scholarly journals Hanging by a thread: unusual nocturnal resting behaviour in a jumping spider

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela C. Rößler ◽  
Massimo De Agrò ◽  
Elia Biundo ◽  
Paul S. Shamble
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Visual Sensing ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Disturbance Response ◽  
Vibration Sensing ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Background For diurnal animals that heavily rely on vision, a nocturnal resting strategy that offers protection when vision is compromised, is crucial. We found a population of a common European jumping spider (Evarcha arcuata) that rests at night by suspending themselves from a single silk thread attached overhead to the vegetation, a strategy categorically unlike typical retreat-based resting in this group. Results In a comprehensive study, we collected the first quantitative field and qualitative observation data of this surprising behaviour and provide a detailed description. We tested aspects of site fidelity and disturbance response in the field to assess potential functions of suspended resting. Spiders of both sexes and all developmental stages engage in this nocturnal resting strategy. Interestingly, individual spiders are equally able to build typical silk retreats and thus actively choose between different strategies inviting questions about what factors underlie this behavioural choice. Conclusions Our preliminary data hint at a potential sensory switch from visual sensing during the day to silk-borne vibration sensing at night when vision is compromised. The described behaviour potentially is an effective anti-predator strategy either by acting as an early alarm system via vibration sensing or by bringing the animal out of reach for nocturnal predators. We propose tractable hypotheses to test an adaptive function of suspended resting. Further studies will shed light on the sensory challenges that animals face during resting phases and should target the mechanisms and strategies by which such challenges are overcome.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis and identification of drought-responsive candidate NAC genes in three semi-arid tropics (SAT) legume crops

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhana Singh ◽  
Himabindu Kudapa ◽  
Vanika Garg ◽  
Rajeev K. Varshney
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Background Chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut are the primary legume crops of semi-arid tropics (SAT) and their global productivity is severely affected by drought stress. The plant-specific NAC (NAM - no apical meristem, ATAF - Arabidopsis transcription activation factor, and CUC - cup-shaped cotyledon) transcription factor family is known to be involved in majority of abiotic stresses, especially in the drought stress tolerance mechanism. Despite the knowledge available regarding NAC function, not much information is available on NAC genes in SAT legume crops. Results In this study, genome-wide NAC proteins – 72, 96, and 166 have been identified from the genomes of chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut, respectively, and later grouped into 10 clusters in chickpea and pigeonpea, while 12 clusters in groundnut. Phylogeny with well-known stress-responsive NACs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa (rice), Medicago truncatula, and Glycine max (soybean) enabled prediction of putative stress-responsive NACs in chickpea (22), pigeonpea (31), and groundnut (33). Transcriptome data revealed putative stress-responsive NACs at various developmental stages that showed differential expression patterns in the different tissues studied. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the expression patterns of selected stress-responsive, Ca_NAC (Cicer arietinum - 14), Cc_NAC (Cajanus cajan - 15), and Ah_NAC (Arachis hypogaea - 14) genes using drought-stressed and well-watered root tissues from two contrasting drought-responsive genotypes of each of the three legumes. Based on expression analysis, Ca_06899, Ca_18090, Ca_22941, Ca_04337, Ca_04069, Ca_04233, Ca_12660, Ca_16379, Ca_16946, and Ca_21186; Cc_26125, Cc_43030, Cc_43785, Cc_43786, Cc_22429, and Cc_22430; Ah_ann1.G1V3KR.2, Ah_ann1.MI72XM.2, Ah_ann1.V0X4SV.1, Ah_ann1.FU1JML.2, and Ah_ann1.8AKD3R.1 were identified as potential drought stress-responsive candidate genes. Conclusion As NAC genes are known to play role in several physiological and biological activities, a more comprehensive study on genome-wide identification and expression analyses of the NAC proteins have been carried out in chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut. We have identified a total of 21 potential drought-responsive NAC genes in these legumes. These genes displayed correlation between gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and better tolerance against drought. The identified candidate genes, after validation, may serve as a useful resource for molecular breeding for drought tolerance in the SAT legume crops.

Fast satellite selection algorithm for GNSS multisystems based on the Sherman-Morrison formula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng SHI ◽  
Kezhao LI ◽  
Lin CHAI ◽  
Lingfeng LIANG ◽  
Chengdong TIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Selection Algorithm ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Satellite Selection ◽  
Geometric Dilution Of Precision ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Selection Algorithms ◽  
Usage Efficiency

Abstract The usage efficiency of GNSS multisystem observation data can be greatly improved by applying rational satellite selection algorithms. Such algorithms can also improve the real-time reliability and accuracy of navigation. By combining the Sherman-Morrison formula and singular value decomposition (SVD), a smaller geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) value method with increasing number of visible satellites is proposed. Moreover, by combining this smaller GDOP value method with the maximum volume of tetrahedron method, a new rapid satellite selection algorithm based on the Sherman-Morrison formula for GNSS multisystems is proposed. The basic idea of the algorithm is as follows: first, the maximum volume of tetrahedron method is used to obtain four initial reference satellites; then, the visible satellites are co-selected by using the smaller GDOP value method to reduce the GDOP value and improve the accuracy of the overall algorithm. By setting a reasonable precise threshold, the satellite selection algorithm can be autonomously run without intervention. The experimental results based on measured data indicate that (1) the GDOP values in most epochs over the whole period obtained with the satellite selection algorithm based on the Sherman-Morrison formula are less than 2. Furthermore, compared with the optimal estimation results of the GDOP for all visible satellites, the results of this algorithm can meet the requirements of high-precision navigation and positioning when the corresponding number of selected satellites reaches 13. Moreover, as the number of selected satellites continues to increase, the calculation time increases, but the decrease in the GDOP value is not obvious. (2) The algorithm includes an adaptive function based on the end indicator of the satellite selection calculation and the reasonable threshold. When the reasonable precise threshold is set to 0.01, the selected number of satellites in most epochs is less than 13. Furthermore, when the number of selected satellites reaches 13, the GDOP value is less than 2, and the corresponding probability is 93.54%. These findings verify that the proposed satellite selection algorithm based on the Sherman-Morrison formula provides autonomous functionality and high-accuracy results.

scholarly journals Metabolome and Transcriptome Integration Reveals Insights Into Flavor Formation of ‘Crimson’ Watermelon Flesh During Fruit Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengsheng Gong ◽  
Weinan Diao ◽  
Hongju Zhu ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Umer ◽  
Shengjie Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fruit Flavor ◽  
Metabolome Data ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Metabolites have been reported as the main factor that influences the fruit flavor of watermelon. But the comprehensive study on the dynamics of metabolites during the development of watermelon fruit is not up-to-date. In this study, metabolome and transcriptome datasets of ‘Crimson’ watermelon fruit at four key developmental stages were generated. A total of 517 metabolites were detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–solid-phase microextraction–mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, by K-means clustering analysis, the total differentially expressed genes were clustered in six classes. Integrating transcriptome and metabolome data revealed similar expression trends of sugars and genes involved in the glycolytic pathway, providing molecular insights into the formation of taste during fruit development. Furthermore, through coexpression analysis, we identified five differentially expressed ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) genes (Cla97C01G013600, Cla97C05G089700, Cla97C01G001290, Cla97C05G095170, and Cla97C06G118330), which were found to be closely related to C9 alcohols/aldehydes, providing information for the formation of fruit aroma. Our findings establish a metabolic profile during watermelon fruit development and provide insights into flavor formation.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Concept and Evolution of the Guardstone and Its Architectural Visualization of the Contemporary Religious and Cultural Diversities

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Sasni Amarasekara
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aesthetic Evaluation ◽  
Specific Study ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Evolutionary Point ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Academic Study

<p>This specific study deals with a unique piece of Buddhist architecture, the Guardstone found almost in every part of ancient kingdoms in Sri Lanka spanning from Anuradhapura to Kandy period significantly. The Guardstone is an excellent piece of structure placed on either side of the first step of the flight of stairs at the entrance of ancient religious buildings or palaces in Sri Lanka. The origin of this architectural masterpiece is still to determine. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted in an evolutionary point of view that the guardstone has passed through several developmental stages from a simple slab to a highly sophisticated artifact in its dimensions, complexity and artistry. The numerous inclusions as well as exclusions from time to time to this artifact still remain uncertain as to whether they were due to secular or ecclesiastical reasons or simply due to the creators own culture influenced imagination. This study will peruse all the possible evidence that are available architecturally and to develop a logical reasoning for any identifiable characteristic and to elucidate with reasonable legitimacy as to how and why such a character is present or absent in a particular guardstone. This study in no way has any intention of rejecting or amending any proposition available at present but will pursue its best to shed light only on the attributes of a guardstone and to concentrate on the diversities of this beautiful monastic artifact that deserves serious academic study and meticulous aesthetic evaluation.</p>

scholarly journals Hakîkat Yolcusunun Son Durağı: Nifferî’ye Göre Vakfe / The Final Destination of the Truth Seeker: Waqfah According to Al-Niffarî

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Mehmet Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Life Style ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Islamic Mysticism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ibn Arabi ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This study examines Islamic mysticism according to Abdu’l-Jabbar Al-Niffarî who has been accepted as an importing figure in Islamic mysticism and among the pioneers of Ibn Arabi in the history of Sufism. Niffarî, who lived in the fourth century (AH), couldn’t find much fame since he preferred a humble and individual life style. The recent academic researches have shed light on his deserved reputation. The first comprehensive study about Nifferî belongs to M. Mustafa Çakmaklıoğlu in Turkey, which I review in this paper. In this study, Çakmaklıoğlu intensely examines Niffarî’s life, works, and contribution to Sufi knowledge. The author tries to understand Niffarî, who uses a very vehement, dense, symbolic, and paradoxical language, through Ibn Arabi since he is familiar with his earlier works.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bu çalışma Tasavvuf tarihinde İbn Arabî’nin öncülerinden kabul edilebilecek önemli bir sûfî olan Abdülcebbâr en-Nifferî’yi konu edinmektedir. Hicrî dördüncü asırda yaşayan Nifferî, yapı itibariyle münzevî ve münferit bir hayatı tercih ettiği için kendi döneminden itibaren Tasavvuf tarihinde pek şöhret bulmamıştır. Hak ettiği şöhreti ise yakın geçmişte kendisi üzerinde yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar sonucu elde etmiştir. Türkçe’de Nifferî hakkında yapılan ilk kapsamlı çalışma M. Mustafa ÇAKMAKLIOĞLU’na aittir. Çakmaklıoğlu bu çalışmasında Nifferî’nin hayatını, eserlerini ve Tasavvuf ilmine kazandırdığı <em>vakfe</em>, <em>mevkıf</em> kavramlarını derinlemesine işlemektedir. Yazar çok veciz, yoğun, sembolik, paradoksal bir dil kullanan Nifferî’yi daha önceki çalışmalarında aşina olduğu İbn Arabî üzerinden anlamaya çalışmaktadır. </p>

ON THE QUESTION OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE NON-VERBAL CULTURE OF THE CIRCASSIANS

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Murat A. Khokonov ◽  
Zareta Kh. Soblirova ◽  
Roman P. Liseyev
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
The World ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article discusses issues related to socio-cultural manifestations of corporeality in the Circassian traditional society. The article presents cultural, philosophical and anthropological approaches on corporeality as a specific socio-cultural phenomenon. Particular attention is paid to proxemics and kinesics, that are used in the paper as theoretical basis of the study of the non-verbal communications in the Circassian&#x27;s culture. The paper argues the need in a comprehensive study of sign and gesture systems as integral part of the Circassian ethos. Authors suggest a new philosophical and anthropological view on somatic culture as one of the most important subsystems of the traditional Circassian mentality. Objective ideas on the non-linguistic components of communication shed light on many specific features of the ethnocultural picture of the world of the Circassians. The authors focus on such spatial forms of structuring of social relations as social distance, personal space, hidden meanings of various types and forms of social distances. The paper justifies that the corporeality, in general, and the kinesic aspects of traditional upbringing, in particular, were of great importance in socialization of younger generations.

scholarly journals How Do Cytokines Trigger Genomic Instability?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis L. Aivaliotis ◽  
Ioannis S. Pateras ◽  
Marilena Papaioannou ◽  
Christina Glytsou ◽  
Konstantinos Kontzoglou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Inflammation is a double-edged sword presenting a dual effect on cancer development, from one hand promoting tumor initiation and progression and from the other hand protecting against cancer through immunosurveillance mechanisms. Cytokines are crucial components of inflammation, participating in the interaction between the cells of tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive study of the role of cytokines in the context of the inflammation-tumorigenesis interplay helps us to shed light in the pathogenesis of cancer. In this paper we focus on the role of cytokines in the development of genomic instability, an evolving hallmark of cancer.

scholarly journals THE REMAINS OF THE LETTERS. THREE READING PARADIGMS IN THE GHETTOS

Porównania ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Roszak
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study ◽  
The Way

In June 1942 Emanuel Ringelblum asked: “What kind of books do people read? This topic has always been interesting for each Jew and after the war it also became interesting to the world”. This topic hasn’t received a comprehensive study yet. The author of the paper The Remains of the Letters. Three Reading Paradigms in the Ghettos examined this aspect of history of the ghettos. The literature allows us to shed light on the topic of the life and deaths of their inhabitants. But, taking up this topic enables us also to activate new ways of interpreting the books. The volumes they spent time on in the ghetto allow to capture the way the residents of the ghettos built or broke the bond with the reality, how they taught their own children to read or found solace in someone else’s pain. The author considers, however, whether the studies of ordinary life in extraordinary times of the Holocaust can be considered micro-historical.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Study on LPWANs With a Focus on the Potential of LoRa/LoRaWAN Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Milarokostas ◽  
Dimitris Tsolkas ◽  
Nikos Passas ◽  
Lazaros Merakos
Keyword(s):  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Cloud Infrastructure ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Server Side ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This publication offers a comprehensive survey on the topic of Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). We discuss the scope of LPWAN connectivity and present numerous well-established technologies that can offer such a service. From this presentation, LoRa/LoRaWAN systems emerge as one of the dominant solutions, and hence we offer details about end-to-end LoRa/LoRaWAN-enabled networking. As an area being in its infancy, LPWANs in general and LoRa/LoRaWAN in specific undergo extensive research. We shed light in key contributions, whereas we also provide our findings regarding the main research focus and needs. Simulation studies appear to be a popular choice among researchers, whereas real system implementations are constantly emerging thanks to low deployment and operational cost. For the former, we offer a comparative overview of existing simulators, whereas for the latter we discuss key considerations about the server-side part of a deployed system, which is usually supported by cloud infrastructure. Finally, LPWANs are systems that experience intense data generation, and thus we deliver a presentation of data-related operations which take place in such systems. This presentation revealed a major vertical market that is expected to be served by LPWANs: the Industiral IoT; which embodies concepts like Asset Administration Shell and Digital Twins.

Animatio

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs and the history of their ideas may shed light on an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to subsequent developmental stages. The last, rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment—at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception—was adopted by several Christian church fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul by the term personhood, basing the latter on self-awareness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the pre-embryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; and decreased rate of spontaneous loss. But biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide on the extent of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability, and birth have become landmarks of change in ontological status.

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