A guideline for 3D printing terminology in biomedical research utilizing ISO/ASTM standards

AbstractFirst patented in 1986, three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping, now encompasses a variety of distinct technology types where material is deposited, joined, or solidified layer by layer to create a physical object from a digital file. As 3D printing technologies continue to evolve, and as more manuscripts describing these technologies are published in the medical literature, it is imperative that standardized terminology for 3D printing is utilized. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide recommendations for standardized lexicons for 3D printing technologies described in the medical literature. For all 3D printing methods, standard general ISO/ASTM terms for 3D printing should be utilized. Additional, non-standard terms should be included to facilitate communication and reproducibility when the ISO/ASTM terms are insufficient in describing expository details. By aligning to these guidelines, the use of uniform terms for 3D printing and the associated technologies will lead to improved clarity and reproducibility of published work which will ultimately increase the impact of publications, facilitate quality improvement, and promote the dissemination and adoption of 3D printing in the medical community.

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3D PRINTING AND 3D BIOPRINTING TO USE FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Contemporary Materials ◽

10.7251/comen1901082s ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Milan Šljivić ◽

Dragoljub Mirjanić ◽

Nataša Šljivić ◽

Cristiano Fragassa ◽

Ana Pavlović

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

Physical Models ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

3D Bioprinting ◽

Solid Objects ◽

Modern Methods ◽

Digital File

The Additive manufacturing 3D printing is a process of creating a three dimensional solid objects or rapid prototyping of 3D models from a digital file, which builds layer by layer. The 3D bioprinting is a form sophisticated of 3D printing technology involving cells and tissues for the production of tissue for regenerative medicine, which is also built layer by layer into the area of human tissue or organ. This paper defines the modern methods and materials of the AM, which are used for the development of physical models and individually adjusted implants for 3D printing for medical purposes. The main classification of 3D printing and 3D bioprinting technologies are also defined by typical materials and a field of application. It is proven that 3D printing and 3D bioprinting techniques have a huge potential and a possibility to revolutionize the field of medicine.

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Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactide Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12112456 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2456

Author(s):

Demei Lee ◽

Guan-Yu Wu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Bed Temperature ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Impact

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing technology which creates three-dimensional objects layer-by-layer or drop-by-drop with minimal material waste. Despite the fact that 3D printing is a versatile and adaptable process and has advantages in establishing complex and net-shaped structures over conventional manufacturing methods, the challenge remains in identifying the optimal parameters for the 3D printing process. This study investigated the influence of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)-printed carbon fiber-filled polylactide (CFR-PLA) composites by employing an orthogonal array model. After printing, the tensile and impact strengths of the printed composites were measured, and the effects of different parameters on these strengths were examined. The experimental results indicate that 3D-printed CFR-PLA showed a rougher surface morphology than virgin PLA. For the variables selected in this analysis, bed temperature was identified as the most influential parameter on the tensile strength of CFR-PLA-printed parts, while bed temperature and print orientation were the key parameters affecting the impact strengths of printed composites. The 45° orientation printed parts also showed superior mechanical strengths than the 90° printed parts.

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Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

Biomedical glasses ◽

10.1515/bglass-2020-0006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 57-69

Author(s):

Amirhosein Fathi ◽

Farzad Kermani ◽

Aliasghar Behnamghader ◽

Sara Banijamali ◽

Masoud Mozafari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed ◽

Co Doped

AbstractOver the last years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to produce suitable substitutes for treating bone defects. In this work, 3D printed composite scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped multi-component melt-derived bioactive glasses (BGs) were prepared for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose, 30% of as-prepared BG particles (size <38 μm) were incorporated into PCL, and then the obtained composite mix was introduced into a 3D printing machine to fabricate layer-by-layer porous structures with the size of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3.The scaffolds were fully characterized through a series of physico-chemical and biological assays. Adding the BGs to PCL led to an improvement in the compressive strength of the fabricated scaffolds and increased their hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the PCL/BG scaffolds showed apatite-forming ability (i.e., bioactivity behavior) after being immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular examinations revealed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds and confirmed them as suitable substrates for the adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, 3D printed composite scaffolds made of PCL and Sr- and Co-doped BGs might be potentially-beneficial bone replacements, and the achieved results motivate further research on these materials.

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Porous PLAs with Controllable Density by FDM 3D Printing and Chemical Foaming Agent

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12080866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 866

Author(s):

A. R. Damanpack ◽

André Sousa ◽

M. Bodaghi

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Material Density ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Fabrication Parameters

This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM), as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, can engineer lightweight porous foams with controllable density. The tactic is based on the 3D printing of Poly Lactic Acid filaments with a chemical blowing agent, as well as experiments to explore how FDM parameters can control material density. Foam porosity is investigated in terms of fabrication parameters such as printing temperature and flow rate, which affect the size of bubbles produced during the layer-by-layer fabrication process. It is experimentally shown that printing temperature and flow rate have significant effects on the bubbles’ size, micro-scale material connections, stiffness and strength. An analytical equation is introduced to accurately simulate the experimental results on flow rate, density, and mechanical properties in terms of printing temperature. Due to the absence of a similar concept, mathematical model and results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to advance the state-of-the-art lightweight foams with controllable porosity and density fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology.

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Transfiguring Healthcare: Three-Dimensional Printing in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Trends during COVID-19: A Review

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i56b33946 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 207-218

Author(s):

K. G. Siree ◽

T. M. Amulya ◽

T. M. Pramod Kumar ◽

S. Sowmya ◽

K. Divith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

Custom Made ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact ◽

Dimensional Printing ◽

Shed Light

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a unique technique that allows for a high degree of customisation in pharmacy, dentistry and in designing of medical devices. 3D printing satiates the increasing exigency for consumer personalisation in these fields as custom-made medicines catering to the patients’ requirements are novel advancements in drug therapy. Current research in 3D printing indicates towards reproducing an organ in the form of a chip; paving the way for more studies and opportunities to perfecting the existing technique. In addition, we will also attempt to shed light on the impact of 3D printing in the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Surface Roughness Investigation of Poly-Jet 3D Printing

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math8101758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1758

Author(s):

Nectarios Vidakis ◽

Markos Petousis ◽

Nikolaos Vaxevanidis ◽

John Kechagias

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

3D Printing ◽

Surface Quality ◽

Back Propagation ◽

Physical Models ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Feed Forward Back Propagation ◽

The Impact

An experimental investigation of the surface quality of the Poly-Jet 3D printing (PJ-3DP) process is presented. PJ-3DP is an additive manufacturing process, which uses jetted photopolymer droplets, which are immediately cured with ultraviolet lamps, to build physical models, layer-by-layer. This method is fast and accurate due to the mechanism it uses for the deposition of layers as well as the 16 microns of layer thickness used. Τo characterize the surface quality of PJ-3DP printed parts, an experiment was designed and the results were analyzed to identify the impact of the deposition angle and blade mechanism motion onto the surface roughness. First, linear regression models were extracted for the prediction of surface quality parameters, such as the average surface roughness (Ra) and the total height of the profile (Rt) in the X and Y directions. Then, a Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBP-NN) was proposed for increasing the prediction performance of the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rt. These two models were compared with the reported ones in the literature; it was revealed that both performed better, leading to more accurate surface roughness predictions, whilst the NN model resulted in the best predictions, in particular for the Ra parameter.

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Ultra-High Early Strength Cementitious Grout Suitable for Additive Manufacturing Applications Fabricated by Using Graphene Oxide and Viscosity Modifying Agents

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12122900 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2900

Author(s):

Alyaa Mohammed ◽

Nihad Tareq Khshain Al-Saadi

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Design Method ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Fresh Properties ◽

Manufacturing Applications ◽

Mechanical Strengths ◽

The Impact

One of the considerable challenges in the design of cementitious mixtures for additive manufacturing/three-dimensional (3D) printing applications is achieving both suitable fresh properties and significant mechanical strengths. This paper presents the use of graphene oxide (GO) as a promising nano reinforcement material with the potential to improve the printing feasibility and quality of a 3D printed cementitious matrix. Additionally, in this study, a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) was employed as a chemical additive to attain the required consistency and flow. The printed mixture was fabricated using various cementitious materials and waste materials. This study investigated the impact of GO and VMA on the enhancement of the 3D printing of cementitious composites through several tests. A flow test was conducted using the flow table test. The results showed a high fluidity and practical consistency, which are essential for nozzle pumping and accurateness in printed shapes. Furthermore, the bleeding test showed minimal bleeding up to hardening, and a considerable self-cleaning ability was noted during handling when conducting examinations of fresh properties. For hardened properties, the mechanical strengths were exceptionally high, especially at early ages, which is crucial for the stability of sequence layers of printed composites. The tensile strengths were 3.77, 10.5, 13.35, and 18.83 MPa at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, and the compressive strengths were 25.1, 68.4, 85.6, and 125.4 MPa at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. The test results showed the effectiveness of the fabricated cementitious mixture design method for meeting the requirements for 3D concrete printing applications.

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Layered 3D Printing by Tethered Pyro-Electrospinning

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2020/1252960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sara Coppola ◽

Giuseppe Nasti ◽

Veronica Vespini ◽

Pietro Ferraro

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Biocompatible Polymer ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Electric Effect ◽

Mild Temperature

Nowadays it is easy to imagine that the exploitation of different additive manufacturing approaches could find use in regenerative medicine and frontiers nanotechnology with a strong interest in the development of in vivo bio-incubators that better replicate the tissue environment. Various electrospinning technologies have been exploited for the fabrication of composite polymeric architectures, where fibers have been used for the construction layer by layer of micro-architectures. Unfortunately, in case of processing biomaterials, the intrinsic factors of the materials could become obstacles when considering such advanced engineering methods. Here, for the first time, we use the pyro-EHD process for the fabrication of layered three-dimensional architectures made using a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer. The proposed approach for layered 3D printing works at mild temperature allowing deposition at high resolution and great flexibility in manufacturing, avoiding high voltage generators, and nozzles. The layered 3D printing, activated by the pyro-electric effect, is discussed and characterized in terms of geometrical features and processing parameters. Different geometries and micro-architecture (wall, square, triangle, and hybrid structures) have been demonstrated and over printing of composite polymer, obtained by mixing multiwall carbon nanotubes and fluorochrome, has been discussed, focusing on the use of a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer.

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Low cost digital fabrication approach for thumb orthoses

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-12-2015-0187 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 1020-1031 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Miguel Fernandez-Vicente ◽

Ana Escario Chust ◽

Andres Conejero

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Recovery Process ◽

Digital Fabrication ◽

Cost Comparison ◽

Content Type ◽

Custom Made ◽

The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel design workflow for the digital fabrication of custom-made orthoses (CMIO). It is intended to provide an easier process for clinical practitioners and orthotic technicians alike. It further functions to reduce the dependency of the operators’ abilities and skills. Design/methodology/approach The technical assessment covers low-cost three-dimensional (3D) scanning, free computer-aided design (CAD) software, and desktop 3D printing and acetone vapour finishing. To analyse its viability, a cost comparison was carried out between the proposed workflow and the traditional CMIO manufacture method. Findings The results show that the proposed workflow is a technically feasible and cost-effective solution to improve upon the traditional process of design and manufacture of custom-made static trapeziometacarpal (TMC) orthoses. Further studies are needed for ensuring a clinically feasible approach and for estimating the efficacy of the method for the recovery process in patients. Social implications The feasibility of the process increases the impact of the study, as the great accessibility to this type of 3D printers makes the digital fabrication method easier to be adopted by operators. Originality/value Although some research has been conducted on digital fabrication of CMIO, few studies have investigated the use of desktop 3D printing in any systematic way. This study provides a first step in the exploration of a new design workflow using low-cost digital fabrication tools combined with non-manual finishing.

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Steel Parts with Tailored Material Gradients by 3D-Printing Using Nano-Particulate Ink

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.679 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 492-493 ◽

pp. 679-684 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dirk Godlinski ◽

Stéphane Morvan

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Material Design ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Steel Matrix ◽

Local Composition ◽

Composition Control ◽

Halftone Image

It is difficult to generate any user-defined three dimensional gradient to tailor the functional properties of a component. Problems are not only the lack of local material design tools, but also a suitable manufacturing process. The implementation of the concept of local composition control into the Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) process 3D-Printing is described, which leads to geometrical complex parts out of tailored materials. Suspensions of different functional inks containing a binder and carbon black nano-particles are dispensed into droplets through multiple jets – like inkjet printing a halftone image on a paper – but into a metal powder bed to generate layer by layer graded green parts. In this case the tailored preforms are then sintered, while the nano-particle additions from the functional ink act locally as alloying elements in the steel matrix to combine e.g. both, toughness and hardness in the part. This work concentrates on the realisation of the new process and shows first results taking the generation of carbon-graded steel parts as an example.

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