Investigation of relationships between soil type and condition and crater size for shallow-buried explosive charges

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Joshua Edward Payne ◽  
William Scott Myers ◽  
John Qua Ehrgott ◽  
Denis Dwayne Rickman ◽  
Cameron Demond Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Crater Size

The detonation of near-surface and shallow-buried explosives results in a ground crater that has a size and shape that is directly related to the charge size, charge position, and soil conditions. Several methods are currently available that attempt to predict crater size, that is, apparent depth and diameter of a ground crater, based on direct inputs of key factors such as the soil type, soil conditions, explosive type and mass, and depth of burial of the explosive. Current prediction methodologies are limited, primarily due to the lack of key cratering data in well-controlled and characterized soil backfills consisting of a full range of soil types, water contents, and density conditions. A new cratering database is currently being developed based on craters produced in well-characterized materials representing a significant number of soil types defined by the Unified Soil Classification System. This database is capturing key cratering measurements for charge depth of burials ranging from tangent below the ground surface to a scaled depth of approximately 1.0 ft/lb1/3. Data collected include water content and density measurements in the as-constructed backfills and measurements of the crater cross-sectional profiles, including the apparent depth and diameter, lip-to-lip diameter, and lip-to-bottom depth. Analyses were conducted on the test data to define key parameters affecting crater size. Based on the results of these analyses, the critical soil parameters affecting crater size were identified.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Productivity of New Spring Cereal Mixture to Optimize Cultivation under Different Soil Conditions

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Danuta Leszczyńska ◽  
Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra ◽  
Krzysztof Patkowski
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Naked Barley ◽  
Production Space ◽  
Covered Oats ◽  
Naked Oats

The aim of the study was to evaluate grain yields, protein yields, and net metabolic energy yields of different combinations of spring types of barley, oat, and wheat arranged in 10 mixtures and grown under different soil types. Naked cultivars of barley and oat were used. The three-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Advisory Centre in Szepietowo, Poland. The study showed that the major factor determining yields of the mixtures was soil quality. Within the better soil (Albic Luvisols), the highest yield was achieved by a mixture of covered barley and wheat and by a mixture of covered barley with covered oats and wheat, but only in treatments with lower sowing density. Moreover, on the better soil, significantly higher protein yields were obtained for mixtures of barley (covered or naked grains) with wheat as compared to the mixture of covered barley with covered oats, or the mixture of covered barley with naked oats and wheat. The highest yields of net metabolic energy, regardless of soil type, were obtained from a mixture of naked barley with wheat, while the lowest from a mixture of covered barley with naked oats and wheat. Mixed sowings increase biodiversity of canopies, which allows a better use of production space. They also increase health and the productivity of plants.

scholarly journals Root Distribution Patterns of Nine Apple Rootstock in Two Contrasting Soil Types

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Ronald L. Perry ◽  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Profile Method ◽  
Positive Correlations

Root distribution of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on nine apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) rootstock grown in two different soil types in the 1980 NC-140 Uniform Apple Regional Rootstock Trial (Michigan and Ohio sites) was determined using the trench profile method. Based on the number of roots counted per tree, rootstock could be separated into five groups for the Marlette soil from most to least: MAC.24 > OAR1 > M.26EMLA = M.9EMLA > M.7EMLA = 0.3 = M.9 = MAC.9 > M.27EMLA. For the Canfield soil, rootstock were ranked for number of roots counted from most to least as follows: MAC.24 > OAR 1. MAC.9 = M.7EMLA > M.26EMLA = O.3 = M.9 EMLA = M.9. Root distribution pattern by depth was affected by soil type with roots fairly well distributed throughout the Marlette soil but restricted primarily above the fragipan in the Canfield soil. Two rootstock performed differently from others in adapting to soil conditions at the different sites. MAC.9 had the second lowest number of total roots/dm2 in the Marlette soil yet the second most in the Canfield soil, while the opposite was found for M.9EMLA. Regression analysis demonstrated positive correlations between number of roots counted and vigor and yield of the scion.

Preparation of cross-sectional samples for near-surface TEM studies

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
R.C. Dickenson ◽  
K.R. Lawless
Keyword(s):  
Standard Sample ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Sample Holder ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Cold Worked

In thermal oxidation studies, the structure of the oxide-metal interface and the near-surface region is of great importance. A technique has been developed for constructing cross-sectional samples of oxidized aluminum alloys, which reveal these regions. The specimen preparation procedure is as follows: An ultra-sonic drill is used to cut a 3mm diameter disc from a 1.0mm thick sheet of the material. The disc is mounted on a brass block with low-melting wax, and a 1.0mm hole is drilled in the disc using a #60 drill bit. The drill is positioned so that the edge of the hole is tangent to the center of the disc (Fig. 1) . The disc is removed from the mount and cleaned with acetone to remove any traces of wax. To remove the cold-worked layer from the surface of the hole, the disc is placed in a standard sample holder for a Tenupol electropolisher so that the hole is in the center of the area to be polished.

Comparison of Ion-Milling Techniques For Cross-Sectional TEM of Semiconductors

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Julia T. Luck ◽  
C. W. Boggs ◽  
S. J. Pennycook
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thin Region ◽  
Transient Thermal

The use of cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) has become invaluable for the characterization of the near-surface regions of semiconductors following ion-implantation and/or transient thermal processing. A fast and reliable technique is required which produces a large thin region while preserving the original sample surface. New analytical techniques, particularly the direct imaging of dopant distributions, also require good thickness uniformity. Two methods of ion milling are commonly used, and are compared below. The older method involves milling with a single gun from each side in turn, whereas a newer method uses two guns to mill from both sides simultaneously.

General Cluster Sorption Isotherm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Buttersack
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Capillary Condensation ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Macroporous Silica ◽  
Isotherm Equation ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Classical Thermodynamics

<p>Adsorption isotherms are an essential tool in chemical physics of surfaces. However, several approaches based on a different theoretical basis exist and for isotherms including capillary condensation existing approaches can fail. Here, a general isotherm equation is derived and applied to literature data both concerning type IV isotherms of argon and nitrogen in ordered mesoporous silica, and type II isotherms of disordered macroporous silica. The new isotherm covers the full range of partial pressure (10<sup>-6</sup> - 0.7). It relies firstly on the classical thermodynamics of cluster formation, secondly on a relationship defining the free energy during the increase of the cluster size. That equation replaces the Lennard-Jones potentials used in the classical density functional theory. The determination of surface areas is not possible by this isotherm because the cross-sectional area of a cluster is unknown. Based on the full description of type IV isotherms, most known isotherms are accessible by respective simplifications. </p>

scholarly journals Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Bozena Debska ◽  
Erika Tobiasova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Matter Quality ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

AbstractMany studies report organic carbon stabilization by clay minerals, but the effects of land use and soil type on the properties of humic acids (HAs) are missing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of land use and soil types on the characteristics of HAs, which have a considerable influence on organic matter quality. It was hypothesised that the effect of the land use on HAs properties depends on the particular size distribution. The research was performed in three ecosystems: agricultural, forest, and meadow, located in Slovakia. From each of them, the samples of 4 soil types were taken: Chernozem, Luvisol, Planosol, and Cambisol. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the properties of HAs can be modified by the land use and the scope and that the direction of changes depends on the soil type. The HAs of Chernozem and Luvisol in the agri-ecosystem were identified with a higher “degree of maturity”, as reflected by atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the meadow and forest ecosystem. However, as for the HAs of Cambisol, a higher “degree of maturity” was demonstrated for the meadow ecosystem, as compared with the HAs of the agri- and forest ecosystem. The present research has clearly identified that the content of clay is the factor determining the HAs properties. Soils with a higher content of the clay fraction contain HAs with a higher “degree of maturity”.

Assessment of sand stabilization potential of a plant-derived biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Perić ◽  
Paul A. Bartley ◽  
Lawrence Davis ◽  
Ali Ulvi Uzer ◽  
Cahit Gürer
Keyword(s):  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Dry Sand

AbstractLignin is a coproduct of biofuel and paper industries, which exhibits binding qualities when mixed with water. Lignin is an ideal candidate for a sustainable stabilization of unpaved roads. To this end, an experimental program was devised and carried out to quantify effects of lignin on compaction and early age shear strength behaviors of sand. Samples were prepared by mixing a particular type of coproduct called calcium lignosulfonate (CaL) with sand and water. Based on the extensive analyses of six series of strength tests, it was found that a normalized cohesion increased with an increasing normalized areas ratio. Normalizations were carried out by dividing the cohesion and area ratio by gravimetric CaL content whereby the area ratio was obtained by dividing the portion of the cross-sectional area occupied with lignosulfonate-water (CaL-W) paste by the total cross-sectional area. While the increase in the normalized cohesion eventually leveled out, the cohesion peaked at 6% of CaL. Thus, sand-CaL-water (S-CaL-W) mixes sustained larger shear stresses than dry sand for a range of normal stresses below the limiting normal stress. Consequently, the early age behavior indicates that adding CaL-W to sand is clearly beneficial in the near-surface applications in dry sand.

THE OASIS SOIL TYPE CHANGE AND ITS FRACTAL IN MANASI RIVER BASIN BETWEEN 1987–2006, ARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA / MANASI UPĖS BASEINO SAUSRINGOJE ŠIAURĖS VAKARŲ KINIJOJE OAZIŲ DIRVOŽEMIO TIPŲ POKYČIAI IR FRAKTALAI 1987–2006 M

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pujia Yu ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhao ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Arid Northwestern China ◽  
Type Change ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Soil Changes

During the past 20 years, great landscape changes took place in the northwest of China. Landscape change resulted in soil type transformations. This paper discusses the changes and fractal of soil types in oasis. In order to do it, the soil type maps of Manasi River Basin in 1987 and 2006 were used. 13 types of soil and 2 types of land-use were classified and analyzed in the study area. Results indicated many variations in characteristics. Firstly, all soil types underwent remarkable changes from 1987 to 2006 in the study area: the identified changed area was about 30% or 6506.33 km2. Secondly, in comparison with 1987, in 2006 2/3 of the area's soil types increased, while 1/3 decreased. Rapid expansion of Aquicambids (415.28 km2), and rapid decrease of Petrocambids (797.05 km2) and Aquisalids (415.93 km2) were the noticeable findings. Furthermore, Haplocambids obtained largest gains from other soil types, while Petrocambids lost largest area to other types. Additionally, the fractal relationship objectively existed between the perimeter and area of soil patches. The fractal dimension of Aquisalids, Petrocalcids and Ustifluvents became higher and their shapes became more complex during this period. The stability index was higher in 2006 which indicated that the spatial structure of soil type was more stable than in 1987. These chaotic and occasional changes were largely caused by human activities and natural conditions. Consequently, environmental managers should pay more attention to soil changes in the arid and semiarid region. Santrauka Per pastaruosius 20 metų šiaurės vakarų Kinijoje įvyko didelių kraštovaizdžio pokyčių, lėmusių ir dirvožemio tipų pakitimus. Remiantis 1987–2006 m. Manasi upės baseino dirvožemio žemėlapiais, aptariami dirvožemio tipų pokyčiai ir fraktalai oazėse. Pasirinktoje teritorijoje išskirta ir analizuota 13 dirvožemio tipų ir dvejopa žemėnauda. Nustatyta daug kintamųjų parametrų. Pirma, tirtõs teritorijos visų tipų dirvožemiai nuo 1987 iki 2006 m. žymiai pakito. Nustatytoji pokyčių zona apima apie 30 % teritorijos, arba 6 506,32 km2. Antra, palyginti su 1987 m., 2006 m. 10 dirvožemio tipų teritorija padidėjo, o 5 tipų sumažėjo. Sparčiai padidėjo Aquicambids (415,28 km2), sparčiai sumažėjo Petrocambids (797,05 km2) ir Aquisalids (415,93 km2), pokyčiai buvo žymūs. Iš visų kitų pakitusių dirvožemių tipų Haplocambids plotai padidėjo daugiausia, o labiausiai, palyginti su kitais, sumažėjo Petrocambids plotai. Be to, pastebėta, kad tarp dirvožemio teritorijos plotų ir perimetrų objektyviai egzistuoja fraktalinės sąsajos. Fraktalinės dimensijos Aquisalids, Petrocalcids ir Ustifluvents per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo, o jų formos tapo sudėtingesnės. Stabilumo indeksas 2006 m. buvo didesnis. Tai rodė, kad erdvinė dirvožemio struktūra mažai pakito, tapo stabilesnė, palyginti nei buvo 1987 m. Šiuos atsitiktinius pokyčius iš esmės lėmė žmogaus veikla ir gamtinės sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad sausojo ar pusiau sauso klimato regionuose kraštotvarkos vykdytojai dirvožemio pokyčiams turėtų skirti daugiau dėmesio.

scholarly journals High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy of Metallic Film/Laser-Irradiated Alumina Couples.

1994 ◽  
Vol 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Pedraza ◽  
Siqi Cao ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. H. Lowndes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Copper Film ◽  
Interfacial Structure ◽  
Diffuse Interface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polycrystalline Alumina ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractA near-surface thin layer is melted when single crystal alumina (sapphire) is pulsed laserirradiated in an Ar-4%H2 atmosphere. γ-alumina grows epitaxially from the (0001) face of axalumina (sapphire) during the rapid solidification of this layer that occurs once the laser pulse is over. Cross sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals that the interface between unmelted sapphire and γ-alumina is atomistically flat with steps of one to a few close-packed oxygen layers; however, pronounced lattice distortions exist in the resolidified γ-alumina. HRTEM also is used to study the metal-ceramic interface of a copper film deposited on a laser-irradiated alumina substrate. The observed changes of the interfacial structure relative to that of unexposed substrates are correlated with the strong enhancement of film-substrate bonding promoted by laser irradiation. HRTEM shows that a thin amorphous film is produced after irradiation of 99.6% polycrystalline alumina. Formation of a diffuse interface and atomic rearrangements that can take place in metastable phases contribute to enhance the bonding strength of copper to laser-irradiated alumina.

scholarly journals Determinants of safe delivery utilization among Indonesian women in eastern part of Indonesia

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Ferry Efendi ◽  
Susy Katikana Sebayang ◽  
Erni Astutik ◽  
Setho Hadisuyatmana ◽  
Eka Mishbahatul Mar'ah Has ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Chi Squared

Background: Improving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality are part of the United Nations global Sustainable Development Goals for 2030. Ensuring every woman’s right to safe delivery is critical for reducing the maternal mortality rate. Our study aimed to identify determinants of safe delivery utilization among women in the eastern Indonesia. Methods: This study was cross-sectional and used a secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A total of 2,162 women who had their last child in the five years preceding the survey and lived in the eastern part of Indonesia were selected as the respondents. Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression were used to understand the determinants of safe delivery. Results: Higher child rank and interval ≤2 years (OR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19-0.47), unwanted pregnancy at time of becoming pregnant (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.05-2.08), richest wealth quintile (OR: 5.59, 95% CI: 3.37-9.30), more than four antenatal care visits (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 2.73-4.79), rural residence, good composite labor force participation, and a good attitude towards domestic violence were found to be significantly associated with delivery at health facility. Higher child rank and interval ≤2 years (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.83), husband/partner having completed secondary or higher education (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.48-3.22), being in the richest wealth quintile, and four other factors were found to be significantly associated with the assistance of skilled birth attendants. Conclusions: This research extends our knowledge on the determinants of safe delivery among women in the eastern part of Indonesia. This study revealed that the economic status of household remains an important issue in improving safe delivery among women in eastern part of Indonesia. An open innovation and partnership process to improve safe delivery program that engages the full range of stakeholders should be developed based on economic situation.

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