scholarly journals Лінгвальні та позалінгвальні аспекти функціонування суржику в Україні

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Світлана [Svitlana] Соколова [Sokolova]
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
New Type ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
State Language

Lingual and Extralingual Aspects of Surzhyk Functioning in UkraineSurzhyk is a mixed type of speech that is typical within modern Ukraine, where we can observe the coexistence of two major language codes, namely Ukrainian and Russian. These are represented by both literary variants and numerous subcodes, primarily Ukrainian dialects (including transitional dialects, with features related to Russian and Belarusian dialectal areas) and Russian colloquial speech with elements of slang. Some language scholars rank Surzhyk as a separate language subcode – as a peculiar type of pidgin – and try to study its structure (lexical composition, grammatical structure) and areal distribution of elements accordingly. At present, in addition to “classical” Surzhyk, a new type of mixed speech has also arisen on the Russian phonetic-grammatical basis with the involvement of a large number of Ukrainian lexemes (original or borrowed by the Ukrainian language), mainly terms, taken from different fields. This new type of mixed speech is Russian-Ukrainian Surzhyk.The report analyzes several samples of mixed speech. On the basis of this analysis, criteria for the qualification of a text are proposed either as an example of Surzhyk, or simply as speech with signs of interference. Such criteria include lingual (Ukrainian or Russian phonetic basis, levels of interference, number of foreign language implementations, variations within the text), social (language is higher in status at the moment of the occurrence of the phenomenon; the scope of the functioning of the idiom itself), territorial (depending on the speaker’s place of inhabitance – urban or rural) and personal (native/first language of the speaker, level of education, knowledge of the literary language). It was concluded that the new mixed speech differs from Surzhyk in terms of the number of used units of another language, linguistic levels of manifestation, scope of distribution, conditions of occurrence and personal characteristics of speakers, among which the level of education and possession of standard subcodes are of leading importance. It is a tran­sitional phenomenon in the process of the formation of Ukrainian as a state language. Językowe i pozajęzykowe aspekty funkcjonowania surżyka w UkrainieSurżyk to mieszany typ mowy, typowy dla współczesnej Ukrainy, gdzie obserwujemy współistnienie dwóch języków, ukraińskiego i rosyjskiego. Języki te są reprezentowane zarówno przez ich warianty literackie, jak i liczne subkody, przede wszystkim przez dialekty ukraińskie (w tym również dialekty przejściowe do rosyjskiego i białoruskiego obszaru dialektalnego) oraz przez potoczną odmianę języka rosyjskiego z elementami slangu. Niektórzy językoznawcy uważają surżyk za odrębny subkod językowy – swoisty rodzaj pidginu – i podejmują próby analizy jego struktury (leksykonu, gramatyki) i uwarunkowań z zakresu geografii językowej. Obecnie obok „klasycznego” surżyka pojawił się nowy typ mowy mieszanej, oparty na bazie fonetyczno-gramatycznej języka rosyjskiego, z udziałem dużej liczby leksemów ukraińskich (oryginalnych lub zapożyczonych do języka ukraińskiego), głównie terminów z zakresu wielu dziedzin. Ten nowy rodzaj mowy mieszanej to surżyk rosyjsko-ukraiński.W niniejszym tekście poddano analizie próbki tego typu mowy mieszanej. Na podstawie analizy zaproponowano kryteria dwojakiej kwalifikacji tekstu, bądź jako przykładu surżyka, bądź po prostu jako przykładu mowy z cechami interferencji. Kryteria te mają charakter lingwistyczny (ukraińska lub rosyjska baza artykulacyjna, zakres interferencji, liczba jednostek zaadaptowanych z języków obcych, poziom wariancji tekstowej), socjologiczny (język o wyższym statusie w momencie wystąpienia danego zjawiska; zakres funkcjonowania idiomu), terytorialny (w zależności od miejsca zamieszkania mówiącego – miejski lub wiejski) i indywidualny (ojczysty/pierwszy język mówiącego, poziom wykształcenia, znajomość języka literackiego). Stwierdzono, że nowa mowa mieszana różni się od surżyka pod względem liczby używanych jednostek z innego języka, płaszczyzny językowej jego realizacji, zasięgu i warunków jego występowania, indywidualnych cech mówiących, wśród których poziom wykształcenia i znajomość subkodów standardowych mają pierwszorzędne znaczenie. Mamy tu do czynienia ze zjawiskiem przejściowym w procesie uzyskiwania przez język ukraiński statusu języka państwowego.

scholarly journals PERAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM KEMAJUAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DI ERA GLOBAL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathunnisa
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
First Language ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
State Language

AbstrakBahasa merupakan sarana untuk berkomunikasi antar manusia yang berguna untuk memperoleh pemahaman dan pengetahuan. Bahasa mengantarkan manusia untuk memahami yang ada disekitarnya dan mengantarkan untuk memiliki pemahaman dan pengetahuan sehingga mempunyai keahlian khusus. Era Global ini manusia mendapat banyak pengaruh budaya asing yang masuk kesebuah negara. Era Global mempengaruhi banyak hal mulai dari gaya hidup, makanan, pola pikir dan masih banyak yang lainnya, termasuk bahasa. Bahasa yang semakin mendunia dan digunakan oleh semua manusia sebagai bahasa dunia yaitu bahasa Inggris. Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa dunia tetapi yang menjadi bahasa pertama dari sebuah negara yaitu bahasa negara itu sendiri. Bahasa Indonesia digunakan sebagai bahasa resmi negara, jati diri bahasa bergantung pada kemampuan bahasa dan keberhasilan mengembangkan bahasa itu sendiri. Bahasa Indonesia harus mampu menjadi bahasa ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sebab saat ini informasi berkembang dengan sangat cepat.Kata Kunci: bahasa, era globalAbstractLanguage is a means of communicating between humans that are useful for gaining understanding and knowledge. Delivering the human language to understand that there are nearby and take to have the understanding and knowledge so that it has a particular expertise. This Global era of man got many foreign cultural influences that go into a new country. Global era influenced many things ranging from food, lifestyle, mindset and much more, including language. Language that is increasingly global and is used by all of man's world as a language that is the language of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom language is the language of the world but who become the first language of a country that is language itself. Indonesian Language is used as the official State language, language identity depends on the language skills and the success of developing language itself. Indonesian Language must be capable of being the language of science and technology: for the moment the information is evolving very fast.Keyword: languages, global era

scholarly journals LANGUAGE COMPETITION IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUBORDINATIVE BILINGUALISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
G. Nabiyeva ◽  
◽  
Zh. Ibrayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
First Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Language Competition ◽  
New Type ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
State Language

Bilingualism is the main indicator of the current language situation in Kazakhstan. The article deals with the Russian-Kazakh bilingualism of representatives of the autokhon ethnos with the Russian language (first language) and the Kazakh language (second language). The main object of the analysis in this article is the errors that appear in the speech of bilinguals due to interference and long-term language contacts. The article describes various approaches to the study of the theory of language contacts, the phenomenon of bilingualism and interference. The paper provides an overview of the linguistic processes that have shaped the linguistic situation and linguistic policy of modern Kazakhstan, aimed at promoting the Kazakh language as the state language in the 21st century, which served as an impetus for the emergence of a new type of interference in both individual and group bilingualism. The results of a pilot paradigmatic survey are presented in the practical part of the article that demonstrates the presence of errors of an interference and conventional nature.

FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH TEXTBOOKS IN ALBANIAN SCHOOLS (COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2319-2324
Author(s):  
Rina Muka ◽  
Irida Hoti
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
First Language ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Third

The language acquired from the childhood is the language spoken in the family and in the place of living. This language is different from one pupil to another, because of their social, economical conditions. By starting the school the pupil faces first the ABC book and then in the second grade Albanian language learning through the Albanian language textbook. By learning Albanian language step by step focused on Reading, Writing, Speaking and Grammar the pupil is able to start learning the second language on the next years of schooling. So, the second language learning in Albanian schools is related to the first language learning (mother tongue), since the early years in primary school. In our schools, the second language (English, Italian) starts in the third grade of the elementary class. On the third grade isn’t taught grammar but the pupil is directed toward the correct usage of the language. The textbooks are structured in developing the pupil’s critical thinking. The textbooks are fully illustrated and with attractive and educative lessons adequate to the age of the pupils. This comparative study will reflect some important aspects of language learning in Albanian schools (focused on Albanian language - first language and English language - second language), grade 3-6. Our point of view in this paper will show not only the diversity of the themes, the lines and the sub-lines but also the level of language knowledge acquired at each level of education. First, the study will focus on some important issues in comparing Albanian and English language texts as well as those which make them different: chronology and topics retaken from one level of education to another, so by conception of linear and chronological order will be shown comparatively two learned languages (mother tongue and second language). By knowing and learning well mother tongue will be easier for the pupil the foreign language learning. The foreign language (as a learning curriculum) aims to provide students with the skills of using foreign language written and spoken to enable the literature to recognize the achievements of advanced world science and technology that are in the interest of developing our technique. Secondly, the study will be based on the extent of grammatical knowledge, their integration with 'Listening, Reading, Speaking and Writing' as well as the inclusion of language games and their role in language learning. The first and second language learning in Albanian schools (grade III-VI) is based on similar principles for the linearity and chronology of grammatical knowledge integrated with listening, reading, writing and speaking. The different structure of both books help the pupils integrate and use correctly both languages. In the end of the sixth grade, the pupils have good knowledge of mother tongue and the second language and are able to write and speak well both languages.

Never saw one – first-person null subjects in spoken English1

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANNE WAGNER
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
First Language ◽  
First Person ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
The One ◽  
Colloquial Speech

While null subjects are a well-researched phenomenon in pro-drop languages like Italian or Spanish, they have not received much attention in non-pro-drop languages such as English, where they are traditionally associated with particular (written) genres such as diaries or are discussed under a broader umbrella term such as situational ellipsis. However, examples such as the one in the title – while certainly not frequent – are commonly encountered in colloquial speech, with first-person singular tokens outnumbering any other person.This article investigates the linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the (non-) realisation of first-person singular subjects in a corpus of colloquial English. The variables found to contribute to the observed variation are drawn from a variety of linguistic domains and follow up on research conducted in such different fields as first language acquisition (FLA), cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and language variation and change. Of particular interest is the finding regarding the link between null subjects and complexity of the verb phrase, which patterns in a clearly linear fashion: the more complex the verb phrase, the more likely is a null realisation. Not discussed in this form before, this finding, given its high significance and its robustness in light of alternative coding, may prove to be an important candidate for inclusion in future studies on (English) null subjects.

scholarly journals Social responsability in vocational guidance in Argentina

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Andrea Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Vocational Guidance ◽  
Professional Responsibility ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
High Level

The beginning of the vocational guidance in Argentina was based on detecting personal characteristics regarding working abilities, and many social aspects were considered in the assessment process. In this country, increasing social exclusion as a product of poverty, lack of opportunities, unemployment and poor level of education, have introduced new aspects in vocational guidance considerations related to this new set of high level structural complexity. The professional responsibility in providing vocational guidance in such context is analyzed considering two kinds of sources: ethical standards of psychology, and specific competencies of vocational guidance.

scholarly journals Authorial Self and Modernity as Reflected in Diaries and Memoirs. Three 19th-Century Hungarian Case Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

Abstract The role of the diaries and memoirs in the process of the conscious self-reflection and their contribution to the emergence of modern individual personalities are well-known facts of the intellectual history. The present paper intends to analyze a special form of the creation of modern individual character; it is the self-creation of the writer as a conscious personality, often with a clearly formulated opinion about her/his own social role. There will be offered several examples from the 19th-century history of the Hungarian intelligentsia. This period is more or less identical with the modernization of the “cultural industry” in Hungary, dominated by the periodicals with their deadlines, fixed lengths of the articles, and professional editing houses on the one hand and the cultural nation building on the other. Concerning the possible social and cultural role of the intelligentsia, it is the moment of the birth of a new type, so-called public intellectual. I will focus on three written sources, a diary of a Calvinist student of theology, Péter (Litkei) Tóth, the memoirs of an influential public intellectual, Gusztáv Szontagh, and a belletristic printed diary of a young intellectual, János Asbóth.

scholarly journals METHODS OF ATTRACTION AND RETENTION OF GENERATION Z STAFF

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Sidorcuka ◽  
Anna Chesnovicka
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Potential Employer ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Flexible Working Hours ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Attraction And Retention

The contemporary job market is facing the arrival of new type of employee –generation Z representatives, known as “digital natives”, who are described as technological, social, global and developed, the most connected, clever and educated generation thatever existed before, driven by social media, influenced by brands and musical culture. At the moment, this generation is considered to be two billion big.This study is looking at the existing methods of generation Z staff attraction and retention in the company Evolution (Latvia), where they make a majority. Further analyzing which of the methods are perceived as most efficient and which values of this generation are met by the company. Methods include company literature review, questionnaires and interviews. It was concluded the Gen Z have specific preferences in communication and can be reached through a variety of social platforms and special events provided by the company. As potential and current employees, they are not looking for life-long employment, put forward their specific values and expect the potential employer to attract them by meeting their needs in terms of flexible working hours, flexible (varied) jobs where their individuality can be applied, company excellent reputation, innovation, speed of change, platform for educational and promotional advancement, specific fringe benefits.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kelancaran Pengembalian Pembiayaan Murabahah pada Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) di BMT Taruna Sejahtera

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Tri Andina Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Loan Financing

A problem arising from the distribution of defrayal is often caused by a delay in repayment of financing that could interfere in liquidity and profitability of financial institution. One of BMTs that has good achievement in Semarang is BMT Taruna Sejahtera with a percentage of the value of arrears of the last few years has decreased. This achievement needs to be maintained and improved until the problems can be solved. This research was conducted at BMT Taruna Sejahtera starting from February to August 2014 using a purposive sample of 85 debtors. All the factors which are supposed to influence the rate of return on the financing were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. As the response variable in the analysis, that is the level of the smoothness in returning defrayal (Y) in which the predictor variables are the personal characteristics consisting of the level of education and age. Based on the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the factors that affect the rate of return is the value of the loan financing, business turnover, and level of education. It means the higher the value of the loan, the business turnover and debtor’s education level, the greater the chances of returning of murabaha defrayal

Classification of persons attracted to cooperation in places of deprivation of liberty depending on the motivational criteria

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Алевтина Юрьевна Крипулевич
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Information Base ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Selection Of

Статья посвящена рассмотрению мотивов, руководствуясь которыми, лица, находящиеся в местах лишения свободы, идут на сотрудничество или оказывают содействие оперативным подразделениям уголовно-исполнительной системы. В местах лишения свободы мотивация негласного сотрудника наделена специфическими особенностями, присущими этой категории лиц исходя из их места нахождения и того правового, социального статуса, которым они в этот период времени наделены. Опираясь на мнение оперативных сотрудников, анализируя теоретическую, прикладную, информационную базу по данному вопросу, в статье представляется и рассматривается классификация лиц в места лишения свободы, которая основывается на мотивационных критериях, руководствуясь которыми, лица соглашаются сотрудничать с оперативными подразделениями учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. Выделение мотивационных критериев у лиц, привлекаемых к содействию в рамках работы негласного аппарата, принимая во внимание личностные особенности субъекта вербовки, является одним из основополагающих принципов, который позволяет оперативному сотруднику предопределять ход ведения беседы. Данные знания помогут оперуполномоченному эффективнее, качественнее проводить работу с лицами, привлекаемыми к негласному содействию. The article is devoted to the consideration of the motives on the basis of which persons in places of deprivation of liberty either cooperate or provide assistance to the operational units of the penitentiary system. In places of deprivation of liberty, the motivation of an agent is determined by the specific characteristics of that category of person, based on his or her location and the legal and social status to which he or she is entitled at the moment. Based on the opinion of operational staff, analysis of theoretical, applied, information base on this issue, the article presents and considers the classification of persons in custody, which is based on motivational criteria, guided by which people agree to cooperate with operational divisions of institutions. The selection of motivational criteria for the involvement of the secret apparatus, taking into account the personal characteristics of the subject of recruitment, is one of the fundamental principles that will allow the operative employee to determine the course of the conversation. This knowledge will help the operative to work more effectively and efficiently with the recruited persons.

scholarly journals Exact Likelihood Inference for an Exponential Parameter under Generalized Adaptive Progressive Hybrid Censoring

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojin Lee ◽  
Kyeongjun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Scale Parameter ◽  
Moment Generating Function ◽  
Likelihood Inference ◽  
Exponential Parameter ◽  
Hybrid Censoring ◽  
Lower Confidence ◽  
Lower Confidence Bound ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Censoring Scheme

In this paper, we propose a new type censoring scheme named a generalized adaptive progressive hybrid censoring scheme (GenAdPrHyCS). In this new type censoring scheme, the experiment is assured to stop at a pre-assigned time. This censoring scheme is designed to correct the drawbacks in the AdPrHyCS. Furthermore, we discuss inference for one parameter exponential distribution (ExD) under GenAdPrHyCS. We derive the moment generating function of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of scale parameter of ExD and the resulting lower confidence bound under GenAdPrHyCS.

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