varano ◽

Cinzia Brenna ◽

Ilaria Conti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Tumor Metastasis ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Rna Molecules ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Donor Cells ◽

Relevant Role

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest as mediators of intercellular communication following the discovery that EVs contain RNA molecules, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Growing evidence for the enrichment of peculiar RNA species in specific EV subtypes has been demonstrated. ncRNAs, transferred from donor cells to recipient cells, confer to EVs the feature to regulate the expression of genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. These multiple actions require accuracy in the isolation of RNA content from EVs and the methodologies used play a relevant role. In liver, EVs play a crucial role in regulating cell–cell communications and several pathophysiological events in the heterogeneous liver class of cells via horizontal transfer of their cargo. This review aims to discuss the rising role of EVs and their ncRNAs content in regulating specific aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma development, including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. We analyze the progress in EV-ncRNAs’ potential clinical applications as important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liver conditions.

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Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvbaha.120.314644 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Puhm ◽

Eric Boilard ◽

Kellie R. Machlus

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Synovial Fluid ◽

Nucleic Acids ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Vascular Integrity ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

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Prostacyclin Prevents Endothelial & Platelet Damage During Haemodialysis

10.1055/s-0038-1652771 ◽

1981 ◽

Author(s):

J H Turney ◽

N Dodd ◽

M J Weston

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Endothelial Damage ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Blood Components ◽

Prothrombotic State ◽

At Iii ◽

Extracorporeal Circuits

We have previously demonstrated that prostacyclin (PGI) enhances the biocompatibility of extracorporeal circuits. Dialysis with & without PGI were studied in 17 patients. We measured platelet count, (β-thromboglobulin, factor VIII related antigen, & Antithrombin III (Bick method). Results are presented as percentage change + SEM of initial values.The change in all values during dialysis with heparin alone was significant (p<0.005). Additional PGI prevented any change (p<0.0001 compared with heparin at 300 minutes). We conclude that platelet activation & consumption persists throughout dialysis with heparin alone. The rise in factor VIII-RA & AT III reflects vascular endothelial damage induced by the reinfusion of activated blood components. Thus PGI not only protects platelets but also prevents dialysis-induced vascular endothelial damage. Longterm use of PGI should tend to reverse the prothrombotic state in dialysed uraemic patients and may therefore reduce their risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

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The long Non-coding RNA Orchestrator of Cancer Axis of Evil Insights into the Multiple Modes of Action of the H19 Gene

10.47874/2021p11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 01 (1) ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

Imad Matouk

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Rna Molecules ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

H19 Gene ◽

Almost All ◽

Long Non Coding Rna ◽

Shed Light

Increasing evidence has indicated that the non-coding RNA molecules play central roles in almost all biological processes and many pathological conditions including carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the pathological tumorigenic role of the first discovered long non-coding RNA gene called H19 and its pivotal contribution to the cancer axis of evil. H19 RNA utilizes a variety of mechanisms to perform its pathological function. Some key unanswered questions are presented by the end. Understanding the H19 RNA mechanisms of action will shed light into the class of long non-coding RNA which contains thousands of members mostly with unknown function and will help in delineating the pathological role played by at least some of them.

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Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9121227 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1227

Author(s):

Marco B. Morelli ◽

Jessica Gambardella ◽

Vanessa Castellanos ◽

Valentina Trimarco ◽

Gaetano Santulli

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

Preclinical Studies ◽

Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Pathological Conditions

The potential beneficial effects of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have been investigated in a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess both clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin C in cardiac and vascular disorders, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases. Pitfalls and controversies in investigations on vitamin C and cardiovascular disorders are also discussed.

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The Role of PARPs in Inflammation—and Metabolic—Related Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Beyond

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8091047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ke ◽

Wang ◽

Zhang ◽

Zhong ◽

Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Parp Inhibition ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Cancer Breast ◽

Promising Strategy

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is an essential post-translational modification catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a well-characterized member of the PARP family. PARP1 plays a crucial role in multiple biological processes and PARP1 activation contributes to the development of various inflammatory and malignant disorders, including lung inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and diabetes. In this review, we will focus on the role and molecular mechanisms of PARPs enzymes in inflammation- and metabolic-related diseases. Specifically, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that PARP1 is associated with in the regulation of pathogenesis. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that PARP inhibition is a promising strategy for intervention of some diseases. Thus, our in-depth understanding of the mechanism of how PARPs are activated and how their signaling downstream effecters can provide more potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of the related diseases in the future is crucial.

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Molecules and Mechanisms to Overcome Oxidative Stress Inducing Cardiovascular Disease in Cancer Patients

Life ◽

10.3390/life11020105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Francesco Sabbatino ◽

Valeria Conti ◽

Luigi Liguori ◽

Giovanna Polcaro ◽

Graziamaria Corbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Ros Production ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Detoxification Systems ◽

Cancer Diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules involved in signal transduction pathways with both beneficial and detrimental effects on human cells. ROS are generated by many cellular processes including mitochondrial respiration, metabolism and enzymatic activities. In physiological conditions, ROS levels are well-balanced by antioxidative detoxification systems. In contrast, in pathological conditions such as cardiovascular, neurological and cancer diseases, ROS production exceeds the antioxidative detoxification capacity of cells, leading to cellular damages and death. In this review, we will first describe the biology and mechanisms of ROS mediated oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Second, we will review the role of oxidative stress mediated by oncological treatments in inducing cardiovascular disease. Lastly, we will discuss the strategies that potentially counteract the oxidative stress in order to fight the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, including that induced by oncological treatments.

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Renal gene expression profiling using kinin B1 and B2 receptor knockout mice reveals comparable modulation of functionally related genes

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/bc.2006.004 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 387 (1) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Dimcho Bachvarov ◽

Magdalena Bachvarova ◽

Rainelli Koumangaye ◽

Julie Klein ◽

João Bosco Pesquero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Renal Physiology ◽

Null Mouse ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Wild Type ◽

Microarray Experiments ◽

B1 Receptor ◽

Pathological Conditions

Abstract The kinin B2 receptor, which is constitutively expressed in a large number of tissues, mediates most of the known effects of bradykinin (BK). Normally undetectable in healthy tissues, the B1 receptor is strongly over-expressed under pathological conditions. BK is an important mediator in renal homeostasis and is mainly known for its natriuretic and vasodilatory effects. Recent data evidenced a role for BK in many other biological processes, such as apoptosis, development, extracellular matrix regulation and angiogenesis. In a first step to better understand how BK and its receptors could be involved in such a large variety of biological effects, we used microarray analysis to identify, under physiological conditions, the global renal gene expression profile in mice lacking either the kinin B1 or B2 receptor. Microarray experiments were performed using Agilent Mouse Oligonucleotide Microarrays (21 000 genes/microarray). Interestingly, there was a considerable number of mostly downregulated genes in both BK null mouse models compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, a number of genes that are known to be implicated in renal physiology and/or pathology were differentially expressed in the BK null mice, which is indicative of the important role of both BK receptors in renal function.

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Endothelial progenitor cells in coronary artery disease

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/hsz-2013-0110 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 394 (10) ◽

pp. 1241-1252 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Michael Donahue ◽

Cristina Quintavalle ◽

Giovanni Alfonso Chiariello ◽

Gerolama Condorelli ◽

Carlo Briguori

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Prognostic Factor ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Endothelial Progenitor Cells ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Endothelial Progenitor ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract In the last two decades a great deal of evidence has been collected on the key role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in the mechanisms of vascular healing. The role of EPC as a marker of vascular health and prognosis of cardiovascular disease is already consolidated. This review aims to examine and evaluate recent data regarding EPC, as biomarkers, prognostic factor and potential therapy in cardiovascular disease.

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Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Lupus ◽

10.1177/0961203309346654 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 1233-1238 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

DS Domiciano ◽

JF Carvalho ◽

Y. Shoenfeld

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Endothelial Damage ◽

Systemic Lupus Erythematous ◽

Pathogenic Role ◽

Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

Anti-endothelial cells antibodies have been detected in numerous autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and sarcoidosis. Anti-endothelial cells antibodies bind to endothelial cell antigens and induce endothelial damage. Their effects on the endothelial cell have been considered responsible, at least in part, by the vascular injury which occurs in these pathological conditions.

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