Factors related to axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology practice

This study was conducted to observe the effect of atropine in retarding myopia progression and axial length growth in 36 myopic children (atropine group, 24; control, 12). The initial spherical equivalent of the atropine group and control group was -3.0 ± 1.6 dioptre and -3.5 ± 1.6 dioptre respectively. At the 12th month in atropine group, it was -2.9 ± 2.6 dioptre and -4.6 ± 1.9 dioptre in the control group. The power of the atropine group reduced but rose in the control group after 12 months. There was a statistically significant difference in final refractive errors between the two groups (p<0.05). The initial axial length of the atropine group and control group was 24.3± 1.0 mm and 24.6 ± 1.1 mm respectively. In 12th month, the changes in axial length in the two groups was insignificant. However, the mean axial length progression at 12 months of the atropine group was -0.1 ± 0.1 mm and it was lower than the control group which was -0.2 ± 0.2 mm, and this was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, topical atropine (0.01%) retarded myopia progre-ssion and axial length growth in myopic children.

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Endothelin-1 Serum Concentration is Lower in Children and Adolescents with High Myopia, a Preliminary Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9051327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1327

Author(s):

Katarzyna Powierza ◽

Beata Żelazowska-Rutkowska ◽

Jolanta Sawicka-Powierza ◽

Bożena Mikołuć ◽

Beata Urban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Axial Length ◽

High Myopia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Weak Negative Correlation ◽

Preliminary Study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of enothelin-1 (ET-1) in children and adolescents with high myopia and its association with the axial length of the eye and the presence of myopic retinal degeneration. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 57 patients with high myopia and 29 control subjects. Serum concentrations of ET-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A significantly lower concentration of ET-1 in highly myopic patients compared to controls was found (1.47 (0.91; 1.87) vs. 1.94 (1.1; 2.69) pg/mL, p = 0.005). In patients with high myopia, a weak negative correlation between ET-1 concentration and the longest axial length out of the two eyes was found (r = −0.255, p = 0.0558). Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences in ET-1 concentration between patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 and ≤ 26 mm (p < 0.041) and patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm and controls (p < 0.001). ET-1 expression is disturbed in highly myopic children and adolescents. Lower ET-1 concentration in patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm may co-occur with high myopia and should be considered a risk factor in the pathophysiology of high myopia progression.

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Fallopia Japonica and Prunella Vulgaris Inhibit Myopia Progression by Suppressing Akt and NFκB Mediated Inflammatory Reactions

10.20944/preprints202107.0228.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chia-Hung Lin ◽

Chih-Sheng Chen ◽

Yao-Chien Wang ◽

En-Shyh Lin ◽

Ching-Yao Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Axial Length ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Rpe Cells ◽

Expression Levels

The increased global incidence of myopia requires the establishment of therapeutic approaches. Previous studies have suggested that inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of myopia. We used human retinal pigment epithelial cell to study the molecular mechanisms on how FJE and PVE lowering the inflammation of the eye. The effect of FJE and PVE in MFD induced hamster model and explore the role of inflammation cytokines in myopia. Expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were upregulated in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells treated with IL-6 and TNF-α. FJ extract (FJE) + PV extract (PVE) reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression in RPE cells. Furthermore, FJE and PVE inhibited inflammation by attenuating the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) pathway. In addition, we report two resveratrol + ursolic acid compounds from FJ and PV and their inhibitory activities against IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression levels in RPE cells treated with IL-6 and TNF-α. FJE, PVE, and FJE + PVE were applied to MFD hamsters and their axial length was measured after 21 days. The axial length showed statistically significant differences between phosphate-buffered saline- and FJE-, PVE-, and FJE + PVE-treated MFD eyes. FJE + PVE suppressed expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. They also inhibited myopia-related transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and NF-κB expression while increasing type Ⅰ collagen expression. Overall, these results suggest that FJE + PVE may have a therapeutic effect on myopia and be used as a potential treatment option.

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The effect of pupil diameter on the axial length of the eye in children with myopia using orthokeratology lenses

Archive of Ukrainian Ophthalmology ◽

10.22141/2309-8147.9.1.2021.229517 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 6-9

Author(s):

P.A. Bezditko ◽

R.O. Parkhomets

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Total Correction ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Advanced Form ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Background. In recent years the refractive therapy with orthokeratology lenses (OKL) has become the most popular among the effective ones. The efficiency of the method is determined by several initial parameters of a patient, including the diameter of the pupil. The purpose was to study the influence of pupil diameter on the eye axial length in patients with myopia who use orthokeratology lenses. Materials and methods. The examination involved 120 children divided into 2 groups. The group I used OKL, group II used glasses with total correction. Results. Group I demonstrated a strong correlation between the diameter of the pupil and myopia progression gradient; group II showed no correlation. Conclusions. The most effective method of control for an advanced form of myopia and baseline dimension of the lens less than 4.52 mm is an application of refractive therapy with orthokeratology lenses.

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Axial length growth difference between eyes after monocular laser refractive surgery: eight patients who underwent myopic laser ablation for both eyes at intervals of several years

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-022-02243-y ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chenghai Weng ◽

Fei Xia ◽

Dang Xu ◽

Xingtao Zhou ◽

Liangcheng Wu

Keyword(s):

Laser Ablation ◽

Axial Length ◽

Refractive Surgery ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Growth Difference ◽

Laser Refractive Surgery

Abstract Background Myopia is a global public health issue. Controlling myopia progression is a primary focus of myopia studies today. Peripheral retinal myopic defocus is considered the mechanism for reduced myopia progression in orthokeratology studies. The topographic change in the front corneal surface after laser refractive surgery and orthokeratology procedures may appear similar. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of myopic laser ablation on axial length (AL) growth. Methods Myopic patients who underwent monocular excimer laser refractive surgery first in one eye and then in another eye several years later because of myopia occurrence or myopia progression were recruited. The axial length elongation and refraction (spherical equivalent) between the two eyes were observed and compared. Results A total of 8 myopic patients were enrolled in the study. The AL increased from 24.52 ± 0.96 mm to 24.68 ± 1.03 mm but without significance (T = 1.49, P > 0.05) in the ablated eyes. The AL increased significantly from 23.73 ± 0.91 mm to 24.26 ± 0.95 mm in the nonablated eyes (T = 6.76, P < 0.001). The AL elongation of the ablated eyes with 0.16 ± 0.30 mm growth was significantly lower than that of the nonablated eyes with 0.53 ± 0.32 mm growth (T = 8.98, P < 0.001). The spherical equivalent (SE) increased significantly in the ablated eyes (− 0.59 ± 0.21 (D), T = 6.36, P < 0.001) and in the nonablated eyes (− 0.97 ± 0.55 (D), T = 4.91, P < 0.01), and the difference between the two eyes was significant (T = 3.05, P < 0.05). Conclusions The inhibitory effect of myopic laser ablation on AL elongation reported in the limited case studies argues for animal research on its efficacy as a new intervention for myopia progression.

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Generational Difference of Axial Length and Its Risk Factors in Urban and Rural China

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2019/1607064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhong Lin ◽

Balamurali Vasudevan ◽

Kenneth J Ciuffreda ◽

Tie Ying Gao ◽

Hong Jia Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Axial Length ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural China ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Older Children ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Multivariable Regression ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose. To compare the axial length difference (ALD) and the estimated generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, p<0.001; rural β = 0.11, p<0.001) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, p<0.001; rural β = 0.52, p<0.001) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, p=0.002; mothers: β = −0.29, p=0.004) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, p=0.006) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.

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Predictive factors associated with axial length growth and myopia progression in orthokeratology

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0218140 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. e0218140 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jaeryung Kim ◽

Dong Hui Lim ◽

Sun Hyup Han ◽

Tae-Young Chung

Keyword(s):

Predictive Factors ◽

Axial Length ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Length Growth

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Orthokeratology lenses and myopia control

The Eye ◽

10.33791/2222-4408-2019-2-13-20 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (2019-2) ◽

pp. 13-20

Author(s):

Pyotr Nagorsky ◽

Nikolai Kikhtenko ◽

Vera Milyukhina

Keyword(s):

Axial Length ◽

Growth Dynamics ◽

Control Group ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Eye Growth ◽

Vision Correction ◽

Uncorrected Visual Acuity ◽

Progressive Myopia ◽

Observation Period ◽

Myopia Control

Purpose: To estimate the stabilizing effect of orthokeratology lenses (ortho-K, OK-lenses) on myopia progression by evaluating axial eye growth dynamics and clinical refraction. Material and methods. Ortho-K group consisted of 68 children (135 eyes) aged 7–17 years (mean age 12.2) with progressive myopia (initially -0.75–6.75 D). Observation period varied from 7 to 30 months (mean period 11.68±4.39). All patients used OK-lenses for overnight wear. The control group consisted of 90 patients (180 eyes) with myopia who were prescribed single vision spectacles for vision correction. Comparative analysis was performed for clinical refraction parameters as well as for axial length (AL). The data was obtained with the use of IOL-Master optical biometer (“Carl Zeiss”). Results. The parameters were stable in patients of ortho-K group: axial length, subjective and objective clinical refraction, the required power of corrective lenses. However, the parameters changed significantly in the control group during the observation period: uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) decreased, the required power of corrective lenses increased, the indices of objective clinical refraction strengthened, annual gradient of progression (AGP) amounted to 0.26±0.19 and 0.16±0,39 mm in patients with low and moderate myopia, respectively. Conclusion. The use of OK-lenses ensures a significant deceleration of myopia progression in children. The results obtained suggest a wider use of ortho-K among pediatric ophthalmologists in their clinical practice as it is an effective preventive and therapeutic method for patients with progressive myopia.

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Use baseline axial length measurements in myopic patients to predict the control of myopia with and without atropine 0.01%

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254061

Author(s):

Loreto V. T. Rose ◽

Angela M. Schulz ◽

Stuart L. Graham

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Axial Length ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Paired Difference ◽

Length Growth ◽

Slow Progressors ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Change In Mean

Purpose Identifying axial length growth rate as an indicator of fast progression before initiating atropine 0.01% for myopia progression in children. Method From baseline, axial length growth over six months was measured prospectively. Subjects were then initiated on atropine 0.01% if axial length growth was greater than 0.1mm per 6 months (fast progressors), axial length and spherical equivalent change measurements recorded every six months. The rate of change was compared to the baseline pre-treatment rate. If axial length change was below the threshold, subjects received monitoring only. Results 73 subjects were identified as fast progressors and commenced atropine 0.01%, (mean baseline refraction of OD -2.9±1.6, OS -2.9±1.8 and a mean baseline axial length OD 24.62 ± 1.00 mm, OS 24.53 ± 0.99 mm). At six months, the mean paired difference of axial length growth rate was significantly reduced by 50% of baseline (all 73 subjects, p<0.05). 53 subjects followed to 12 months, and 12 to 24 months maintained a reduced growth rate. Change in mean spherical equivalent was significantly reduced compared to pre-treatment refractive error (mean paired difference p<0.05) and at each subsequent visit. 91 children were slow progressors and remained untreated. Their axial length growth rate did not change significantly out to 24 months. Spherical equivalent changed less than -0.5D annually in this group. Conclusion Identifying fast progressors before treatment initiation demonstrated a strong treatment effect with atropine 0.01% reducing their individual rate of myopia progression by 50%. Another large group of myopic children, slow progressors, continued without medical intervention. A baseline axial length growth rate is proposed as a guideline to identify fast progressors who are more likely to benefit from atropine 0.01%.

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Diacerein Inhibits Myopia Progression through Lowering Inflammation in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2021/6660640 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Peng-Tai Tien ◽

Chia-Hung Lin ◽

Chih-Sheng Chen ◽

Ching-Yao Chang ◽

Hsiangyu Ku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Axial Length ◽

Type I Collagen ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Type I ◽

Myopia Progression ◽

Tgf Β1

Myopia is a highly prevalent refractive disorder. We investigated the effect of diacerein on monocular form deprivation (MFD) in hamsters as a possible therapeutic intervention. Diacerein is an anthraquinone derivative drug whose active metabolite is rhein. Diacerein or atropine was applied to the MFD hamsters, and their refractive error and axial length were measured after 21 days. The refractive error (control: − 0.91 ± 0.023 , atropine: − 0.3 ± 0.08 , and diacerein: − 0.27 ± 0.07 D ) and axial length (control: 0.401 ± 0.017 , atropine: 0.326 ± 0.017 , and diacerein: 0.334 ± 0.016 mm ) showed statistically significant differences between control, atropine-treated, and diacerein-treated MFD eyes. Furthermore, we determined the level of transforming growth factor-beta- (TGF-) β1, matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 2, type I collagen, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) 1 in the retina. Atropine and diacerein suppressed levels of the myopia-related TGF-β1 and MMP-2 while increasing type I collagen expression. They also inhibited the interleukin IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 levels. Diacerein reduced the IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 expression in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, diacerein inhibited inflammation by attenuating the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) pathway. This suggests that diacerein has a therapeutic effect on myopia and is a potential treatment option.

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