Political System Transparency and Monetary Commitment Regimes

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lawrence Broz
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Fixed Exchange Rates ◽  
Government Interference ◽  
The Government

Central bank independence (CBI) and fixed exchange rates are alternative monetary commitments that differ in transparency. While CBI is opaque and difficult to monitor, a commitment to a fixed exchange rate is easily observed. Political systems also vary in terms of transparency. I argue that the transparency of monetary commitments and the transparency of political systems are substitutes. Where political decision making is opaque (autocracies), governments must look to a commitment that is more transparent and constrained (fixed exchange rates) than the government itself. The transparency of the monetary commitment substitutes for the transparency of the political system to engender low inflation. Where the political process is transparent (democracies), a formal commitment to CBI can produce lower inflation because private agents and the political opposition are free to detect and punish government interference with the central bank. Statistical results indicate that (1) autocracies are more likely to adopt exchange-rate pegs than democracies, and (2) CBI is effective in limiting inflation in nations with high levels of political transparency.

Electoral system as a motivation to reforming political system- The Iraqi model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamall Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Electoral Laws ◽  
The Masses

The flaws and major flaws in the political systems represent one of the main motives that push the political elite towards making fundamental reforms, especially if those reforms have become necessary matters so that: Postponing them or achieving them affects the survival of the system and the political entity. Thus, repair is an internal cumulative process. It is cumulative based on the accumulated experience of the historical experience of the same political elite that decided to carry out reforms, and it is also an internal process because the decision to reform comes from the political elite that run the political process. There is no doubt that one means of political reform is to push the masses towards participation in political life. Changing the electoral system, through electoral laws issued by the legislative establishment, may be the beginning of political reform (or vice versa), taking into account the uncertainty of the political process, especially in societies that suffer from the decline of democratic values, represented by the processes of election from one cycle to another. Based on the foregoing, this paper seeks to analyze the relationship between the Electoral and political system, in particular, tracking and studying the Iraqi experience from the first parliamentary session until the issuance of the Election Law No. (9) for the year (2020).

The Dynamics of Coercion in the Malaysian Political Process

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Direct Bearing ◽  
Control And Management

The study of coercion and how it is applied within a political system is useful for a number of reasons. As a strategy of control and management it is in itself worthy of investigation. Moreover, an examination of how coercion is applied can tell us much about the nature of a particular polity. Indeed, as Weber emphasized, the state itself is distinguished from other political systems to the extent that it successfully upholds the claim to the legitimate application of force. The willingness of a regime to use coercion against opponents or dissidents, or to regulate the political participation of the ordinary citizenry, has a direct bearing upon such questions as human rights, democratic values, authoritarianism, and the degree of consensus within a given polity.

scholarly journals Intellectuals and political discourse of resistance (sketches of Russian culture)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Skiperskikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Soviet Culture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author shows how the government and the opposition interact in the political process. Actors representing opposition constantly produce political texts illustrating their alternative views. The existence of the opposition subject in a critical state in regards to the existing institutions of power is historically predetermined, which proves an active reflection from prominent theorists of political thought. A free dialogue of the government and the opposition is hardly possible in every single political system. In the case of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, this dialogue may be difficult. The consequences of free will for the subject of opposition can be quite severe. The author analyzes the political discourse of opposition as exemplified by the Soviet culture. The author is interested in the metaphors of opposition and their political context, which seems to be an inevitable condition and framework limiting creativity of one or another intellectual. The author studies a number of texts of the Soviet culture representatives, who used metaphors of opposition, and had a reputation of troublemakers. Such position of an intellectual generates sanctions of the repressive machine and predetermines very specific forms of presenting texts of opposition and apophasis. For convincing his own arguments, the author constantly turns to the heritage of the USSR representatives of unofficial culture in.

scholarly journals The Similarities between the Political System of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Laos People’s Democratic Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Ho Duc Hiep ◽  
Vu Hong Van
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political System ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Common Feeling

Vietnam and Laos relationship, timeless friendship is a common feeling that people of the two countries have witnessed over the years. The study of clarifying the political system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Laos People’s Democratic Republic is of great significance in analyzing the organization and implementation of political power and power of the government, organization and operation of the Party, the State and socio-political organizations. At the same time, this is also a good source of references for teachers, learners and scholars interested in research, teaching and learning. Within the scope of this article, we focus on clarifying the political system in Vietnam and Laos at the following points: (i) The concept and characteristics of the political system of Vietnam and Laos; (ii) The political institutions of the political systems of Vietnam and Laos, from which comments and assessments of the political system model of the two countries.

Political Participation during the First Five Years of the New Society in the Philippines

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. A. Nawawi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Political ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
The Government

Like most developing countries, the Philippines before the imposition of martial law towards the end of 1972 was characterized by the fact that the majority of her population, living in the small towns and the countryside, were actually peripheral to the national polity. The political process was largely concerned with the intra-elite conflicts and manoeuvrings. As the government did not derive the bulk of its revenue from the income and resources of the mass of the citizenry, the political system functioned mainly as a giant system of patronage.

scholarly journals Political Parties and Their Role in the Systems of Government

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Vait Qerimi
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
The Government

In modern democracies, political parties have a very important political role. The existence of political parties is vital for the functioning of democracy. Political parties remain the cornerstone of the systems of government, and without their presence and operation, it is impossible to talk about the system and democratic institutions. Governance in a democracy means to and through political parties. Political parties and competition between them create the political system. Political parties constitute the central object of political sciences and they are almost always the main protagonists in the political systems. They undoubtedly represent the political power and the motor of parliamentarianism. Through the parliamentary action, the political parties build and operate the entire state structure of a state, regarding the functioning of parliament, the government, the head of state, to the local government bodies and other political institutions. Political parties are the socially dynamic forces representing one of the most significant achievements of democracy. This is well-argued with their very central role and crucial importance of the parties.

The Political Economy of Monetary Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bodea
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Bank Independence ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Fixed Exchange Rates ◽  
The Government

The recent global economic crisis has renewed interest in the nature and history of monetary policy, the distributional effects of central bank policy, central bank governance, and the personalities at the helm of major central banks. In modern times, a country’s central bank formulates, or, to a minimum, implements, a country’s monetary policy, or the process of adjustment of a country’s money supply to achieve some combination of stable prices and sustainable economic growth. Monetary policy depends heavily on a country’s exchange rate system. Under fixed exchange rates, the country’s commitment to keep the level of the currency at a certain level dictates monetary policy to a great degree. As the gold standard was unraveling after World War I, many countries experienced high inflation or even hyperinflation. A similar situation faced monetary policy after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the 1970s. By the 1980s, however, countries turned toward central bank independence as an institutional arrangement to control inflation. The current issues surrounding monetary policy have emerged from the historical increase in central bank independence and the 2007 economic and financial crisis. In particular, the opacity of central bank decisions, given their autonomy to pursue stable prices without political interference, has increased the demand for transparency and communication with the government, the public, and financial markets. Also, the 2007 crisis pushed central banks toward unconventional measures and macro-prudential regulation, and brought back into focus the monetary policy of the euro area.

Exchange Rate Regimes and Independent Central Banks: A Correlated Choice of Imperfectly Credible Institutions

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bodea
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Fixed Exchange Rates ◽  
Simultaneous Choice

AbstractTheory and empirical evidence show that low inflation is a precondition for economic growth. Independent central banks and fixed exchange rates are institutional mechanisms that help keep inflation low by lending monetary policy credibility to governments. However, the two institutions are commonly analyzed as substitutes that tie the hands of inflation prone governments. Thus, the literature has difficulties describing why governments would adopt both institutions and the interaction between them. This paper presents a model that allows policymakers the simultaneous choice of monetary institutions and shows that imperfectly credible institutions will overlap: when exchange rates are fixed but adjustable and central bank independence is not fully ascertainable, governments choose both institutions. More generally, the paper generates hypotheses about the conditions that make fixed exchange rates and independent central banks complements or substitutes, thus contributing to an explanation of the diversity of global monetary institutions in the post–Bretton Woods period.

scholarly journals Evolution of power as an indicator of structural transformations: political and managerial aspect

Upravlenie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
V. V. Tyan
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
The Political ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Conflict Interaction ◽  
Accurate Indicator

The problem of the evolution of power as an indicator of structural transformations has been considered. An analysis of Russian practice allows us to draw a number of conclusions of interest to political science. A retrospective analysis of the evolution of power types provides additional knowledge about the political process and reveals an important political and managerial aspect for this study. Attention has been focused on the structural transformation of the current government.The interdependence of the subject of power and the object of power determines their interaction. It can be different (conflict, consensus, close) and characteristic of a certain type of political system (absolute and constitutional monarchy, presidential and parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary, confederative, federal republic). Monarchist rule with elements of coercion is doomed to conflict interaction, which predetermined the half-heartedness of all reforms in the Russian Empire. The traditional legitimization of power did not contribute to the improvement of interaction. Soviet rule, effective in mobilizing society, with real achievements, did not escape a critical number of negative indexes. Almost one hundred percent legitimization of the Soviet government did not remove doubts about its strength. The democratic legitimization of power requires it to implement a program of transformations in the system of power and society. The evolution of power is an accurate indicator of transformations in society. Political structuring remains the prerogative of the current government. Difficulties in the implementation of the program force the government to shift attention to maintaining stability in society.A well-structured power is a condition for its effective functioning. The efficiency of power (fighting corruption, ensuring of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, solving social problems, etc.) is due to its ability to respond adequately to challenges and find consensus in decision-making in political turbulence.

Challenges of the parliamentary system in Iraq after 2003

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Emad Wakaa Ajil
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time

Iraq is one of the most Arab countries where the system of government has undergone major political transformations and violent events since the emergence of the modern Iraqi state in 1921 and up to the present. It began with the monarchy and the transformation of the regime into the republican system in 1958. In the republican system, Continued until 2003, and after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, the regime changed from presidential to parliamentary system, and the parliamentary experience is a modern experience for Iraq, as he lived for a long time without parliamentary experience, what existed before 2003, can not be a parliamentary experience , The experience righteousness The study of the parliamentary system in particular and the political process in general has not been easy, because it is a complex and complex process that concerns the political system and its internal and external environment, both of which are influential in the political system and thus on the political process as a whole, After the US occupation of Iraq, the United States intervened to establish a permanent constitution for the country. Despite all the circumstances accompanying the drafting of the constitution, it is the first constitution to be drafted by an elected Constituent Assembly. The Iraqi Constitution adopted the parliamentary system of government and approved the principle of flexible separation of powers in order to achieve cooperation and balance between the authorities.

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