Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Jasielska ◽  
Maciej Stolarski ◽  
Michał Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Indices Of Happiness ◽  
Level Design ◽  
Collectivist Cultures ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

A relationship between individualism and happiness has been observed in many studies, with collectivist cultures having lower indices of happiness. It is often argued that this effect arises because people in individualist countries have greater independence and more freedom to pursue personal goals. It appears, however, that the association is much more complex than this as many collectivist countries suffer from more basic problems, such as social conflicts, discrimination, and prejudice. We hypothesized that global differences in happiness could be the result of ingroup bias and its consequences, rather than of collectivism itself. To test our hypotheses, we applied a country-level design, where a country is considered a unit of analysis. We found that individualism predicted various aspects of a country’s aggregated level of happiness, but was only a marginal predictor of happiness when ingroup favoritism and group-focused enmity were controlled for. We discuss the implications of these findings from evolutionary and social psychological perspectives.

scholarly journals Educating to Tolerance: Effects of Communicating Social Psychology Research Findings

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
School Students ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
High Motivation ◽  
Level Of Motivation

The effect of communicating social psychology research findings on ingroup bias in a classroom setting has been investigated. Two hundred and twenty one high school students either read or did not read a brief report about three classical social psychological studies, then completed evaluation scales for the ingroup and the outgroup. Participants’ motivation was manipulated, and the messages were different as regards the congruency between the content and participants’ actual intergroup experience. Results showed that communication exerted a significant effect in reducing ingroup bias for participants in the high motivation/high congruency condition, that is, the communication effect was moderated by the individual’s level of motivation and the content of the arguments proposed in the report. Practical implications of results for education work and stereotype change, limitations of the study, as well as possible directions for future research are discussed.

Social Categories and Business Ethics

ruffin_darden ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 149-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Messick ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
People Group ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

In this article, I want to draw attention to one strand ofthe complex web of processes that are involved when people group others, including themselves, into social categories. I will focus on the tendency to treat members of one's own group more favorably than nonmembers, a tendency that has been called ingroup favoritism. The structure of the article has three parts. First I will offer anevolutionary argument as to why ingroup favoritism, or something very much like it, is required by theories of the evolution of altruism. I will then review some of the basic social psychological research findings dealing with social categorization generally, and ingroup favoritism specifically. Finally, I will examine two problems in business ethics from the point of view of ingroup favoritism to suggest ways in which social psychological principles and findings may be mobilized to help solve problems of racial or gender discrimination in business contexts.

Founder Leaders and Organization Culture: A Comparative Study on Indian and American Founder Leaders Based on Schein’s Model of Organizational Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Mamatha S.V. ◽  
Geetanjali P.
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Organization Culture ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Case Method ◽  
Ecological Fallacy ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
The Relationship

Organizational culture is created gradually by founder leaders on the basis of their values, assumptions and beliefs. Organizational culture is tangible in terms of the architecture of the company, office layout and exhibits and intangible in terms of behaviour of employees, decisions, policies and procedures. This article aims to perform a comparative analysis of some of the founder leaders of Indian and American businesses and their influence on the culture of the organization. The study adopts the case method research design where the focus is on the specific interesting cases, articles and interviews of the founder(s) in their formational years and cases when the company had a stable organizational culture. The unit of analysis is the founder leader. The company’s culture is evaluated using Schein’s Model of Organizational Culture while that of the founder leader is evaluated using Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions. This study does not equate national culture to individual’s culture to avoid ecological fallacy of interpreting country-level relationships being applied to individuals. The study shows that there exist layers of subcultures in each individual. The article discusses an interesting paradigm, that is, the culture in which they are born/trained and the culture they adopt intentionally. When founders adopt other cultures, some traces of adopted cultures are reflected in the organization. The article concludes that founder leaders’ culture needs a better framework in order to see its effects on the organization. Hofstede’s model does not show the relationship between different layers of the culture. Hence, the model seems inadequate to be applied to analyse founder leaders.

scholarly journals Sense of belonging to Latvia in Latvian- and Russian-speaking residents of Latvia

Psihologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Kolesovs
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Future

This study examined the sense of belonging to Latvia in Latvian-speaking and Russianspeaking residents of Latvia. The structural model involved opportunities for the fulfillment of personal goals and views of the situation in Latvia and the community as predictors of the sense of belonging at both levels of ecological systems. The Russianspeaking subsample consisted of 202 students ranging in age from 18 to 36 (65% females). The Latvian-speaking subsample involved 438 students ranging in age from 18 to 37 (67% females). The Sense of Belonging in Social Context Questionnaire and the Future of Country Questionnaire were applied. Belonging to community predicted belonging to Latvia in both groups of residents. However, the Russian-speaking minority group demonstrated more signs of local belonging and pragmatic ties with Latvia. Providing opportunities for fulfilment of personal goals and facilitating involvement of young people in processes at the country level are challenges for policies, aimed at integration and limiting emigration of young people.

Dog at My Feet: A Moment of Identity Construction within Dissertation Acknowledgements

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
Ruth Billany
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Human Animal

Abstract Human-animal studies (has) is a legitimate and multidisciplinary academic endeavor. In the last three decades, there has been a proliferation of articles revealing multiple ways of knowing about the human-animal relationship. This paper, informed by social psychological theories, turns the mirror upon new researchers as they emerge as professional selves into academia. Post-graduate students engage multiple and sometimes contradicting identities throughout their candidatures. The unit of analysis is the dissertation acknowledgement (da) at both a structural and functional level. The das have recently become objects of serious empirical investigation as linguistic choice promotes a situated academic, cultural, and social identity in a moment of time. This paper examines the generic structure and purpose of 104 das, with a particular focus on the student-writer’s identity with relationship to nonhuman animals in their lives. Fourteen sub-themes are subsumed into thanking, reflecting, and announcing moves. A case is made that the study of das is a potentially fecund research area for a unique moment of identity construction.

The Dynamics of Compensation: When Ingroup Favoritism Paves the Way for Outgroup Praise

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Yzerbyt ◽  
Laurent Cambon
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
High Status ◽  
Status Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Orthogonal Dimension ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
The Way ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

Compensation research suggests that when people evaluate their own and another group, the search for positive differentiation fuels the emergence of compensatory ratings on the two fundamental dimensions of social perception, competence and warmth. In two experiments, we tested whether obstacles to positive differentiation on the preferred dimension disrupted compensation. Both experiments showed that high-status (low-status) group members grant the outgroup a higher standing on warmth (competence) when positive differentiation can be achieved on the orthogonal dimension, competence (warmth). Moreover, and in line with the “ noblesse oblige” effect, Experiment 2 confirmed that, among high-status group members, perceived higher pressures toward nondiscrimination were linked to outgroup bias on warmth only when ingroup bias on competence had been secured. The discussion focuses on compensation as one of the factors contributing to cooperative intergroup relations.

Care of the S: Dynamics of the mind between social conflicts and the dialogicality of the self

Human Affairs ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Madzia
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Social Psychological Theory

AbstractThe paper deals predominantly with the theory of moral reconstruction in George H. Mead’s thinking. It also points out certain underdeveloped aspects of Mead’s social-psychological theory of the self and his moral philosophy, and attempts to develop them. Since Mead’s ideas concerning ethics and moral philosophy are anchored in his social psychology, the paper begins with a description of his theory and underlines some problematic areas and tries to solve them. The most important of these, as the author argues, is the hypothesis that social conflicts should be seen as the root of reflective, discursive thinking. Unlike some of his contemporaries (such as Vygotsky), Mead failed to appreciate this aspect of the genesis of the dynamics of the self.

Control and Well-being Across Cultures: The Moderation of Individualism on the Relationship between Primary & Secondary Control and Affective & Cognitive SWB

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyu LIU ◽  
René Mõttus
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Secondary Control ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Collectivist Cultures

Perceived control is essential to our subjective well-being (SWB). However, people from individualist and collectivist cultures may prefer different types of perceived control. We examined cultural variations in agency-oriented primary control and adjustment-oriented secondary control, their relationship to affective and cognitive SWB, and the moderation of Individualism of this relationship. We used an IPIP-based personality questionnaire that sampled 40, 000 participants from over across 42 countries. Using multilevel analyses, we found that the correlations between the two types of perceived control and the two aspects of SWB were different at the country level versus the individual level: primary control was more strongly related to cognitive SWB than affective SWB at the individual level, but the pattern was flipped at the country level. Contrary to previous results, we found stronger associations between individualism and secondary control and between collectivism and primary control; and primary control better predicted general SWB in collectivist cultures while secondary control better predicted general SWB in individualist cultures. We explored methodological (e.g., high influence items), philosophical (e.g., Hobbesian social contract), and sociopolitical (e.g., globalization) explanations of our results. Given the high generalizability and the high statistical power of our results that contradict previous findings, our study potentially calls for more nuanced and more generalizable revision of the current understanding of cultural differences in perceived control and its relation to SWB.

Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate (or Both)? Mapping Distinct Bias Profiles in the Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Hamley ◽  
Carla A. Houkamau ◽  
Danny Osborne ◽  
Fiona Kate Barlow ◽  
Chris G. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Identity Centrality ◽  
National Probability Sample ◽  
Outgroup Derogation ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

Researchers have long argued that ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation are separable phenomena that occur in different, meaningful combinations. Statistical methods for testing this thesis, however, have been underutilized. We address this oversight by using latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate distinct profiles of group bias derived from ingroup and outgroup warmth ratings. Using a national probability sample of Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand; N = 2,289) and Europeans ( N = 13,647), we identify a distinct profile reflecting ingroup favoritism/outgroup derogation (Type III in Brewer’s typology of ingroup bias) in both groups (6.7% of Māori, 10.3% of Europeans). The factors associated with this type, however, differed between groups. Whereas ethnic identity centrality predicted membership for Type III for Māori, social dominance orientation predicted this type for Europeans. Thus, although both groups may express the same kind of bias pattern, the motivation underlying this bias varies by status.

scholarly journals Mere membership

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Variation Versus ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup ◽  
Social Collective ◽  
Ingroup Favoritism

Human social groups are central to social organization and pervasively impact interpersonal interactions. While immensely varied, all social groups can also be considered specific instantiations of a common and abstract ingroup-outgroup structure. How much of the power of human social groups stems from learned variation versus abstract commonality? I review evidence demonstrating that from early in development a wide range of intergroup phenomena, most prominently many ingroup biases, follow solely from simple membership in an abstract social collective. Such effects cannot be attributed to rich social learning and so: a) constrain theories seeking to explain or intervene on ingroup bias, and b) provide reason to think that our species is powerfully predisposed towards ingroup favoritism from early in development.

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