A Comparison of Procedures to Increase Responding in Three Severely Retarded, Noncompliant Young Adults

AAESPH Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Mithaug
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Verbal Praise ◽  
Finger Pressure

This study compared the relative effectiveness of different procedures for decreasing response durations in three severely retarded 14 to 20-year-old women who were severely disruptive and noncompliant. The conditions included two potentially positively reinforcing procedures and two potentially negatively reinforcing procedures. The two positive procedures consisted of contingent deliveries of verbal praise, back pats, and squirts of juice. One of the negative procedures consisted of tapping the subjects' hands, arms, back, and back of the neck until the correct response was evoked. The other negative procedure consisted of finger and thumb pressure to the sides of the subject's neck until a correct response was evoked. During both of these negative procedures, cessation of tapping or finger pressure was contingent upon emission of an appropriate response. For two of the subjects, the two positive procedures were compared with the negative tapping procedure and with each other; for the third subject, the positive praise plus juice procedure was compared with the two negative procedures, which were also compared with each other. The results consistently indicated that for the first two subjects, the negative tapping procedure was more effective than either praise or praise plus juice, with the latter two being equally effective. For the third subject, the negative finger pressure procedure was more effective than the negative tapping procedure, which in turn was more effective than the positive praise plus juice procedure.

scholarly journals Olfaction-Related Factors Affecting Chemosensory Dream Content in a Sleep Laboratory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Lenka Martinec Nováková ◽  
Monika Kliková ◽  
Eva Miletínová ◽  
Jitka Bušková
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Thioglycolic Acid ◽  
Dream Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sleep Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Third ◽  
Olfactory Acuity

Mental activity in sleep often involves visual and auditory content. Chemosensory (olfactory and gustatory) experiences are less common and underexplored. The aim of the study was to identify olfaction-related factors that may affect the occurrence of chemosensory dream content. Specifically, we investigated the effects of all-night exposure to an ambient odour, participants’ appraisal of their current olfactory environment, their general propensity to notice odours and act on them (i.e., odour awareness), and their olfactory acuity. Sixty pre-screened healthy young adults underwent olfactory assessment, completed a measure of odour awareness, and spent three nights in weekly intervals in a sleep laboratory. The purpose of the first visit was to adapt to the experimental setting. On the second visit, half of them were exposed to the smell of vanillin or thioglycolic acid and the other half to an odourless control condition. On the third visit, they received control or stimulation in a balanced order. On each visit, data were collected twice: once from the first rapid eye movement (REM) stage that occurred after 3 a.m., and then shortly before getting up, usually from a non-REM stage. Participants were asked to report the presence of sensory dream content and to assess their current olfactory environment. Neither exposure, nor participants’ assessments of the ambient odour, or olfactory acuity affected reports of chemosensory dream content but they were more frequent in individuals with greater odour awareness. This finding may have implications for treatment when such experiences become unwanted or bothersome.

Reactions of copper with soil affecting its availability to plants. II. Effect of soil pH, soil sterilization and organic matter on the availability of applied copper

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JW Gartrell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Sterilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cereal Straw

Incubation of copper with warm, moist soils reduced its effectiveness for uptake by wheat plants when compared to copper freshly applied. On two soils (Gingin, Dongara), the relative effectiveness of incubated compared to freshly applied copper was lower at higher pH. On the third soil (Lancelin) relative effectiveness was unaffected by changing soil pH from 6.7 to 7.8. Soil sterilization before incubation increased the effectiveness of incubated copper compared with that freshly applied on two soil types (Lancelin, Dongara), while on the other soil (Newdegate) soil sterilization did not affect relative effectiveness. The addition of cereal straw decreased the effectiveness of copper both freshly applied and when incubated with the soil. The effect of cereal straw was more marked where the copper was incubated with the soil, suggesting that organic matter is strongly involved in reducing the effectiveness of incubated copper compared with that freshly applied. The same reactions which reduce the availability of freshly applied copper appear to continue to decrease the availability of copper throughout incubation.

scholarly journals A Terapêutica na Terceira Idade e o Uso Racional de Medicamentos

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariete Regina Berti ◽  
Paulo Mayorga
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
False Belief ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dosage Recommendation ◽  
Third Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
Medicinal Therapy ◽  
Excessive Number

Resumo: O envelhecimento é um processo biológico e muitas doenças se desenvolvem nesta época da vida, devido à suscetibilidade natural do organismo. Existe uma falsa crença de que os medicamentos podem “curar” tudo, inclusive a velhice. A terapia medicamentosa, quando realmente necessária ao tratamento de algum estado patológico do paciente idoso, deve ser aplicada com restrições e de forma individualizada, pois a metabolização dos fármacos pode estar bastante diversa do esperado quando comparada à de adultos jovens. Ao contrário desta lógica, vemos um excesso de prescrições destinadas aos idosos, quando a prevenção das doenças seria mais coerente, mais saudável e menos onerosa. Além disto, outros elementos intrínsecos ao paciente idoso e ao seu comportamento são determinantes na terapêutica da terceira idade. A pesquisa sobre a utilização de fármacos (tipo, dose, indicação e uso) por parte desta população é necessária a fim de estabelecer a racionalização e otimização destes. Desta forma, o objeto central deste trabalho é fazer uma breve reflexão sobre os aspectos envolvidos na terapêutica da terceira idade, buscando com isto promover o uso racional de medicamentos por esta faixa da população. Palavras-chave: Medicamento. Terapêutica. Uso racional. Terceira idade. Abstract: The aging is a biological process and many illnesses appear in this time of life, due to the body natural susceptibility. There is a false belief that medicine can “cure” everything, including the old age. The medicinal therapy should be used with constraints and on an individualized way when it is really necessary to treat some pathologic conditions in an old patient since the drugs metabolism can be very diverse from the expected when compared to young adults. On the other hand, we see an excessive number of prescriptions to elderly, while the prevention to the diseases would be more coherent, healthier and less expensive. Besides, there are more intrinsic elements of the old patient as well as his behaviour which are crucial to the third age therapy. The research about the use of drugs (type, dosage, recommendation and usage) by this part of the population is necessary to establish their rationalization and optimization. Therefore this paper does a brief reflection about the aspects in the third age therapy trying to promote the rational use of drugs by these people. Keywords: Drugs. Therapy. Third age.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

Retroaktive Neuverhandlung

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin Feige
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
The Third ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Relationship

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Frage historischer Folgeverhältnisse in der Kunst. Gegenüber dem Gedanken, dass es ein ursprüngliches Werk in der Reihe von Werken gibt, das späteren Werken seinen Sinn gibt, schlägt der Text vor, das Verhältnis umgekehrt zu denken: Im Lichte späterer Werke wird der Sinn früherer Werke neu ausgehandelt. Dazu geht der Text in drei Schritten vor. Im ersten Teil formuliert er unter der Überschrift ›Form‹ in kritischer Abgrenzung zu Danto und Eco mit Adorno den Gedanken, dass Kunstwerke eigensinnig konstituierte Gegenstände sind. Die im Gedanken der Neuverhandlung früherer Werke im Lichte späterer Werke vorausgesetzte Unbestimmtheit des Sinns von Kunstwerken wird im zweiten Teil unter dem Schlagwort ›Zeitlichkeit‹ anhand des Paradigmas der Improvisation erörtert. Der dritte und letzte Teil wendet diese improvisatorische Logik unter dem Label ›Neuaushandlung‹ dann dezidiert auf das Verhältnis von Vorbild und Nachbild an. The article proposes a new understanding of historical succession in the realm of art. In contrast to the idea that there is an original work in the series of works that gives meaning to the works that come later, the text proposes to think it exactly the other way round: in the light of later works, the meanings of earlier works are renegotiated. The text proceeds in three steps to develop this idea. Under the heading ›Form‹ it develops in the first part a critical reading of Danto’s and Eco’s notion of the constitution of the artworks and argues with Adorno that each powerful work develops its own language. In the second part, the vagueness of the meaning of works of art presupposed in the idea of renegotiating earlier works in the light of later works is discussed under the term ›Temporality‹ in terms of the logic of improvisation. The third and final part uses this improvisational logic under the label ›Renegotiation‹ to understand the relationship between model and afterimage in the realm of art.

Features of the course and treatment of glaucoma during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
T. V. Chernyakova ◽  
A. Yu. Brezhnev ◽  
I. R. Gazizova ◽  
A. V. Kuroyedov ◽  
A. V. Seleznev
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
Hypotensive Therapy ◽  
Eye Pressure

In the review we have integrated all up-to-date knowledge concerning clinical course and treatment of glaucoma among pregnant women to help specialists choose a proper policy of treatment for such a complicated group of patients. Glaucoma is a chronic progressive disease. It rarely occurs among childbearing aged women. Nevertheless the probability to manage pregnant patients having glaucoma has been recently increasing. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no recommendations on how to treat glaucoma among pregnant women. As we know, eye pressure is progressively going down from the first to the third trimester, so we often have to correct hypotensive therapy. Besides, it is necessary to take into account the effect of applied medicines on mother health and evaluate possible teratogenic complications for a fetus. The only medicine against glaucoma which belongs to category B according to FDA classification is brimonidine. Medicines of the other groups should be prescribed with care. Laser treatment or surgery may also be a relevant decision when monitoring patients who are planning pregnancy or just bearing a child. Such treatment should be also accompanied by medicines.

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

Gifted Students' Motivation and its Impact on the Development of their Giftedness

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein SALEM MUBARAK BARABWD ◽  
Mohammad YUSOFF BIN MOHD NOR ◽  
Noriah Mohd Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Verbal Praise ◽  
Intrinsic Motivations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivations

The aim of the current study is to examine the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of the gifted students from Hadhramout Gifted Center HGC in Yemen, and to investigate the impact of these intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on their giftedness development. A qualitative approach was adopted; data has been collected through an open- ended questionnaire that was prepared by the researcher and distributed among a sample of gifted students who were chosen purposively from HGC. The interpretative phenomenological method has been used to analyze the data using, Atlas ti. The results indicate that the majority of the participants consider it interesting to explore new things, and experience curiosity and desire to achieve their goals as their intrinsic motivations. Whereas, the minority consider preference to serve the community, competition preference and self-confidence as their intrinsic motivations. On the other hand, half of the participants consider rewards as their extrinsic motivation, whereas 40 % of them consider exams scores, verbal praise, parents and environment as their extrinsic motivations. Regarding the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on the development of giftedness, the majority of the participants believe that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect positively the development of their giftedness development. Finally, based on the findings, some recommendations were provided. 

EFFECTS OF PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES and PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: A RESEARCH REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpita Rajawat
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

The relative effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches and pedagogies in early childhood has raised substantial debate. While the other are associated with the acquisition of basic skills and knowledge and some of them are associated with socio-emotional development and problem-solving abilities. In general, research revealed both positive and negative effects of pedagogical approaches, without favouring specific pedagogical approaches over mainstream ones. However, it is important to note that research evidence and studies considering the same approaches in the same context are very limited. On the other hand, specific pedagogical practices are found to enhance child development, including high-quality interactions involving sustained-shared thinking methods, play-based learning, scaffolding, as well as a combination of staff- and child initiated activities. Research impacts pedagogy and pedagogical practices in the sense that research findings can inform policy makers and practitioners on best practices and what works best in enhancing staff performance, process quality and child development. Research on pedagogy and practices is usually not conducted at the national level, but focuses on particular programmes. So, research review has been used as a guide or manual to provide pedagogical guidance for Early Childhood Education (ECE) staff not only in India but also worldwide. The main focus of the study is that how of the best pedagogical practices and approaches across the country can be useful and implemented in early childhood education

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