scholarly journals Enhancement of plant cold tolerance by soybean RCC1 family gene GmTCF1a

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanghui Dong ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Hongtao Ji
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Soybean Plants

Abstract Background Low temperature severely limits the growth, yield, and geographic distributions of soybean. Soybean plants respond to cold stress by reprogramming the expression of a series of cold-responsive genes. However, the intrinsic mechanism underlying cold-stress tolerance in soybean remains unclear. A. thaliana tolerant to chilling and freezing 1 (AtTCF1) is a regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) family protein and regulates freezing tolerance through an independent C-repeat binding transcription factor (CBF) signaling pathway. Results In this study, we identified a homologous gene of AtTCF1 in soybean (named GmTCF1a), which mediates plant tolerance to low temperature. Like AtTCF1, GmTCF1a contains five RCC1 domains and is located in the nucleus. GmTCF1a is strongly and specifically induced by cold stress. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of GmTCF1a in Arabidopsis greatly increased plant survival rate and decreased electrolyte leakage under freezing stress. A cold-responsive gene, COR15a, was highly induced in the GmTCF1a-overexpressing transgenic lines. Conclusions GmTCF1a responded specifically to cold stress, and ectopic expression of GmTCF1a enhanced cold tolerance and upregulated COR15a levels. These results indicate that GmTCF1a positively regulates cold tolerance in soybean and may provide novel insights into genetic improvement of cold tolerance in crops.

GRAS-domain transcription factor PAT1 regulates jasmonic acid biosynthesis in grape cold stress response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemin Wang ◽  
Darren Chern Jan Wong ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Guangzhao Xu ◽  
Chong Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Mobility Shift

Abstract Cultivated grapevine (Vitis) is a highly valued horticultural crop, and cold stress affects its growth and productivity. Wild Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) PAT1 (Phytochrome A signal transduction 1, VaPAT1) is induced by low temperature, and ectopic expression of VaPAT1 enhances cold tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of VaPAT1 during the cold stress response in grapevine. Here, we confirmed the overexpression of VaPAT1 in transformed grape calli enhanced cold tolerance. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays highlighted an interaction between VaPAT1 with INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN 3 (VaIDD3). A role of VaIDD3 in cold tolerance was also indicated. Transcriptome analysis revealed VaPAT1 and VaIDD3 overexpression and cold treatment coordinately modulate the expression of stress-related genes including lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), a gene encoding a key jasmonate biosynthesis enzyme. Co-expression network analysis indicated LOX3 might be a downstream target of VaPAT1. Both electrophoretic mobility shift and dual luciferase reporter assays showed the VaPAT1-IDD3 complex binds to the IDD-box (AGACAAA) in the VaLOX3 promoter to activate its expression. Overexpression of both VaPAT1 and VaIDD3 increased the transcription of VaLOX3 and JA levels in transgenic grape calli. Conversely, VaPAT1-SRDX (dominant repression) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of PAT1-ED causing the loss of the C-terminus in grape calli dramatically prohibited the accumulation of VaLOX3 and JA levels during cold treatment. Together, these findings point to a pivotal role of VaPAT1 in the cold stress response in grape by regulating JA biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of the NAC Transcription Factor Gene Family Reveals Differential Expression Patterns and Cold-Stress Responses in the Woody Plant Prunus mume

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Zhuo ◽  
Tangchun Zheng ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Liangbao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Freezing Resistance

NAC transcription factors (TFs) participate in multiple biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stress responses, signal transduction and development. Cold stress can adversely impact plant growth and development, thereby limiting agricultural productivity. Prunus mume, an excellent horticultural crop, is widely cultivated in Asian countries. Its flower can tolerate freezing-stress in the early spring. To investigate the putative NAC genes responsible for cold-stress, we identified and analyzed 113 high-confidence PmNAC genes and characterized them by bioinformatics tools and expression profiles. These PmNACs were clustered into 14 sub-families and distributed on eight chromosomes and scaffolds, with the highest number located on chromosome 3. Duplicated events resulted in a large gene family; 15 and 8 pairs of PmNACs were the result of tandem and segmental duplicates, respectively. Moreover, three membrane-bound proteins (PmNAC59/66/73) and three miRNA-targeted genes (PmNAC40/41/83) were identified. Most PmNAC genes presented tissue-specific and time-specific expression patterns. Sixteen PmNACs (PmNAC11/19/20/23/41/48/58/74/75/76/78/79/85/86/103/111) exhibited down-regulation during flower bud opening and are, therefore, putative candidates for dormancy and cold-tolerance. Seventeen genes (PmNAC11/12/17/21/29/42/30/48/59/66/73/75/85/86/93/99/111) were highly expressed in stem during winter and are putative candidates for freezing resistance. The cold-stress response pattern of 15 putative PmNACs was observed under 4 °C at different treatment times. The expression of 10 genes (PmNAC11/20/23/40/42/48/57/60/66/86) was upregulated, while 5 genes (PmNAC59/61/82/85/107) were significantly inhibited. The putative candidates, thus identified, have the potential for breeding the cold-tolerant horticultural plants. This study increases our understanding of functions of the NAC gene family in cold tolerance, thereby potentially intensifying the molecular breeding programs of woody plants.

scholarly journals Identification of cold stress responsive microRNAs in cold tolerant and susceptible Hemerocallis fulva by high throughput sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changbing Huang ◽  
Chun Jiang ◽  
limin Jin ◽  
Huanchao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Cold Tolerant

Abstract Background:Hemerocallis fulva is a perennial herb belonging to Hemerocallis of Hemerocallis. Because of the large and bright colors, it is often used as a garden ornamental plant. But most varieties of H. fulva on the market will wither in winter, which will affect their beauty. It is very important to study the effect of low temperature stress on the physiological indexes of H. fulva and understand the cold tolerance of different H. fulva. MiRNA is a kind of endogenous non coding small molecular RNA with length of 21-24nt. It mainly inhibits protein translation by cutting target genes, and plays an important role in the development of organisms, gene expression and biological stress. Low temperature is the main abiotic stress affecting the production of H. fulva in China, which hinders the growth and development of plants. A comprehensive understanding of the expression pattern of microRNA in H. fulva under low temperature stress can improve our understanding of microRNA mediated stress response. Although there are many studies on miRNAs of various plants under cold stress at home and abroad, there are few studies on miRNAs related to cold stress of H. fulva. It is of great significance to explore the cold stress resistant gene resources of H. fulva, especially the identification and functional research of miRNA closely related to cold stress, for the breeding of excellent H. fulva.Results A total of 5619 cold-responsive miRNAs, 315 putative novel and 5 304 conserved miRNAs, were identified from the leaves and roots of two different varieties ‘Jinyan’ (cold-tolerant) and ‘Lucretius ’ (cold-sensitive), which were stressed under -4 oC for 24 h. Twelve conserved and three novel miRNAs (novel-miR10, novel-miR19 and novel-miR48) were differentially expressed in leaves of ‘Jinyan’ under cold stress. Novel-miR19, novel-miR29 and novel-miR30 were up-regulated in roots of ‘Jinyan’ under cold stress. Thirteen and two conserved miRNAs were deferentially expressed in leaves and roots of ‘Lucretius’ after cold stress. The deferentially expressed miRNAs between two cultivars under cold stress include novel miRNAs and the members of the miR156, miR166 and miR319 families. A total of 6 598 target genes for 6 516 known miRNAs and 82 novel miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatic analysis, mainly involved in metabolic processes and stress responses. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs and predicted target genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR(q-PCR), and the expressional changes of target genes were negatively correlated to differentially expressed miRNAs. Our data indicated that some candidate miRNAs (e.g., miR156a-3-p, miR319a, and novel-miR19) may play important roles in plant response to cold stress.Conclusions Our study indicates that some putative target genes and miRNA mediated metabolic processes and stress responses are significant to cold tolerance in H. fulva.

scholarly journals Different Responses of Cytoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Hsp90 Genes from Eogystia hippophaecola (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) to Cold Stress

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1039
Author(s):  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Jing Tao ◽  
Yurong Li ◽  
Yabei Xu ◽  
Xinhai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
Open Reading Frames

Eogystia hippophaecola Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is an important borer pest of the sea buckthorn forest (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in China. Its larvae, which are highly cold tolerant, mainly overwinter in sea buckthorn roots. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important molecular chaperones that have been linked to cold tolerance in insects. In this study, we cloned the open reading frames (ORFs) of two Hsp90 genes from E. hippophaecola, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2, and analyzed their expression under cold stress by qRT-PCR. EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 are 2154 and 2346 bp in length, respectively, encoding 717 and 781 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the conserved signature sequences of the Hsp90 family and the C-terminus characteristic sequence of cytoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the amino acid sequences of EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 were very similar to the corresponding proteins from Lepidoptera. Under various low-temperature treatments lasting 2 h, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 exhibited similar expression patterns, increasing first and then decreasing. At −5 °C, EhHsp90-1 was significantly up-regulated after 12 h, whereas EhHsp90-2 was up-regulated after just 1 h and reached its highest level at 2 h; however, the overall degree of upregulation was greater for EhHsp90-1. Subsequently, the expression level of EhHsp90-2 fluctuated with time. Our results suggest that the two Hsp90s play important roles in E. hippophaecola larvae response to cold stress, but that their response times and the magnitudes of their responses to low-temperature stress differed significantly, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance in E. hippophaecola larvae.

Association of qLTG3-1 with germination stage cold tolerance in diverse rice germplasm from the Indian subcontinent

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Challam ◽  
Gayle Alisha Kharshing ◽  
Julia S. Yumnam ◽  
Mayank Rai ◽  
Wricha Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Rice Germplasm ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Low temperature is a major constraint for crop productivity. To cope with this challenge, plants have developed several mechanisms to adapt to low temperature. Developing breeding strategies to enhance cold stress tolerance in crops requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants perceive and transmit cold stress-related signals to their cellular machinery, thereby activating adaptive responses. Only one quantitative trait locus for tolerance to low-temperature germination, qLTG3-1, has been narrowed down to the gene level in rice. A 71 bp indel that can be used to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible parents has been identified. We tested the 71 bp indel on 65 diverse rice genotypes including those adapted to colder climates of North and Northeastern India to find evidence of the tolerant allele (insertion) and to see whether it is associated with low-temperature germinability in these genotypes. Our results show that 48% of the rice genotypes tested carried the tolerant allele. The insertion was found to be significantly associated with cold tolerance during germination. Moreover, several landraces/improved varieties known for their superior performance in other abiotic stress conditions such as drought and high salinity conditions, and which were previously never exposed to low temperature, carry the beneficial allele for qLTG3-1, suggesting an additional role of this allele in adverse climatic conditions. This study enhances current understanding of the distribution of the tolerant allele qLTG3-1 in rice germplasm, which could help in the identification of suitable donors for potential marker-assisted breeding programmes.

scholarly journals The Methylation Patterns and Transcriptional Responses to Chilling Stress at the Seedling Stage in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Tingkai Wu ◽  
Shuxing Li ◽  
Qiang He ◽  
Zhanlie Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Cold Tolerant

Chilling stress is considered the major abiotic stress affecting the growth, development, and yield of rice. To understand the transcriptomic responses and methylation regulation of rice in response to chilling stress, we analyzed a cold-tolerant variety of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. P427). The physiological properties, transcriptome, and methylation of cold-tolerant P427 seedlings under low-temperature stress (2–3 °C) were investigated. We found that P427 exhibited enhanced tolerance to low temperature, likely via increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and promoting the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA). The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq) data showed that the number of methylation-altered genes was highest in P427 (5496) and slightly lower in Nipponbare (Nip) and 9311 (4528 and 3341, respectively), and only 2.7% (292) of methylation genes were detected as common differentially methylated genes (DMGs) related to cold tolerance in the three varieties. Transcriptome analyses revealed that 1654 genes had specifically altered expression in P427 under cold stress. These genes mainly belonged to transcription factor families, such as Myeloblastosis (MYB), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (AP2-EREBP), NAM-ATAF-CUC (NAC) and WRKY. Fifty-one genes showed simultaneous methylation and expression level changes. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that genes involved in the ICE (inducer of CBF expression)-CBF (C-repeat binding factor)—COR (cold-regulated) pathway were highly expressed under cold stress, including the WRKY genes. The homologous gene Os03g0610900 of the open stomatal 1 (OST1) in rice was obtained by evolutionary tree analysis. Methylation in Os03g0610900 gene promoter region decreased, and the expression level of Os03g0610900 increased, suggesting that cold stress may lead to demethylation and increased gene expression of Os03g0610900. The ICE-CBF-COR pathway plays a vital role in the cold tolerance of the rice cultivar P427. Overall, this study demonstrates the differences in methylation and gene expression levels of P427 in response to low-temperature stress, providing a foundation for further investigations of the relationship between environmental stress, DNA methylation, and gene expression in rice.

Gene-Coexpression Network Analysis Identifies Specific Modules and Hub Genes Related to Cold Stress in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhichi Zeng ◽  
Sichen Zhang ◽  
Wenyan Li ◽  
Baoshan Chen ◽  
Wenlan Li
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Background: When plants are subjected to cold stress, they undergo a series of molecular and physiological changes to protect themselves from injury. Indica cultivars can usually withstand only mild cold stress in a relatively short period. Hormone-mediated defence response plays an important role in cold stress. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is a very useful tool for studying the correlation between genes, identifying modules with high phenotype correlation, and identifying Hub genes in different modules. Many studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in different plants, but little information about the recovery process after cold stress is available.Results: To understand the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance in rice, we performed comprehensive transcriptome analyses during cold treatment and recovery stage in two cultivars of near-isogenic lines (9311 and DC907). Twelve transcriptomes in two rice cultivars were determined. A total of 2509 new genes were predicted by fragment splicing and assembly, and 7506 differentially expressed genes were identified by pairwise comparison. A total of 26 modules were obtained by expression-network analysis, 12 of which were highly correlated with cold stress or recovery treatment. We further identified candidate Hub genes associated with specific modules and analysed their regulatory relationships based on coexpression data. Results showed that various plant-hormone regulatory genes acted together to protect plants from physiological damage under short-term low-temperature stress. We speculated that this may be common in rice. Under long-term cold stress, rice improved the tolerance to low-temperature stress by promoting autophagy, sugar synthesis, and metabolism.Conclusion: Through WGCNA analysis at the transcriptome level, we provided a potential regulatory mechanism for the cold stress and recovery of rice cultivars and identified candidate central genes. Our findings provided an important reference for the future cultivation of rice strains with good tolerance.

scholarly journals SiFBA5, a cold-responsive factor from Saussurea involucrate promotes cold resilience and biomass increase in transgenic tomato plants under cold stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Mu ◽  
Yajuan Fu ◽  
Bucang Liu ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Aiying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Abstract Background Saussurea involucrate survives in extreme arctic conditions with strong cold resistant ability. The species occurs in rocky, mountainous habitats at elevations of approximately 2400-4100m with year-round snowfall and freezing temperatures providing a magnificent model and abundant gene pool for dissecting plant stress responses. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase (FBA) mediates the reverse conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glycerol triphosphate (GAP) during glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, which is the key enzyme in this reaction. Saussurea involucrate can survive in extremely low temperature environment, which shows that it has extremely high photosynthesis efficiency. Significantly, the underlying mechanism of its cold tolerance is yet to be unveiled. Therefore, our work aims to explore potential molecular mechanisms. Results In this study, we identified a cold-responsive gene SiFBA5 that based on a preliminary low-temperature genome-wide transcriptional profiling in S. involucrata. Expression analysis showed that cold temperature rapidly induced transcriptional expression of SiFBA5, suggesting that SiFBA5 participates in initial stress responses. Subcellular localization showed that SiFBA5 is localized to the chloroplast. We then generated transgenic tomato plants overexpressing SiFBA5 derived by a CaMV 35S promoter. Phenotypic observation suggested that the transgenic overexpress plants displayed increased cold tolerance, photosynthesis efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrated that SiFBA5 positively regulates plant response to cold stress, making it a promising candidate for improving cold tolerance in crops.

scholarly journals SiFBA5, a cold-responsive factor from Saussurea involucrata promotes cold resilience and biomass increase in transgenic tomato plants under cold stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Mu ◽  
Yajuan Fu ◽  
Bucang Liu ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Aiying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Saussurea Involucrata ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants

Abstract Background Saussurea involucrata survives in extreme arctic conditions and is very cold-resistant. This species grows in rocky, mountainous areas with elevations of 2400–4100 m, which are snow-covered year-round and are subject to freezing temperatures. S. involucrata’s ability to survive in an extreme low-temperature environment suggests that it has particularly high photosynthetic efficiency, providing a magnificent model, and rich gene pool, for the analysis of plant cold stress response. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a key enzyme in the photosynthesis process and also mediates the conversion of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (FBP) into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glycerol triphosphate (GAP) during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying S. involucrata’s cold tolerance are still unclear; therefore, our work aims to investigate the role of FBA in plant cold-stress response. Results In this study, we identified a cold-responsive gene, SiFBA5, based on a preliminary low-temperature, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of S. involucrata. Expression analysis indicated that cold temperatures rapidly induced transcriptional expression of SiFBA5, suggesting that SiFBA5 participates in the initial stress response. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that SiFBA5 is localized to the chloroplast. Transgenic tomato plants that overexpressed SiFBA5 were generated using a CaMV 35S promoter. Phenotypic observation suggested that the transgenic plants displayed increased cold tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency in comparison with wild-type plants. Conclusion Cold stress has a detrimental impact on crop yield. Our results demonstrated that SiFBA5 positively regulates plant response to cold stress, which is of great significance for increasing crop yield under cold stress conditions.

scholarly journals Cold Stress in Wheat: Plant Acclimation Responses and Management Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad A. Hassan ◽  
Chen Xiang ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
Zhang Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

Unpredicted variability in temperature is associated with frequent extreme low-temperature events. Wheat is a leading crop in fulfilling global food requirements. Climate-driven temperature extremes influence the vegetative and reproductive growth of wheat, followed by a decrease in yield. This review describes how low temperature induces a series of modifications in the morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular makeup of wheat and how it is perceived. To cope with these modifications, crop plants turn on their cold-tolerance mechanisms, characterized by accumulating soluble carbohydrates, signaling molecules, and cold tolerance gene expressions. The review also discusses the integrated management approaches to enhance the performance of wheat plants against cold stress. In this review, we propose strategies for improving the adaptive capacity of wheat besides alleviating risks of cold anticipated with climate change.

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