scholarly journals A home is more than a roof over your head: Post-prison reintegration challenges in Austria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Doris Schartmueller
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Perceived Stigma ◽  
Immigration Status ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
Stable Housing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Individual Needs

Life after prison can pose challenges for the formerly incarcerated, their families, and wider communities. This research studies Austria where probation services are either mandated by the court or sought voluntarily after prison. Through semi-structured interviews with formerly incarcerated individuals, reintegration experiences from their perspectives are examined. The narratives emphasized social factors that either assuage or complicate life after prison. The main factors addressed were stable housing, the maintaining and (re)building of relationships, and employment. Overall, a lack of stable housing appeared to complicate life after prison the most and also negatively affected relationships and employment. For some, life after prison was further exacerbated by immigration status and a perceived stigma related to the nature of one’s convictions. This study shows the importance of working towards a better understanding of the social context individuals are released into after prison to better meet their individual needs and to counteract recidivism.

Caregivers' perspectives on the pre-diagnostic period in early onset dementia: a long and winding road

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deliane van Vliet ◽  
Marjolein E. de Vugt ◽  
Christian Bakker ◽  
Raymond T. C. M. Koopmans ◽  
Yolande A. L. Pijnenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Early Onset Dementia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Constant Comparative Analysis ◽  
Financial Issues

ABSTRACTBackground: Recognizing and diagnosing early onset dementia (EOD) can be complex and often takes longer than for late onset dementia. The objectives of this study are to investigate the barriers to diagnosis and to develop a typology of the diagnosis pathway for EOD caregivers.Methods: Semi-structured interviews with 92 EOD caregivers were analyzed using constant comparative analysis and grounded theory. A conceptual model was formed based on 21 interviews and tested in 29 additional transcripts. The identified categories were quantified in the whole sample.Results: Seven themes emerged: (1) changes in the family member, (2) disrupted family life, (3) misattribution, (4) denial and refusal to seek advice, (5) lack of confirmation from social context, (6) non-responsiveness of a general practitioner (GP), and (7) misdiagnosis. Cognitive and behavioral changes in the person with EOD were common and difficult to understand for caregivers. Marital difficulties, problems with children and work/financial issues were important topics. Confirmation of family members and being aware of problems at work were important for caregivers to notice deficits and/or seek help. Other main issues were a patient's refusal to seek help resulting from denial and inadequate help resulting from misdiagnosis.Conclusion: EOD caregivers experience a long and difficult period before diagnosis. We hypothesize that denial, refusal to seek help, misattribution of symptoms, lack of confirmation from the social context, professionals’ inadequate help and faulty diagnoses prolong the time before diagnosis. These findings underline the need for faster and more adequate help from health-care professionals and provide issues to focus on when supporting caregivers of people with EOD.

scholarly journals Female-Owned Innovative Startups in Italy: Status Quo and Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Paoloni ◽  
Giuseppe Modaffari
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Main Factors

The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the current literature of this business phenomenon with regard to gender studies and to point out what is substantially happening and what has happened in the Italian economic context. The main research questions were RQ1: How is the phenomenon of female Startups treated from a scientific point of view? RQ2: Which is the Italian situation of this phenomenon? The methodology used is both qualitative and explorative. A bidirectional analysis has been carried out for this purpose. In order to expand the first research question (RQ1), an analysis was carried out of the articles in the EBSCO database on the topic of female startups. In order to expand the second question (RQ2), an analysis was carried out on the data concerning the phenomenon of female startups, using the register of companies held at the Chambers of Commerce which were territorially competent. Our research, carried out within the Italian economic context, demonstrates how the phenomenon of Woman Startups (WSU), even if it is widely expanding, is inherent in all the typical elements of female entrepreneurship, as reported in the literature by gender scholars. The main factors that emerge for the WSU are the small size and the undercapitalization in the startup phase. This work contributes to the expansion of studies on the topic of startups in the context of gender and can be useful to the social context, new entrepreneurs, and practitioners of the sector.

scholarly journals Perception Fishermen Community about the Importance of 12 Years of Formal Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Bayu Indra Permana ◽  
Agus Mursidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Community Perceptions ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
School Students ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
The Social

This study aims to determine how people's perceptions fishermen about the importance of 12 years formal education and how the implications of the fishing community's perception of the importance of 12 years formal education. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling and snowball sampling and the data collection techniques used are documentation, semi-structured interviews and observation. Field data findings show that the fishing community in Kedungrejo Village is a heterogeneous, consumptive community and based on interviews found that community perceptions about the importance of 12 years of formal education are as a provision for diplomas to look for work as land laborers. The meaning of 12 years of formal education in the form of maturity has not yet been felt by the community from the number due to environmental and social factors which are seen from the number of 2292 elementary school students who continue to the first level only 30% ie 308 who reached the top education level. so the 12-year formal education function that has a role to develop the community's potential is indisputable because of the social stratum between the skipper fisherman and the fisherman laborers. It is here that the important function of 12 years formal education is completely collided with the perception of the fishing community in Kedungrejo Village, Muncar District.

Cognition On Tap

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
James Steinhoff
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
The Social ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Algorithmic Bias ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Do So

Abstract The thriving contemporary form of artificial intelligence (AI) called machine learning is often represented sensationally in popular media as a semi-mystical technology. Machine learning systems are frequently ascribed anthropomorphic capacities for learning, emoting and reasoning which, it is suggested, might lead to the alleviation of humanity’s woes. One critical reaction to such sensational proclamations has been to focus on the mundane reality of contemporary machine learning as mere inductive prediction based on statistical generalizations, albeit with surprisingly powerful abilities (Pasquinelli 2017). While the deflationist reaction is a necessary reply to sensationalist agitation, adequate comprehension of modern AI cannot be achieved while neglecting its material and social context. One does not have to subscribe wholeheartedly to the social construction of technology thesis1 to allow that the development and evolution of technologies are influenced by social factors. For AI, the most important aspect of the current social context is arguably capital, which increasingly dominates AI research and production. One former computer science professor describes a “giant sucking sound of [AI] academics going into industry” (Metz 2017). This paper introduces capital’s theory of AI as utility and initiates a discussion on its social consequences. First, I discuss utilities and their infrastructures and introduce a few critical thoughts on the topic. Second, I situate modern AI by way of a brief history. Third, I detail capital’s view of AI as a utility and the technical details underpinning it. Fourth, I sketch how AI as a utility frames a social problematic beyond the important issues of algorithmic bias and the automation of work. I do so by extrapolating from one consequence of AI as a utility which multiple capitalist firms predict: the curation of human subjectivities.

scholarly journals The meal as a performance: food and meal practices beyond health and nutrition

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA NYBERG ◽  
VIKTORIA OLSSON ◽  
GERD ÖRTMAN ◽  
ZADA PAJALIC ◽  
HÅKAN S. ANDERSSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
New Challenges

ABSTRACTThe proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing, presenting a number of new challenges in society. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how elderly persons with motoric eating difficulties perceive and perform their food and meal practices in everyday life. By using Goffman's concept of performance as a theoretical framework together with Bourdieu's thinking on habitus, a deeper understanding of food and meal practices is obtained. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 elderly people (aged between 67 and 87 years) and meal observations were carried out with 11 of these people. Participants were found to manage food and meal practices by continuously adjusting and adapting to the new conditions arising as a result of eating difficulties. This was displayed by conscious planning of what to eat and when, avoiding certain foods and beverages, using simple eating aids, but also withdrawing socially during the meals. All these adjustments were important in order to be able to demonstrate proper food and meal behaviour, to maintain the façade and to act according to the perceived norms. As well as being a pleasurable event, food and meals were also perceived in terms of being important for maintaining health and as ‘fuel’ where the main purpose is to sustain life. This was strongly connected to the social context and the ability to enjoy food and meals with family members and friends, which appeared to be particularly crucial due to the impending risk of failing the meal performance.

It’s complicated: Sex and the BDSM subculture

Sexualities ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 136346072096130
Author(s):  
Julie Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Drawing from extensive insider ethnographic work and an internet survey with a convenience sample of 1642 BDSM practitioners, I show that the social context of the BDSM subculture has a profound impact on pansexual BDSM practitioners’ interpretation of the relationship between BDSM and sex. Greater involvement in the public BDSM subculture and participation in feminine Dominance/masculine submission are both strongly associated with less preference for and experience of sexual BDSM. Greater involvement in the BDSM subculture increases participants’ likelihood of viewing their sexuality in terms of BDSM but decreases their likelihood of viewing BDSM in sexual terms. BDSM practitioners who meet new BDSM partners in BDSM subcultural contexts, even ones where sex is allowed, are much less likely to have sex with their partners than practitioners who met anywhere else. I argue that research should focus more on the social factors that influence participants’ experience and interpretation of BDSM, particularly on the influence of the BDSM subculture, and that theorists should think more broadly about the social determinants of “sex” and “sexual experience.”

scholarly journals “Clinician Knows Best”? Injustices in the Medicalization of Mental Illness

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

This paper uses a non-ideal theory approach advocated for by Alison Jaggar to show that practices involved with the medicalization of serious mental disorders can subject people who have these disorders to a cycle of vulnerability that keeps them trapped within systems of injustice. When medicalization locates mental disorders solely as problems of individual biology, without regard to social factors, and when it treats mental disorders as personal defects, it perpetuates injustice in several ways: by enabling biased diagnoses through stereotyping, by exploiting and coercing people who are seen as insufficiently competent, and by perpetuating idealized conceptions of choice and control that do not take into account people’s real limitations and the social context of health. Through practices of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery, medicalization can perpetuate injustices toward people who have serious mental disorders.

Sustainability Indicators for Concrete Formwork System

2014 ◽  
Vol 525 ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Mohammed Taher Ahmed ◽  
Rozana Zakaria ◽  
Rosli Mohamad Zin ◽  
Rania Hussien Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Sustainability Performance ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Factors

As the premier construction material across the world, concrete has a major determining role on the effects, good or bad, of construction on the environment, meanwhile the formwork system is one of the important construction methods in building construction, which eventually will lead to more sustainable construction. This study is about the sustainability elements that respond to formwork system and their contribution to the main factors of sustainability using questionnaire survey distributed among construction experts. The economic factor had the most contribution to sustainability performance of formwork system; the environmental factors come second and at final come the social factors. Furthermore, the economic factor had seven elements effect formwork system performance and the environmental factor include six elements while social factor had only three elements.

Pathways to Agricultural Skill Development in the Indian Himalayas

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-292
Author(s):  
Trent Brown
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Indian Himalayas

Policymakers and practitioners in the field of skill development often carry individualist and narrowly instrumental understandings of the reasons people enrol in their programmes. This article argues that people in the Global South seek to develop skills for a range of reasons, many of which are strongly influenced by their social environment and factors outside of their control. It presents the findings of a study involving surveys and semi-structured interviews with 53 trainees enrolled in agricultural skill development programmes in the state of Himachal Pradesh in the Indian Himalayas. Trainees’ responses were analysed to determine common ‘pathways’ to agricultural skill development programmes. Seven major pathways were identified: supporting one’s family; adopting commercial approaches to agriculture; managing a transition to agriculture after working in other sectors; gaining new knowledge; contributing to society; working from home; and developing a fallback option while seeking other work. These pathways were highly inflected by gender, age and caste. It is suggested that agricultural skill development practitioners will benefit from working with these pathways rather than assuming trainees carry more economistic motivations, but also from being critically aware of how the social factors that impinge on trainees’ pathways are influenced by local power structures.

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