scholarly journals Immune Therapy in GI Malignancies: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (16) ◽  
pp. 1745-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Wang ◽  
Kim A. Reiss ◽  
Rina Khatri ◽  
Elizabeth Jaffee ◽  
Dan Laheru
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Relationships

The balance between tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing immune responses and the difference between them ultimately determine whether a cancer escapes immune recognition mechanisms. Defining the complex relationships between the tumor itself, the tumor environment, and the immune system has been critical in facilitating the development of successful immunotherapies. This review explores the role of oncogenes in inducing cancer-associated inflammation, the local and systemic factors that lead to immune suppression, and immunotherapy approaches to overcome immune privilege.

scholarly journals Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiel van Geffen ◽  
Astrid Deißler ◽  
Markus Quante ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals Role of the microbiome in human development

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello ◽  
Filipa Godoy-Vitorino ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Martin J Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Development

The host-microbiome supraorganism appears to have coevolved and the unperturbed microbial component of the dyad renders host health sustainable. This coevolution has likely shaped evolving phenotypes in all life forms on this predominantly microbial planet. The microbiota seems to exert effects on the next generation from gestation, via maternal microbiota and immune responses. The microbiota ecosystems develop, restricted to their epithelial niches by the host immune system, concomitantly with the host chronological development, providing early modulation of physiological host development and functions for nutrition, immunity and resistance to pathogens at all ages. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in human development, including evolutionary considerations, and the maternal/fetal relationships, contributions to nutrition and growth. We also discuss what constitutes a healthy microbiota, how antimicrobial modern practices are impacting the human microbiota, the associations between microbiota perturbations, host responses and diseases rocketing in urban societies and potential for future restoration.

scholarly journals Role of Human Leukocyte Antigens at the Feto-Maternal Interface in Normal and Pathological Pregnancy: An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4756
Author(s):  
Chiara Tersigni ◽  
Federica Meli ◽  
Caterina Neri ◽  
Azzurra Iacoangeli ◽  
Rita Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Hla Class I ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Hla Class I Molecules ◽  
Classical Pattern ◽  
Hla Molecules

The successful maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus provides an apparent immunologic paradox. Indeed, deep invasion of placental trophoblast cells into maternal uterine tissue and the following growth of the fetus have to be tolerated by a pregnant woman’s immune system. Among the various possible protective mechanisms that may be involved in human pregnancy, the expression of a non-classical pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and the complete lack of expression of HLA class II molecules in placental tissues seem to be the most relevant mechanisms of fetal escape from maternal immune recognition. The importance of HLA molecules in fetal toleration by the maternal immune system is highlighted by pregnancy complications occurring in cases of abnormal HLA molecule expression at the maternal–fetal interface. In this review, we summarize evidences about the role of placental HLA molecules in normal and pathological pregnancies.

Human MUC1 Mucin: A Multifaceted Glycoprotein

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. von Mensdorff-Pouilly ◽  
F.G.M. Snijdewint ◽  
A.A. Verstraeten ◽  
R.H.M. Verheijen ◽  
P. Kenemans
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Phase I Clinical Trials ◽  
Muc1 Mucin ◽  
Human Muc1

Human MUC1 mucin, a membrane-bound glycoprotein, is a major component of the ductal cell surface of normal glandular cells. MUC1 is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in carcinoma cells. The role MUC1 plays in cancer progression represents two sides of one coin: on the one hand, loss of polarity and overexpression of MUC1 in cancer cells interferes with cell adhesion and shields the tumor cell from immune recognition by the cellular arm of the immune system, thus favoring metastases; on the other hand, MUC1, in essence a self-antigen, is displaced and altered in malignancy and induces immune responses. Tumor-associated MUC1 has short carbohydrate sidechains and exposed epitopes on its peptide core; it gains access to the circulation and comes into contact with the immune system provoking humoral and cellular immune responses. Natural antibodies to MUC1 present in the circulation of cancer patients may be beneficial to the patient by restricting tumor growth and dissemination: early stage breast cancer patients with a humoral response to MUC1 have a better disease-specific survival. Several MUC1 peptide vaccines, differing in vectors, carrier proteins and adjuvants, have been tested in phase I clinical trials. They are capable of inducing predominantly humoral responses to the antigen, but evidence that these immune responses may be effective against the tumor in humans is still scarce.

scholarly journals Sex differences in severity and mortality from COVID-19: are males more vulnerable?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Pradhan ◽  
Per-Erik Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown high infection and mortality rates all over the world, and despite the global efforts, there is so far no specific therapy available for COVID-19. Interestingly, while the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are higher in males than in females, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this review, we explore sex-related differences that may be contributing factors to the observed male-biased mortality from COVID-19. Males are considered the weaker sex in aspects related to endurance and infection control. Studies show that viral RNA clearance is delayed in males with COVID-19. A recent study has indicated that the testis can harbor coronavirus, and consequently, males show delayed viral clearance. However, the role of testis involvement in COVID-19 severity and mortality needs further research. Males and females show a distinct difference in immune system responses with females eliciting stronger immune responses to pathogens. This difference in immune system responses may be a major contributing factor to viral load, disease severity, and mortality. In addition, differences in sex hormone milieus could also be a determinant of viral infections as estrogen has immunoenhancing effects while testosterone has immunosuppressive effects. The sex-specific severity of COVID-19 infections indicates that further research on understanding the sex differences is needed. Inclusion of both males and females in basic research and clinical trials is required to provide critical information on sex-related differences that may help to better understand disease outcome and therapy.

scholarly journals Immune Checkpoint Modulation in Colorectal Cancer: What’s New and What to Expect

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Jacobs ◽  
Evelien Smits ◽  
Filip Lardon ◽  
Patrick Pauwels ◽  
Vanessa Deschoolmeester
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Related Mortality

Colorectal cancer (CRC), as one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide, is still a leading cause of cancer related mortality. There is an urgent need for more efficient therapies in metastatic disease. Immunotherapy, a rapidly expanding field of oncology, is designed to boost the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. Of the many approaches currently under study to improve antitumor immune responses, immune checkpoint inhibition has thus far been proven to be the most effective. This review will outline the treatments that take advantage of our growing understanding of the role of the immune system in cancer, with a particular emphasis on immune checkpoint molecules, involved in CRC pathogenesis.

The role of cytokines in immunological tolerance: potential for therapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harber ◽  
Anette Sundstedt ◽  
David Wraith
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Clinical Potential

Current immunosuppression protocols, although often effective, are nonspecific and therefore hazardous. Consequently, immunological tolerance that is antigen specific and does not globally depress the patient's immune system has become one of the Holy Grails of immunology. Since the discovery that cytokines have immunomodulatory effects, extensive research has investigated the potential of these molecules to induce and maintain specific immunological tolerance in the context of transplantation, allergy and autoimmunity. In this article, we review the possible mechanisms by which cytokines can modulate the immune response and the animal models that frequently confound the theory that a single cytokine, or group of cytokines, can induce tolerance in a predictable manner. Finally, we discuss the role of cytokines at a paracrine level, particularly in the context of inducing and maintaining antigen-specific, regulatory T cells with the clinical potential to suppress specific immune responses.

scholarly journals INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE AS AN IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC TARGET BRINGS A NEW HOPE FOR CANCER PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Asghar ◽  
Asif Loya
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

Therapeutic manipulation of immune system in cancer has been an extensive area of research in the field of oncoimmunology. Immunotherapy helps the immune system to combat against cancer. Tumour cells take an edge of immunosuppressive mechanisms and inhibit antitumour immune responses. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumour immune escape mechanism in various cancers. IDO can degrade the tryptophan into kynurenines and has an ability to enhance the immune tolerance through mammalian target of rapamycin pathway general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and induction of regulatory T (T-regs) cells. IDO-induced T-regs suppress the local immune responses in the tumour microenvironment and promote metastasis. IDO overexpression in various cancers is associated with poor prognosis. Several preclinical and clinical trials have been proceeding and recommend that IDO inhibitor may be an influential tool against a wide range of cancers. IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may also have clinical implications. Thus, IDO has the potential to be used as an immunotherapeutic target. This review discusses the promising role of IDO in cancer and its implication in immunotherapy.Key words: Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, haematological malignancies, immunotherapy, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer

scholarly journals Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on colon cancer growth in mouse model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Farideh Zavareh ◽  
◽  
Mahboubeh Hadiipour ◽  
Reza Kalantari ◽  
Somayeh Mousavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
The Difference

Despite all advances in cancer treatment methods, failure of treatment is a major concern. This failure can be caused by tumor environment made by tumor cells and prevents immune system to reach neoplastic cells. So, cancer immunotherapy and target therapy are in the focus of scientists. Due to the inverse relationship shown between parasites and cancer, parasites are a candidate for use in cancer immunotherapy. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite invades many cells of vertebrae spices but make symptoms only in fetus and immuno-deficient person. Studies have shown T. gondii can stimulate immune system against neoplastic cells and break fort of tumor environment. In this experimental work, Colon cancer bearing mice randomly divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with either lysate or irradiated tachyzoite of T. gondii respectively. The third group were left intact as control group. Our resulted data showed that in irradiated tachyzoite or lysate treated groups there was a significant reduction in tumor growth in comparison with control group. However, the difference in survival time was not statistically significant. In conclusion, treatment with T. gondii antigens resulted in suppression of tumor growth.

scholarly journals Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco ◽  
Fábio Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa ◽  
Anna Julia Pietrobon ◽  
Maria Notomi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Proinflammatory Factors

Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, impact the immune system, usually as proinflammatory factors. Other mediators act as regulatory components to establish homeostasis after injury or prevent the inflammatory process. Histamine, a biogenic vasoactive amine, causes symptoms such as allergies and has a pleiotropic effect that is dependent on its interaction with its four histamine receptors. In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. We also evaluate the interactions between these effects.

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