High expression of FABP4 and FABP6 in patients with colorectal cancer

Abstract Objective To explore the relationship between FABP4 and FABP6 expression and the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and their potential as biomarkers in the diagnosis of CRC. Methods In total, 100 CRC patients and 100 controls were enrolled. The serum levels of FABP4 and FABP6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and 2 weeks after radical resection of CRC. The protein expressions of FABP4 and FABP6 were observed in colorectal tumor tissues and adjacent tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blot, respectively. The diagnostic performance of FABP4 and FABP6 in patients with CRC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The serum levels of FABP4 and FABP6 in patients with CRC were higher than the levels in the controls before surgery (P < 0.001), and significantly decreased at 2 weeks after operation (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed that FABP4 and FABP6 were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of human colorectal tumor tissues, and only a small amount distributed in adjacent tissues. Western blot revealed that the protein expressions of FABP4 and FABP6 were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissues (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, respectively). Tumors with high and low FABP4 and FABP6 expression have no significant correlation in tumor size, tumor site, distant organ and lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, lymphatic permeation, neurological invasion, vascular invasion, and Duke’s and TNM classification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that FABP4 and FABP6 were independent risk factors for CRC (adjusted odds ratio 1.916; 95%CI 1.340–2.492; P < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio 2.162; 95%CI 1.046, 1.078); P < 0.001, respectively). In discriminating CRC from the normal control, the optimal sensitivity of FABP4 and FABP6 were 93.20% (95%CI 87.8–96.7) and 83.70% (95%CI 76.7–89.3), respectively, while the optimal specificity of FABP4 and FABP6 were 48.8% (95%CI 39.8–57.9) and 58.4% (95%CI 49.2–67.1), respectively. When combined detection of serum carcinoembryonic (CEA) and FABP4 and FABP6, the optimal sensitivity and specificity were 61.33% (95%CI 53.0–69.2) and 79.82% (95%CI 71.3–86.8), respectively. Conclusion Increased expression of FABP4 and FABP6 not only were strong risk factors for the development of CRC but could also represent a potential biomarker for CRC diagnosis in Chinese patients. Combined detection of CEA with FABP4 and FABP6 could improve the diagnostic efficacy of CRC.

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Epidemiology of hypertension in selected towns of Wollega zones, Western Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based cross-sectional study

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211024519 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110245

Author(s):

Getu Mosisa ◽

Bikila Regassa ◽

Bayise Biru

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Care Providers ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Hypertension remains an emerging public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Age, income level, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, vegetables and fruit consumption, physical activity and chat chewing were some risk factors of hypertension. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess Epidemiology of Hypertension among the community of selected towns of Wollega zones. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2019 in selected towns of Wollega zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 840 study participants. Data were collected using the WHO STEP wise approach. The data were coded and entered into EpiData 3, and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 838 respondents with a response rate of 99.7%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 189 (22.6%) (95% confidence interval = 19.9%–25.2%). Of this, 108 (12.9%) and 81 (9.7%) of female and male were hypertensive, respectively. Age groups of 30–44 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65 (1.43, 4.89)), 45–59 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.55 (1.79, 7.04)), above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.97 (1.43, 6.18)), having history of alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29 (2.4, 7.66)), involving in vigorous physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.096 (0.028, 0.33)), not walking to and from the work (adjusted odds ratio = 13.12 (8.34, 20.67)), being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)), inadequate fruits serving per day (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93 (1.75, 4.88)) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high in the study area. Older age, alcohol consumption, not engaging in vigorous activity, physical inactivity, being overweight and inadequate intake of fruits were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Therefore, health care providers should provide extensive health education and promotion on recommended lifestyle modification to tackle the burden of hypertension.

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Invasive Candidiasis in Hospitalized Patients with Major Burns

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm12010047 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Yi-Ling Lin ◽

I-Chen Chen ◽

Jung-Hsing Yen ◽

Chih-Sheng Lai ◽

Yueh-Chi Tsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Invasive Candidiasis ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Total Body Surface Area ◽

Reference Value ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Research Database ◽

Specific Population ◽

Total Body

Background: Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a major cause of morbidities and mortality in patients hospitalized with major burns. This study investigated the incidence of IC in this specific population and analyzed the possible risk factors. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. We identified 3582 patients hospitalized with major burns on over 20% of their total body surface area (TBSA) during 2000–2013; we further analyzed possible risk factors. Result: IC was diagnosed in 452 hospitalized patients (12.6%) with major burns. In the multivariate analysis, patients older than 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–2.82), those of female sex (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72), those with burns on the head (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02–1.73), and those with burns over a greater TBSA had higher risks of IC. Conclusion: Treating IC is crucial in healthcare for major burns. Our study suggests that several risk factors are associated with IC in patients hospitalized with major burns, providing reliable reference value for clinical decisions.

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Serum Levels of BDNF in Patients with Adenoma and Colorectal Cancer

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2021/8867368 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Zhe Wang ◽

Shuang Wang ◽

Yu Liu ◽

Shan Gao ◽

Yunqing Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Tnm Staging ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Tumor Differentiation ◽

Combined Detection ◽

Control Study ◽

Serum Bdnf

The present study is aimed at examining the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and investigating its role in differential diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods. In a Chinese population, we conducted a case-control study to compare the diagnostic performance of serum levels of BDNF and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for CRC. We enrolled 61 healthy controls, 31 patients with adenomas, and 81 patients with CRC. We explored the correlation between serum levels of BDNF and several pathological features, such as tumor differentiation and TNM staging. Results. The serum levels of BDNF were significantly ( p < 0.0001 ) higher in patients with CRC ( 10.64 ± 3.84 , n = 81 ) than in the healthy controls ( 4.69 ± 1.69 ng / mL , n = 61 ). Serum BDNF also correlated with tumor size, tumor differentiation, and TNM staging ( p < 0.05 ). For early diagnosis, the combination of BDNF (AUC 0.719; 95% CI, 0.621–0.816) and CEA (AUC 0.733; 95% CI, 0.632–0.909) slightly improved the diagnostic performance for CRC (AUC 0.823; 95% CI, 0.737-0.909). Conclusions. Combined detection of serum BDNF and CEA may thus have the potential to become a new laboratory method for the early clinical diagnosis of CRC.

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Preoperative Risk and the Association between Hypotension and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0000000000003063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 132 (3) ◽

pp. 461-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Mean Arterial Pressure ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Validation Cohort ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Preoperative Risk ◽

Intraoperative Hypotension

Abstract Background Despite the significant healthcare impact of acute kidney injury, little is known regarding prevention. Single-center data have implicated hypotension in developing postoperative acute kidney injury. The generalizability of this finding and the interaction between hypotension and baseline patient disease burden remain unknown. The authors sought to determine whether the association between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury varies by preoperative risk. Methods Major noncardiac surgical procedures performed on adult patients across eight hospitals between 2008 and 2015 were reviewed. Derivation and validation cohorts were used, and cases were stratified into preoperative risk quartiles based upon comorbidities and surgical procedure. After preoperative risk stratification, associations between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury were analyzed. Hypotension was defined as the lowest mean arterial pressure range achieved for more than 10 min; ranges were defined as absolute (mmHg) or relative (percentage of decrease from baseline). Results Among 138,021 cases reviewed, 12,431 (9.0%) developed postoperative acute kidney injury. Major risk factors included anemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate, surgery type, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status, and expected anesthesia duration. Using such factors and others for risk stratification, patients with low baseline risk demonstrated no associations between intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury. Patients with medium risk demonstrated associations between severe-range intraoperative hypotension (mean arterial pressure less than 50 mmHg) and acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.65 to 4.16 in validation cohort). In patients with the highest risk, mild hypotension ranges (mean arterial pressure 55 to 59 mmHg) were associated with acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.56). Compared with absolute hypotension, relative hypotension demonstrated weak associations with acute kidney injury not replicable in the validation cohort. Conclusions Adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery demonstrate varying associations with distinct levels of hypotension when stratified by preoperative risk factors. Specific levels of absolute hypotension, but not relative hypotension, are an important independent risk factor for acute kidney injury. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

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A PAI-1 (SERPINE1) polymorphism predicts osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2007-11-123885 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 111 (9) ◽

pp. 4496-4499 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Deborah French ◽

Leo H. Hamilton ◽

Leonard A. Mattano ◽

Harland N. Sather ◽

Meenakshi Devidas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Oncology Group ◽

Frequent Complication ◽

Pai 1

Abstract As glucocorticoid use increased in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, osteonecrosis became an increasingly frequent complication. Besides increased age, host risk factors are poorly defined. We tested whether 12 polymorphisms were associated with osteonecrosis among patients 10 years and older treated on the CCG1882 protocol. Candidate genes (TYMS, MTHFR, ABCB1, BGLAP, ACP5, LRP5, ESR1, PAI-1, VDR, PTH, and PTHR) were chosen based on putative mechanisms underlying osteonecrosis risk. All children received dexamethasone, with doses varying by treatment arm. A PAI-1 polymorphism (rs6092) was associated with risk of osteonecrosis in univariate (P = .002; odds ratio = 2.79) and multivariate (P = .002; odds ratio = 2.89) analyses (adjusting for gender, age, and treatment arm). Overall, 21 of 78 (26.9%) children with PAI-1 GA/AA genotypes, versus 25 of 214 (11.7%) children with GG genotype, developed osteonecrosis. PAI-1 polymorphisms and PAI-1 serum levels have previously been associated with thrombosis. We conclude that PAI-1 genetic variation may contribute to risk of osteonecrosis.

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Acceptability of two colorectal cancer screening tests: pain as a key determinant in sigmoidoscopy

Endoscopy ◽

10.1055/s-0043-117400 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (11) ◽

pp. 1075-1086 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Benedicte Kirkøen ◽

Paula Berstad ◽

Edoardo Botteri ◽

Eirin Dalén ◽

Jens Nilsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Colorectal Cancer Screening ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Cancer Screening Tests ◽

Willingness To Recommend

Abstract Background Participants’ experience with a screening test can influence adherence, and therefore the efficacy of screening programs. We compared screening with unsedated flexible sigmoidoscopy and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for participants’ satisfaction with the decision and for willingness to repeat colorectal cancer screening. Methods In a prospective, randomized trial 3257 individuals (50 – 74 years) were invited to either flexible sigmoidoscopy or FIT (1:1), of whom 1650 took up the offer (52.6 %). In total, 1497 screening participants completed at least one questionnaire, either before screening, and/or at three time points in the following year, that measured willingness to repeat screening, willingness to recommend screening, and satisfaction with decision to attend. There were 769 and 728 responders in the flexible sigmoidoscopy and FIT group, respectively. Additionally, 581 flexible sigmoidoscopy participants also completed a pain questionnaire. Results 1 year later, 10 % of the flexible sigmoidoscopy participants were not willing to repeat screening, compared to 5 % of FIT participants. A higher percentage of women compared to men would not repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy screening (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.52, 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 1.48 to 4.28). Notably, 22 % of women reported pain during flexible sigmoidoscopy compared to 5 % of men. When we added pain to the statistical model, pain was significantly associated with unwillingness to repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy (OR 3.15, 95 %CI 1.68 to 5.87), while gender was no longer associated (OR 1.53, 95 %CI 0.82 to 2.88). Conclusion Acceptability for flexible sigmoidoscopy and for FIT was high among Norwegian screening participants, though FIT participants were more willing to repeat screening. Women were less willing to repeat screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy compared to men. This gender difference seemed partly due to pain, and therefore preventable.This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01538550.

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Risk Factors for Umbilical Cord Prolapse at the Time of Artificial Rupture of Membranes

American Journal of Perinatology Reports ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1649486 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 08 (02) ◽

pp. e89-e94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tetsuya Kawakita ◽

Chun-Chih Huang ◽

Helain Landy

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Cervical Dilation ◽

Cord Prolapse ◽

Umbilical Cord Prolapse ◽

Singleton Pregnancies

Objective The aim of the study was to examine the association between cervical exam at the time of artificial rupture of membranes (AROM) and cord prolapse. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the data from the Consortium on Safe Labor. We included women with cephalic presentation and singleton pregnancies at ≥ 23 weeks' gestation who underwent AROM during the course of labor. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI), controlling for prespecified covariates. Results Of 57,204 women who underwent AROM, cord prolapse occurred in 113 (0.2%). Compared with dilation 6 to 10 cm + station ≥ 0 at the time of AROM, <6 cm + any station and 6–10 cm + station ≤ −3 were associated with increased risks of cord prolapse (<6 cm + station ≤ −3 [aOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.02–5.40]; <6 cm + station −2.5 to −0.5 [aOR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.23–4.97]; <6 cm + station ≥ 0 [aOR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.39–8.09]; and 6–10 cm + station ≤ −3 [aOR, 5.47; 95% CI, 1.35–17.48]). Conclusion Cervical dilation < 6 cm with any station and 6 to 10 cm with station ≤ −3 were associated with a higher risk of cord prolapse.

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Predictors of Early Infarct Recurrence in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.120.032676 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shyam Prabhakaran ◽

David S. Liebeskind ◽

George Cotsonis ◽

Azhar Nizam ◽

Edward Feldmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Recurrent Stroke ◽

Brain Mri ◽

Atherosclerotic Disease ◽

Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease ◽

Diffusion Weighted ◽

Artery Embolism

Background and Purpose: While prior studies identified risk factors for recurrent stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease, few have assessed risk factors for early infarct recurrence. Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis of the MYRIAD study (Mechanisms of Early Recurrence in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease) of intracranial atherosclerotic disease patients with recent (<21 days) stroke/transient ischemic attack, 50% to 99% stenosis and who underwent 6- to 8-week magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) per protocol. Infarct recurrence was defined as new infarcts in the territory of the symptomatic artery on brain MRI at 6 to 8 weeks compared to index brain MRI. Qualifying events and clinical and imaging outcomes were centrally ascertained by 2 independent reviewers. We assessed the association between baseline clinical and imaging variables and recurrent infarct in bivariate models and multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors of infarct recurrence. Results: Of 105 enrolled patients in MYRIAD, 89 (84.8%) were included in this analysis (mean age, 64±12 years, 54 [60.7%] were male, and 53 [59.6%] were White). The median time from qualifying event to MRI was 51+16 days, on which 22 (24.7%) patients had new or recurrent infarcts. Younger age (57.7 versus 66.0 years; P <0.01), diabetes (32.6% versus 14.6%, P =0.05), index stroke (31.3% versus 4.6%, P =0.01), anterior circulation location of stenosis (29.7% versus 12.0%, P =0.08), number of diffusion-weighted imaging lesions (>1: 40.0%, 1: 26.9% versus 0: 4.4%, P <0.01), and borderzone infarct pattern (63.6% versus 25.0%, P =0.01) on baseline MRI were associated with new or recurrent infarcts. Age (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89–0.98], P <0.01) and number of diffusion-weighted imaging lesions (adjusted odds ratio, 3.24 [95% CI, 1.36–7.71], P <0.01) were independently associated with recurrent infarct adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, and stenosis location (anterior versus posterior circulation). Conclusions: An index multi-infarct pattern is associated with early recurrent infarcts, a finding that might be explained by plaque instability and artery-to-artery embolism. Further investigation of plaque vulnerability in intracranial atherosclerotic disease is needed. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02121028.

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Risk factors for perineal and vaginal tears in primiparous women – a prospective cohort study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28633/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Markus Harry Jansson ◽

Karin Franzén ◽

Ayako Hiyoshi ◽

Gunilla Tegerstedt ◽

Hedda Dahlgren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Vacuum Extraction ◽

Perineal Tears ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Primiparous Women ◽

Second Degree

Abstract BackgroundThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of second-degree perineal tears, obstetric anal sphincter injuries, and high vaginal tears in primiparous women, and to examine how sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics, hereditary factors, obstetric management and the delivery process are associated with the incidence of these tears.MethodsAll nulliparous women registering at the maternity health care in Region Örebro County, Sweden, in early pregnancy between 1 October 2014 and 1 October 2017 were invited to participate in a prospective cohort study. Data on maternal and obstetric characteristics were extracted from questionnaires completed in early and late pregnancy, from a study-specific delivery protocol, and from the obstetric record system. These data were analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted multinomial and logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 644 women were included in the study sample. Fetal weight exceeding 4000 g and vacuum extraction were found to be independent risk factors for both second-degree perineal tears (adjusted odds ratio 2.26 (95% CI: 1.22, 4.19) and 3.28 (95% CI: 1.73, 6.21) respectively) and OASI (adjusted odds ratio 5.93 (95% CI: 2.29, 15.33) and 4.31 (95% CI: 1.49, 12.5) respectively), whereas age above 25 years only increased the risk of second-degree perineal tears (adjusted odds ratio 1.94 (95% CI: 1.10, 3.43)). Heredity of pelvic floor dysfunction and/or connective tissue deficiency, induced labor, and fetal head circumference exceeding 35 cm were independent risk factors for high vaginal tears (adjusted odds ratio 2.33 (95% CI: 1.09, 5.00), 3.64 (95% CI: 1.54, 8.59) and 2.86 (95% CI: 1.43, 5.75) respectively).ConclusionsThis prospective study showed that fetal weight exceeding 4000 g and vacuum extraction are independent risk factors for both second-degree perineal tears and OASI in primiparous women. Risk factors for high vaginal tears were heredity of pelvic floor dysfunction and/or connective tissue deficiency, induced labor, and fetal head circumference > 35 cm. These tears have been found to be common among primiparous women, and merit more attention.Brief summary: This prospective cohort study showed that fetal birthweight exceeding 4000 g and vacuum extraction increased the risk of second-degree tear and anal sphincter injury.

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Risk factors associated with pain in patients with venous malformations of the extremities

Vascular Medicine ◽

10.1177/1358863x18802007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Hu ◽

Hui Chen ◽

Xi Yang ◽

Yongying Wang ◽

Hao Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Type Ii ◽

Venous Malformations ◽

Average Pain ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Pain is a common symptom and the major complaint in patients with venous malformations of the extremities, which may lead to joint dysfunction and even walking disabilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate determined independent risk factors for pain in these patients. We retrospectively collected data for 168 patients with venous malformations of the extremities from January 16, 2013 to August 13, 2015. They were categorized into painful and painless groups according to the symptom and pain scores. Associations between pain and candidate factors were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 125 (74.4%) patients with an average pain score of 4.4 were included in the painful group. In univariate analysis, age, lesion size, tissue involvement, and phleboliths were associated with pain. In the multivariate analysis, only type-II tissue involvement (adjusted odds ratio 4.57; p = 0.001) and phleboliths (adjusted odds ratio 2.44; p = 0.039) were identified as the independent risk factors. In conclusion, this study revealed that prevalence of pain in patients with venous malformations of the extremities was high. Patients who presented with type-II tissue involvement and phleboliths are more likely to suffer from pain.

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