Effect of DMDHEU treatment on properties of bacterial cellulose material

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of purification and treatment with textile finishing agent procedures on structural, mechanical, and water barrier properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) in order to predict the end-use properties. Kombucha fungus generated by Komagataeibacter xylinus species, formerly known as Gluconacetobacter xylinus, was used to produce the BC material. The BC was purified with 0.5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and treated with 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration of N, N-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxy-ethylene urea (DMDHEU). By Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was estimated, that the purification with a weak alkali solution was effective to remove amorphous matter of the BC material. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrated the BC structure, similar to a non-woven textile fabric with clearly visible three-dimensional networks of fine cellulose fibers. After the purification process, the BC material tensile strength increased by 52%; however, the strain decreased by 93%. BC material after treatment with 20% DMDHEU regained deformability and tensile properties analogous to untreated samples. Water vapor permeability (WVP) values increased and water absorption capacity (WAC) decreased in BC material with increasing DMDHEU concentration. According to the FTIR results, the crosslinking reaction of DMDHEU and adjacent BC molecules was proved. The treatment with DMDHEU restores the amorphous properties of BC material, and therefore blocks water absorption, and the decrease in the water absorption parameter might be determined.

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Improving Thermal, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of Feather Keratin/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane Nanocomposite Films by Incorporating Sodium Montmorillonite and TiO2

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9020298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 298 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shufang Wu ◽

Xunjun Chen ◽

Minghao Yi ◽

Jianfang Ge ◽

Guoqiang Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Sodium Montmorillonite ◽

Feather Keratin

In this study, feather keratin/polyvinyl alcohol/tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (FK/PVA/Tris) bionanocomposite films containing two types of nanoparticles, namely one-dimensional sodium montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) and three-dimensional TiO2 nanospheres (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), are prepared using solvent casting method. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the completely exfoliated structure of FK/PVA/Tris/MMT nanocomposites. The successful formation of new hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of the film matrix and the nanofillers is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and initial degradation temperature of the films are enhanced after MMT and TiO2 incorporation. The water vapor permeability, oxygen permeability, and light transmittance decrease with increase in TiO2 and MMT contents. In summary, nanoblending is an effective method to promote the application of FK/PVA/Tris blend films in the packaging field.

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Curcumin-Loaded Bacterial Cellulose/Alginate/Gelatin as A Multifunctional Biopolymer Composite Film

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25173800 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (17) ◽

pp. 3800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nadda Chiaoprakobkij ◽

Thapanar Suwanmajo ◽

Neeracha Sanchavanakit ◽

Muenduen Phisalaphong

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Wound Care ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Sem Images ◽

Water Contact

Multifunctional biopolymer composites comprising mechanically-disintegrated bacterial cellulose, alginate, gelatin and curcumin plasticized with glycerol were successfully fabricated through a simple, facile, cost-effective mechanical blending and casting method. SEM images indicate a well-distributed structure of the composites. The water contact angles existed in the range of 50–70°. Measured water vapor permeability values were 300–800 g/m2/24 h, which were comparable with those of commercial dressing products. No release of curcumin from the films was observed during the immersion in PBS and artificial saliva, and the fluid uptakes were in the range of 100–700%. Films were stretchable and provided appropriate stiffness and enduring deformation. Hydrated films adhered firmly onto the skin. In vitro mucoadhesion time was found in the range of 0.5–6 h with porcine mucosa as model membrane under artificial saliva medium. The curcumin-loaded films had substantial antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The films showed non-cytotoxicity to human keratinocytes and human gingival fibroblasts but exhibited potent anticancer activity in oral cancer cells. Therefore, these curcumin-loaded films showed their potential for use as leave-on skin applications. These versatile films can be further developed to achieve desirable characteristics for local topical patches for wound care, periodontitis and oral cancer treatment.

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Development of Bacterial Cellulose Biocomposites Combined with Starch and Collagen and Evaluation of Their Properties

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14020458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 458

Author(s):

Silmar Baptista Nunes ◽

Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel ◽

Giulia da Costa Sacramento ◽

Pollyana da Silva Melo ◽

Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Wound Dressings ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Visual Appearance ◽

Injury Type ◽

Scanning Electron

One of the major benefits of biomedicine is the use of biocomposites as wound dressings to help improve the treatment of injuries. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and characterize biocomposites based on bacterial cellulose (BC) with different concentrations of collagen and starch and characterize their thermal, morphological, mechanical, physical, and barrier properties. In total, nine samples were produced with fixed amounts of glycerol and BC and variations in the amount of collagen and starch. The water activity (0.400–0.480), water solubility (12.94–69.7%), moisture (10.75–20.60%), thickness (0.04–0.11 mm), water vapor permeability (5.59–14.06 × 10−8 g·mm/m2·h·Pa), grammage (8.91–39.58 g·cm−2), opacity (8.37–36.67 Abs 600 nm·mm−1), elongation (4.81–169.54%), and tensile strength (0.99–16.32 MPa) were evaluated and defined. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed that adding biopolymers in the cellulose matrix made the surface compact, which also influenced the visual appearance. Thus, the performance of the biocomposites was directly influenced by their composition. The performance of the different samples obtained resulted in them having different potentials for application considering the injury type. This provides a solution for the ineffectiveness of traditional dressings, which is one of the great problems of the biomedical sector.

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Preparation and characterization of poly (3-hydroxy-butyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/porous cellulose aerogel biocomposites

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.2.4748-4759 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 4748-4759

Author(s):

Fen Yin ◽

Xuejiao Zhang ◽

Dongna Li ◽

Xiaojun Ma

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Practical Application ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Cellulose Aerogel ◽

Dimensional Network

A green biocomposite of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) and cellulose aerogels was developed. Cellulose gel was prepared from NaOH/urea aqueous solution, and subsequent regenerating by Na2SO4 solution and freeze-drying resulted in porous cellulose aerogels. The P34HB/cellulose aerogel biocomposite was fabricated by immersion of porous cellulose in a polymer solution and hot-pressing. The morphology, crystallization, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties (H2O) of biocomposite were investigated. The cellulose aerogels matrix exhibited a three-dimensional network structure with porosity and a wide pore size distribution, contributing to the change of the glass transition temperature and cold crystallization temperature of biocomposites. Compared with cellulose aerogels, the tensile strength and elongation at break of biocomposites were increased by as much as 48% and 25.1%, respectively. Moreover, biocomposites demonstrated an increased contact angle and water vapor permeability coefficient compared with the cellulose aerogel. The results revealed the potential of P34HB/cellulose aerogel biocomposites for practical application as packaging materials.

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Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Composite Films Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Chitosan for Wound Dressing Materials

Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal ◽

10.18321/ectj670 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 255 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. Savitskaya ◽

A. Kistaubayeva ◽

I. Digel ◽

D. Shokatayeva

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Simple Procedure ◽

Composite Films ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Degradation Temperature

New bacterial cellulose/chitosan (BC/Ch) nanocomposite films were obtained using a simple procedure by immersing BC synthesized by Komagataeibacter xylinus in 1% acetic acid solutions of Ch with the degree of deacetylation 75‒85% of medium molecular weight. The BC and BC/Ch composites chemical composition was examined by FTIR, the mechanical properties by a tensile tester, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa by diffusion and joint incubation methods. The FTIR spectra indicated the intermolecular interaction between BC and Ch. Due to addition of 0.6% (w/v) Ch, the films of BC/Ch become more homogeneous with a significantly denser fibril structure, smaller pore diameter and higher surface area in comparison to those of pure BC films. Micro- (15‒35 nm) and macrofibrils (50‒150 nm) in both BC and BC/Ch films are joined in ribbon-like fibers, providing a high degree of mechanical strength (Young’s modulus: 33‒36 MPa, tensile strength and elongation et break: 17, 22 MPa). The obtained hybrid material is transparent, flexible and displays good water absorption capacity and water vapor permeability. The films have reasonable thermal stability to be in contact with body or during steam sterilization, since maximum degradation temperature (Td) of both biocomposites is around 400‒600 °C. The disc diffusion method confirmed that the BC/Ch films have predominantly non-diffusible antibacterial properties. Antibacterial assessment by the joint incubation method proved that addition of Ch to BC films resulted in significant growth inhibition against target bacteria. The BC/Ch biocomposites’ notable properties make them suitable for wound healing applications.

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Fabrication and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) modified with nano-montmorillonite biocomposite

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly-2021-0006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 038-046

Author(s):

Xu Yan ◽

Wanru Zhou ◽

Xiaojun Ma ◽

Binqing Sun

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Oxygen Permeability ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Nucleating Agent ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Casting Method ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Solution Casting Method

Abstract In this study, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) modified with nano-montmorillonite biocomposite (MMT/PHBH) was fabricated by solution-casting method. The results showed that the addition of MMT increased the crystallinity and the number of spherulites, which indicated that MMT was an effective nucleating agent for PHBH. The maximum decomposition peak of the biocomposites moved to a high temperature and residue presented an increasing trend. The biocomposites showed the best thermal stability at 1 wt% MMT. Compared with PHBH, 182.5% and 111.2% improvement in elastic modulus and tensile strength were obtained, respectively. Moreover, the oxygen permeability coefficient and the water vapor permeability of MMT/PHBH biocomposites decreased by 43.9% and 6.9%, respectively. It was also found that the simultaneous enhancements on the crystallizing, thermal stability, mechanical, and barrier properties of biocomposites were mainly caused by the formation of intercalated structure between PHBH and MMT.

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Enzymatic and Chemical Cross-Linking of Bacterial Cellulose/Fish Collagen Composites—A Comparative Study

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22073346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 3346

Author(s):

Agata Sommer ◽

Paulina Dederko-Kantowicz ◽

Hanna Staroszczyk ◽

Sławomir Sommer ◽

Marek Michalec

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Secondary Alcohol ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Covalent Bonds ◽

Fish Collagen ◽

Chemical Cross Linking

This article compares the properties of bacterial cellulose/fish collagen composites (BC/Col) after enzymatic and chemical cross-linking. In our methodology, two transglutaminases are used for enzymatic cross-linking—one recommended for the meat and the other proposed for the fish industry—and pre-oxidated BC (oxBC) is used for chemical cross-linking. The structure of the obtained composites is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their functional properties by mechanical and water barrier tests. While polymer chains in uncross-linked BC/Col are intertwined by H-bonds, new covalent bonds in enzymatically cross-linked ones are formed—resulting in increased thermal stability and crystallinity of the material. The C2–C3 bonds cleavage in D-glucose units, due to BC oxidation, cause secondary alcohol groups to vanish in favor of the carbonyl groups’ formation, thus reducing the number of H-bonded OHs. Thermal stability and crystallinity of oxBC/Col remain lower than those of BC/Col. The BC/Col formation did not affect tensile strength and water vapor permeability of BC, but enzymatic cross-linking with TGGS improved them significantly.

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Fast Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers Fabricated from Jelly Fig Polysaccharide/Pullulan for Drug Delivery Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 241

Author(s):

Thangavel Ponrasu ◽

Bei-Hsin Chen ◽

Tzung-Han Chou ◽

Jia-Jiuan Wu ◽

Yu-Shen Cheng

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Electrospun Nanofibers ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Uv Spectrum ◽

Sem Images ◽

Triton X

The fast-dissolving drug delivery systems (FDDDSs) are developed as nanofibers using food-grade water-soluble hydrophilic biopolymers that can disintegrate fast in the oral cavity and deliver drugs. Jelly fig polysaccharide (JFP) and pullulan were blended to prepare fast-dissolving nanofiber by electrospinning. The continuous and uniform nanofibers were produced from the solution of 1% (w/w) JFP, 12% (w/w) pullulan, and 1 wt% Triton X-305. The SEM images confirmed that the prepared nanofibers exhibited uniform morphology with an average diameter of 144 ± 19 nm. The inclusion of JFP in pullulan was confirmed by TGA and FTIR studies. XRD analysis revealed that the increased crystallinity of JFP/pullulan nanofiber was observed due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The tensile strength and water vapor permeability of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber membrane were also enhanced considerably compared to pullulan nanofiber. The JFP/pullulan nanofibers loaded with hydrophobic model drugs like ampicillin and dexamethasone were rapidly dissolved in water within 60 s and release the encapsulants dispersive into the surrounding. The antibacterial activity, fast disintegration properties of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber were also confirmed by the zone of inhibition and UV spectrum studies. Hence, JFP/pullulan nanofibers could be a promising carrier to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs for fast-dissolving/disintegrating delivery applications.

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Development of Waterproof Papers from Water Hyacinth Fibers Modified by Polylactide

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.89 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1015 ◽

pp. 89-93

Author(s):

Thitipong Wutisart

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Cross Section ◽

Water Hyacinth ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Hydrophobic Properties ◽

Sem Images ◽

Water Barrier

Paper made from water hyacinth which was modified by PLA solvent coating and the PLA content were varied for finding the most appropriate content. The SEM images of both surface and cross section were carried out for showing the interaction between the water hyacinth paper and PLA film. The water barrier properties of PLA content at 0.4 % (W/V) and 0.6 % (W/V) showed the hydrophobic properties of water hyacinth paper. The modified water hyacinth paper could resist water being indicated by water absorption which was over 90 minute/5µL in any PLA content.

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Preparation and Characterization of Edible Dialdehyde Carboxymethyl Cellulose Crosslinked Feather Keratin Films for Food Packaging

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12010158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Yao Dou ◽

Liguang Zhang ◽

Buning Zhang ◽

Ming He ◽

Weimei Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Value Added ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Edible Films ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Feather Keratin

The development of edible films based on the natural biopolymer feather keratin (FK) from poultry feathers is of great interest to food packaging. Edible dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) crosslinked FK films plasticized with glycerol were prepared by a casting method. The effect of DCMC crosslinking on the microstructure, light transmission, aggregate structure, tensile properties, water resistance and water vapor barrier were investigated. The results indicated the formation of both covalent and hydrogen bonding between FK and DCMC to form amorphous FK/DCMC films with good UV-barrier properties and transmittance. However, with increasing DCMC content, a decrease in tensile strength of the FK films indicated that plasticization, induced by hydrophilic properties of the DCMC, partly offset the crosslinking effect. Reduction in the moisture content, solubility and water vapor permeability indicated that DCMC crosslinking slightly reduced the moisture sensitivity of the FK films. Thus, DCMC crosslinking increased the potential viability of the FK films for food packaging applications, offering a value-added product.

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