Identification of genes related to tipburn resistance in Chinese cabbage and preliminary exploration of its molecular mechanism

Abstract Background Tipburn, also known as leaf tip necrosis, is a severe issue in Chinese cabbage production. One known cause is that plants are unable to provide adequate Ca2+ to rapidly expanding leaves. Bacterial infection is also a contributing factor. Different cultivars have varying degrees of tolerance to tipburn. Two inbred lines of Chinese cabbage were employed as resources in this research. Results We determined that the inbred line ‘J39290’ was the tipburn resistant material and the inbred line ‘J95822’ was the tipburn sensitive material based on the severity of tipburn, and the integrity of cell membrane structure. Ca2+ concentration measurements revealed no significant difference in Ca2+ concentration between the two materials inner leaves. Transcriptome sequencing technology was also used to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ‘J95822’ and ‘J39290’, and there was no significant difference in the previously reported Ca2+ uptake and transport related genes in the two materials. However, it is evident through DEG screening and classification that 23 genes are highly linked to plant-pathogen interactions, and they encode three different types of proteins: CaM/CML, Rboh, and CDPK. These 23 genes mainly function through Ca2+-CaM/CML-CDPK signal pathway based on KEGG pathway analysis, protein interaction prediction, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of key genes. Conclusions By analyzing the Ca2+ concentration in the above two materials, the transcription of previously reported genes related to Ca2+ uptake and transport, the functional annotation and KEGG pathway of DEGs, it was found that Ca2+ deficiency was not the main cause of tipburn in ‘J95822’, but was probably caused by bacterial infection. This study lays a theoretical foundation for exploring the molecular mechanism of resistance to tipburn in Chinese cabbage, and has important guiding significance for genetics and breeding.

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Molecular mechanism underlying the hypolipidemic effect of Shanmei Capsule based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Technology and Health Care ◽

10.3233/thc-218023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 239-256

Author(s):

Qian Wang ◽

Lijing Du ◽

Jiana Hong ◽

Zhenlin Chen ◽

Huijian Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Docking ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Kegg Pathway ◽

Network Pharmacology ◽

Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Hypolipidemic Effect ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Pathway Enrichment

BACKGROUND: Shanmei Capsule is a famous preparation in China. However, the related mechanism of Shanmei Capsule against hyperlipidemia has yet to be revealed. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate underlying mechanism of Shanmei Capsule against hyperlipidemia through network pharmacology approach and molecular docking. METHODS: Active ingredients, targets of Shanmei Capsule as well as targets for hyperlipidemia were screened based on database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were performed via Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 6.8 database. Ingredient-target-disease-pathway network was visualized utilizing Cytoscape software and molecular docking was performed by Autodock Vina. RESULTS: Seventeen active ingredients in Shanmei Capsule were screened out with a closely connection with 34 hyperlipidemia-related targets. GO analysis revealed 40 biological processes, 5 cellular components and 29 molecular functions. A total of 15 signal pathways were enriched by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The docking results indicated that the binding activities of key ingredients for PPAR-α are equivalent to that of the positive drug lifibrate. CONCLUSIONS: The possible molecular mechanism mainly involved PPAR signaling pathway, Bile secretion and TNF signaling pathway via acting on MAPK8, PPARγ, MMP9, PPARα, FABP4 and NOS2 targets.

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Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

BMC Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12890-021-01756-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang Li ◽

Lanfang Min ◽

Xin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

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Donor Inflammatory Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Early Bacterial Infection After Unrelated Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.1159.1159 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 1159-1159

Author(s):

Haowen Xiao ◽

Xiaoyu Lai ◽

Gongqiang Wu ◽

Yi Luo ◽

Jimin Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Early Infection ◽

Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽

Unrelated Donor ◽

Platelet Recovery ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 1159 Poster Board I-181 Background In allogeneic SCT, genetic factors such as donor and recipient gene polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with the incidence and severity of GVHD. However, the influence of such donor and recipient gene polymorphisms on other outcomes, such as early infection after SCT, has seldom been described. TNFαa, TNF receptorII (TNFRII), IL-10 and TGF gene contain multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter and codon region. We thus studied the association of this panel of candidate gene polymorphisms with the incidence of the first episodes of early bacterial infections within 100 days after allo-HSCT. Methods A total of 138 unrelated donor/recipient pairs, who had undergone HLA-matched allo-HSCT from January 2001 to March 2009 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were tested for TNFαa(TNFαa-857 C>T, TNFαa-863 C>A, TNFαa-1031 T>C), TNFRII (codon196 T>G), IL-10 (IL10-1082 A>G, IL10-819 T>C, IL10-592 A>C), TGF (TGF-509 T>C, TGF+869 C>T) polymorphism allele frequencies and genotype. SNPs were analysed by Multiplex SnaPshot. We considered the first episodes of early bacterial infections within 100 days after allo-HSCT have developed when sepsis, pneumonia, or septic shock was diagnosed according to previously published criteria. Results (1) 133 patients achieved complete donor chimerism in the peripheral blood and 5 patients had graft failure. All patients achieved an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than 0.5×109/L at day 13 (7∼22) and platelet recovery at day 15 (7∼64). The cumulative incidence of at least one bacterial infection was 47.8% (pneumonia and intestinal infection are the most popular) within 100 days after allo-HSCT. There is no significant difference in the time to neutrophil recovery in patients who experienced early bacterial infections with those who did not (13.6 vs 12.8,P=0.115). (2) The TNFαa-857 C/C genotype and TNFRII 196 T/T genotype of the donor were significantly associated with a higher risk of early bacterial infection ( for TNFαa-857 C/C genotype: 53.3% vs 29.0%, P=0.024 ; TNFRII 196 T/T genotype: 53.5% vs 33.3%, P=0.038); (3) The TGF-509 T/T genotype of the donor was significantly associated with a higher risk of early bacterial infection (62.5% vs 41.8, P=0.038); (4) Transplantation from donors with IL10-819 C/C genotype or IL10-592 C/C genotype were significantly associated with a higher risk of early bacterial infection (for IL10-819 C/C genotype: 71.4.1% vs 45.3%, P=0.034; IL10-592 C/C genotype: 70.0.1% vs 45.8%, P=0.055); (5) The genotypes of TNFαa-863, TNFαa-1031, IL10-1082 and TGF+869 were not found to be associated with the risk of early bacterial infection. Conclusions Recent studies have shown that the generation potential of IL-10 is influenced by the polymorphism of the IL-10 gene. The IL10-819*C allele and IL10-592 *C allele are associated with higher secretion of IL-10 than IL10-819*T allele and IL10-592*A allele. In our data, a higher risk of early bacterial infection with IL10-819 C/C and IL10-592 C/C genotype was postulated to be associated with a higher IL-10 production, which suppressed reactive T-cell response. These results, which is the first report of TNFαa, TNFRII, IL-10and TGF polymorphic features of Chinese population with the risk of early bacterial infection after HLA-matched unrelated allo-HSCT, suggest an interaction of the donor TNFαa-857C/C, TNFRII 196 T/T, IL10-819 C/C, IL10-592 C/C and TGF-509 T/T genotypes on risk of early infection. These results are helpful for predict allo-HSCT outcome, identify more suitable donors and clarify therapy on an individual patient basis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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PROKALSITONIN SEBAGAI PENANDA PEMBEDA INFEKSI BAKTERI DAN NON BAKTERI

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v17i2.1019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Bastiana Bastiana ◽

Aryati Aryati ◽

Dominicus Husada ◽

M.Y. Probohoesodo

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Roc Analysis ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Receiver Operating Curve ◽

Fluorescent Assay ◽

Infection Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

Early diagnosis of an infection and prompt administration of an antibiotic can dramatically reduce morbidity and mortality.Procalcitonin (PCT), a precursor of calcitonin, has been proposed as a marker of bacterial infection. The aim of this study is to assess theefficiency of procalcitonin in children for the diagnosis of bacterial vs. non bacterial infection. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study.The subjects were enrolled consecutively, consisting of feverish children (temperature ³38.5° C) admitted to the Pediatric EmergencyDepartment with ages up to 12 years old. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their final diagnosis, bacterial and nonbacterial infection. Serum PCT concentration was measured by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) method. Sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating curve (ROC) of PCT were calculated. Out of 54 patients,24 (44.4%) had a final diagnosis of bacterial infection. PCT showed a wide concentration range in the bacterial infection group (median:1.09 ng/mL, lower (L)=0.05 ng/mL, upper (U)=128.7 ng/mL) compared with non bacterial infection group (0.21 ng/mL; L=0.05ng/mL; U=12.15 ng/mL). There was a significant difference in PCT between the 2 groups (p=0.020). ROC analysis demonstrated anarea under curve (AUC) of 0.686 (95% CI, 0.534 to 0.838). Using a cut-off point of 0.5 ng/mL, the sensitivity, and specificity, positivepredictive and negative predictive values of PCT were 66.7%, 76.7%, 69.6%, 74.2%, respectively. In this study, PCT may be useful fordifferentiation of bacterial vs. non bacterial infection in children.

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LEUKOSIT INFEKSI BAKTERI SISTEMIK

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v17i3.1094 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Meita Hendrianingtyas ◽

MI. Tjahjati DM

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Leucocyte Count ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Differential Count ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Systemic Bacterial Infection ◽

Normally Distributed

Patients in intensive care unit (ICU) have a high risk for systemic bacterial infection. Serum procalcitonin (PCT) known as a markerto predict bacterial infection, systemic inflammation responsse (SIRS) or sepsis. Another simple and easy indicator is by using leucocytecount-differential count, absolute neutrophyl count (ANC), and immatur/total (I/T) neutrophyl ratio. The aim of this study was toknow the comparation of the leucocyte count-differential count, ANC, and I/T ratio with procalcitonin serum value in patients suspectto systemic bacterial infection at ICU. A cross sectional study on 20 patients suspected with systemic bacterial infection in ICU. The datawas classified in 3 groups based on PCT serum value: group A (< 0.5 ng/mL), group B (0.5–2 ng/mL) and group C (> 2 ng/mL). Thedata was analysed by one way ANOVA test if normally distributed, and by Kruskall-Wallis test if not normally distributed. Significancywas confirmed at p < 0.05. A post hoc and Mann-Whitney test performed on a significant result. The frequency of group A was 3 (15%),group B = 5 (25%), and group C = 12 (60%). There is no significant difference on leucocyte count in 3 groups (p = 0.953), neutrophylI/T ratio (p = 0.259), ANC (p = 0.91), eosinophyl count (p = 0.287), segment neutrophyl (p = 0.094), and monosit (p = 0.152).There was a difference on lymphocyte count (p = 0.01) between group C with group A and group B and there was a difference on staffneutrophyl count (p = 0.029) and total neutrophyl count (p = 0.003) between group A with group B and C (p = 0.029). In this studywere found differences on lymphocyte, staff neutrophyl and total neutropyl count to the PCT value

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Selection on BrFLC1 Is Related to Intraspecific Diversity of Brassica rapa Vegetables

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7080247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Jiahe Liu ◽

Xu Cai ◽

Yufang Li ◽

Yue Chen ◽

Baozhen Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flowering Time ◽

Brassica Rapa ◽

Chinese Cabbage ◽

Allelic Diversity ◽

Intraspecific Diversity ◽

Site Mutation ◽

Nonsynonymous Mutation ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Almost All

Flowering time is important for Brassica rapa vegetables because premature bolting before harvest can lower yield and quality. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) acts as a key repressor of flowering. In this study, we identified a nonsynonymous mutation at the 58th nucleotide of exon1 in BrFLC1 (named as Pe1+58 (A/C)) by screening resequencing data of 199 B. rapa accessions and verified this mutation as being related to flowering time variation. Strong linkage inheritance was detected between this locus and a previously reported splicing site mutation at intron 6 of BrFLC1 (Pi6+1 (G/A)), showing as co-occurrence of BrFLC1Pe1+58(A) and BrFLC1Pi6+1(G), named as haplotype H1: AG, or co-occurrence of BrFLC1Pe1+58(C) and BrFLC1Pi6+1(A), named as haplotype H2: CA. The frequency distribution of BrFLC1 haplotypes skewed to the haplotype H1 in turnip, broccoletto, mizuna, komatsuna, and taicai, while it was skewed to the haplotype H2 in caixin, pak choi, zicaitai, and wutacai. The frequencies of the two haplotypes were comparable in Chinese cabbage. This indicated that BrFLC1 haplotypes were related to B. rapa intraspecific diversification. Further analysis of a Chinese cabbage collection revealed that accessions from the spring ecotype preferred to keep H1: AG and almost all accessions from the summer ecotype were H2: CA. The early flowering haplotype of BrFLC1 was purified in summer Chinese cabbage, indicating that BrFLC1 had been strongly selected during genetic improvement of summer Chinese cabbages. A significant difference in flowering time of F2 individuals with the homologous BrFLC1Pi6+1(G) allele but different BrFLC1Pe1+58 (A/C) alleles, indicated that this locus had independent genetic effects on flowering time. The newly identified allelic diversity of BrFLC1 can be used for breeding of resistance to premature bolting in B. rapa vegetables.

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PSIV-5 Effects of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on performance of growing Hanwoo steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.453 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 221-222

Author(s):

Junsik Woo ◽

Geunhong Song ◽

Juri Kim ◽

Gyeonglim Ryu ◽

Youngkyun Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Chinese Cabbage ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sodium Metabisulfite ◽

Wholesale Market ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Growing Period ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on the growth of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers. The treatments were Control (byproduct 0%), T1 (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and T2 (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). The fruit-vegetable byproduct for T1 was produced from a hypermarket, containing various types of fruits and vegetables (orange, apple, tomatoes, onion, etc.). These byproducts were milled and treated with 6 g/kg of sodium metabisulfite for long term storage. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage byproduct for T2 produced from a traditional wholesale market was added as a raw material without pretreatment. Thirty-six steers (initial BW. 287 ± 89kg, 9.1 ± 2.7 months) were allocated into 12 pens (3 steers/pen) for 12 weeks according to BW and age. TMR diets were formulated by the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (2017) to supply the same nutrient contents (CP 16 % and TDN 73 %). The DMI was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. For ADG, Control (1.03 kg/d) and T2 (0.82 kg/d) were lower (P < 0.05) than T1 (1.41 kg/d) in the 2nd period. On the other hand, ADG of T2 (1.72 kg/d) was higher (P < 0.05) than Control (0.82 kg/d) and T1 (1.16 kg/d) in the 3rd period. Overall, ADG for the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.20 kg/d for Control, 1.25 kg/d for T1, 1.16 kg/d for T2). FCR showed no significant difference during the whole period (18.36 for Control, 18.82 for T1, 19.75 for T2). Therefore, this study demonstrated that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts in TMR diets for beef cattle can be replaced by 20 % and 30 %, respectively.

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Abstract 76: Clinical Usefulness Of Serum Procalcionin Level In Kawasaki Disease Children.

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.131.suppl_2.76 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Hee Joung Choi ◽

Tae Chan Kwon

Keyword(s):

Kawasaki Disease ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Clinical Usefulness ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Acute Phase Reactants ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Immunoglobulin Treatment

Purpose: Procalcitonin (PCT) is one of acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and is likely to elevate in systemic inflammation, especially bacterial infection. As we know, the CRP level rise in the patients with high fever including Kawasaki disease (KD) and bacterial infection. So we investigated the clinical usefulness of serum PCT level in Kawasaki disease (KD), which is a systemic inflammation caused by vasculitis. Method: From August 2013 to June 2014, a total 336 patients were studied serum PCT level during hospitalization. We enrolled 41 patients of KD, 83 patients with viral infection, and 21 patients with bacterial infection. Result: The patients with KD had significantly higher mean age (24.4±18.1 months), mean body weight (12.1±3.9 Kg), and mean duration of fever prior to admission (4.4±1.8 days) than other patients (p<0.05). The serum PCT level, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet count, neutrophil proportion, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in KD patients than viral infection patients (p<0.05). Although not statistically significant, the serum PCT level was lower in KD patients than bacterial infection patients, whereas the CRP was higher in KD patients than bacterial infection patients. No significant difference in serum PCT level was showed between complete KD patients and incomplete KD patients. Also there was no significant difference in serum PCT level between responders to an initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and nonresponders. Conclusion: Serum PCT level may help to differentiate KD from viral infection, but we did not find a significant difference in PCT level between KD and bacterial infection. And the utility of PCT level as clinical marker in KD may be limited.

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The Endochitinase of Clonostachysrosea Expression in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enhances the Botrytis cinerea Resistance of Tomato

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2221 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yangyang Zheng ◽

Xudong Wang ◽

Siyuan Liu ◽

Kewei Zhang ◽

Zhibo Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Chitinase Activity ◽

Wild Type ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

In The Wild ◽

Related Enzyme

To investigate whether the ech42 gene in Clonostachysrosea can improve the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its molecular mechanism. Compared to the wild type, the B. amyloliquefaciens transformed with the ech42 gene exhibited higher chitinase activity. The B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 also showed significantly higher biocontrol efficiency compared to Botrytiscinerea when tomato plants were pre-treated with B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42. No significant difference in biocontrol efficiency was observed between the wild type and B.amyloliquefaciens-ech42 when tomato plants were first infected by Botrytiscinerea. In addition, the activity of the defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase, but not superoxide dismutase, was significantly higher in B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 than in the wild type. The ech42 enhances the biocontrol efficiency of B.amyloliquefaciens by increasing the capacity of preventative/curative effects in plants, rather than by killing the pathogens.

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Horseradish peroxidase transport across rabbit jejunum and Peyer's patches in vitro

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1983.245.1.g54 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 245 (1) ◽

pp. G54-G58 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Ducroc ◽

M. Heyman ◽

B. Beaufrere ◽

J. L. Morgat ◽

J. F. Desjeux

Keyword(s):

Horseradish Peroxidase ◽

Ringer Solution ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Metabolic Inhibitors ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rabbit Jejunum ◽

Hrp Transport ◽

Uptake And Transport

Uptake and transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been observed in both Peyer's patches (PP) and jejunal epithelium (JE), and the quantities transported across each tissue were compared. Steady-state was reached much faster in PP than in JE. In Ringer solution, no significant difference was found between the HRP fluxes conveyed through PP and JE. In the presence of 10 mM glucose, slight net secretion was observed in JE but not in PP. In both tissues, the transport mechanism was shown to be sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. By contrast, in PP, ammonia did not significantly enhance intact HRP fluxes. Intracellular transfer and catabolism were estimated by measuring transepithelial fluxes of tritiated HRP. In PP, fluxes from mucosa to serosa and from serosa to mucosa were both greatly reduced (9.18 +/- 3.9 and 10.5 +/- 5.1 pmol X h-1 X cm-2, respectively) compared with JE (106.02 +/- 16 and 31.3 +/- 9.3). These results indicate that intact HRP fluxes are similar in PP and JE, but that tritiated HRP fluxes (intact plus degraded HRP fluxes) are smaller in PP. Together, these results suggest that the specific characteristics of HRP transport across PP are fast uptake and reduced degradation.

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