Organization model, vertical integration, and farmers’ income growth: Empirical evidence from large-scale farmers in Lin’an, China

Since China’s reform and opening-up in 1978, the income of rural residents has increased when compared with that of urban residents. However, the income growth rate of farmers is relatively low, and the income gap between urban and rural areas is widening. Using a sample of 1,325 large-scale farming households in Lin’an, this study constructs a theoretical path for how the level of vertical integration and an organization model affect farmers’ income levels and empirically tests the path using a mediation effect analysis model. The results indicate that organization models and vertical integration are important factors that affect farmers’ income levels. The total income and agricultural operation income of farmers who participate in agricultural operation organizations are greater than that of farmers who do not participate in an operation organization. In addition, the total income and agricultural operation income of farmers who produce and process and those who produce, process, and sell are higher than those of farmers who only produce. A farmers’ organization model has both a direct and an indirect positive influence on their income level, with the indirect positive influence coming through the mediating variable of vertical integration. The application of the organizational model can promote the growth of rural households’ total family income and agricultural income by 13.48% and 14.48% respectively, consisting of direct increases of 9.67% and 10.19%, and indirect increases of 3.81% and 4.29% through vertical integration. The results also show that access to credit, agricultural technology training, and the farmer’s education level have significant positive impacts on farming income levels. The findings suggest ways to increase farmers’ income by perfecting agricultural management organization systems, promoting agricultural industrialization, strengthening rural financial support, improving agricultural technical training for farmers, and increasing their level of education.

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Characteristics of Models of Farms in the European Union

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4772

Author(s):

Hanna Klikocka ◽

Aneta Zakrzewska ◽

Piotr Chojnacki

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Large Scale ◽

The European Union ◽

Family Farms ◽

Agricultural Income ◽

Commercial Farms ◽

Standard Output ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Eu

The article describes and sets the definition of different farm models under the categories of being family, small, and large-scale commercial farms. The distinction was based on the structure of the workforce and the relationship between agricultural income and the minimum wage. Family farms were dominated by the farming family providing the labour and their income per capita exceeded the net minimum wage in the country. The larger commercial farms feature a predominance of hired labour. Based on surveys, it was found that in 2016 in the EU-28 there were 10,467,000 farms (EU-13—57.3%, EU-15—42.7%). They carried out agricultural activities on an area of 173,338,000 ha (EU-13—28.5%, EU-15—71.5%). Countries of the EU-28 generated a standard output (SO) amounting to EUR 364,118,827,100 (EU-13—17.2% and EU-15—82.8%). After the delimitation, it was shown that small farming (70.8%) was the predominant form of management in the European Union (EU-13—88.2% and EU-15—79.8%) compared to family farming (18.4%) (EU-13—10.5% and EU-15—29%). In most EU countries the largest share of land resources pertains to small farms (35.6%) and family farms (38.6%) (UAA—utilised agricultural area of farms).

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The dialectics of authoring expansive learning: tracing the long tail of a Change Laboratory

Journal of Workplace Learning ◽

10.1108/jwl-01-2016-0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 245-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Annalisa Sannino ◽

Yrjö Engeström ◽

Johanna Lahikainen

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Scale Transformation ◽

Dialectical Tensions ◽

Content Type ◽

Organization Model ◽

Expansive Learning ◽

Conceptual Argument ◽

University Library ◽

Dialectical Process ◽

Cultural Historical Activity

Purpose The paper aims to examine organizational authoring understood as a longitudinal, material and dialectical process of transformation efforts. The following questions are asked: To which extent can a Change Laboratory intervention help practitioners author their own learning? Are the authored outcomes of a Change Laboratory intervention futile if a workplace subsequently undergoes large-scale organizational transformations? Does the expansive learning authored in a Change Laboratory intervention survive large-scale organizational transformations, and if so, why does it survive and how? Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a conceptual argument based on cultural–historical activity theory. The conceptual argument is grounded in the examination of a case of eight years of change efforts in a university library, including a Change Laboratory (CL) intervention. Follow-up interview data are used to discuss and illuminate our argument in relation to the three research questions. Findings The idea of knotworking constructed in the CL process became a “germ cell” that generates novel solutions in the library activity. A large-scale transformation from the local organization model developed in the CL process to the organization model of the entire university library was not experienced as a loss. The dialectical tension between the local and global models became a source of movement driven by the emerging expansive object. Practitioners are modeling their own collective future competences, expanding them both in socio-spatial scope and interactive depth. Originality/value The article offers an expanded view of authorship, calling attention to material changes and practical change actions. The dialectical tensions identified serve as heuristic guidelines for future studies and interventions.

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Six-fold increase in historical Northern Hemisphere concurrent large heatwaves driven by warming and changing atmospheric circulations

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-21-0200.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-39

Author(s):

Cassandra D.W. Rogers ◽

Kai Kornhuber ◽

Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick ◽

Paul C. Loikith ◽

Deepti Singh

Keyword(s):

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Large Scale ◽

Warm Season ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Circulation Pattern ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Climate Risks ◽

Circulation Patterns ◽

Multiple Regions ◽

Barents And Kara Seas

AbstractSimultaneous heatwaves affecting multiple regions (referred to as concurrent heatwaves), pose compounding threats to various natural and societal systems, including global food chains, emergency response systems, and reinsurance industries. While anthropogenic climate change is increasing heatwave risks across most regions, the interactions between warming and circulation changes that yield concurrent heatwaves remain understudied. Here, we quantify historical (1979-2019) trends in concurrent heatwaves during the warm-season (May-September, MJJAS) across the Northern Hemisphere mid- to high-latitudes. We find a significant increase of ~46% in the mean spatial extent of concurrent heatwaves, ~17% increase in their maximum intensity, and ~6-fold increase in their frequency. Using Self-Organising Maps, we identify large-scale circulation patterns (300 hPa) associated with specific concurrent heatwave configurations across Northern Hemisphere regions. We show that observed changes in the frequency of specific circulation patterns preferentially increase the risk of concurrent heatwaves across particular regions. Patterns linking concurrent heatwaves across eastern North America, eastern and northern Europe, parts of Asia, and the Barents and Kara Seas, show the largest increases in frequency (~5.9 additional days per decade). We also quantify the relative contributions of circulation pattern changes and warming to overall observed concurrent heatwave day frequency trends. While warming has a predominant and positive influence on increasing concurrent heatwaves, circulation pattern changes have a varying influence and account for up to 0.8 additional concurrent heatwave days per decade. Identifying regions with an elevated risk of concurrent heatwaves and understanding their drivers is indispensable for evaluating projected climate risks on interconnected societal systems and fostering regional preparedness in a changing climate.

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Marketing Research: Family Income Levels and Enrollment Strategies

Proceedings of the 1982 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference - Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-16946-0_156 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 564-564

Author(s):

Loren B. Jung ◽

Van D. Psimitis

Keyword(s):

Family Income ◽

Marketing Research ◽

Income Levels

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Pembuatan Produk Permen Agar-agar Buah

SEMAR (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Seni bagi Masyarakat) ◽

10.20961/semar.v8i1.24724 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mamik Ponco Rahayu ◽

Nuraini Harmastuti ◽

Endang Sri Rejeki ◽

Taufik Turahman

Keyword(s):

Community Service ◽

Low Income ◽

Family Income ◽

Factory Workers ◽

Income Levels ◽

Home Based ◽

Service Activity ◽

Training Activities ◽

Family Home

ABSTRACT The Ngampon people in Mojosongo Village, Jebres, Surakarta City face diverse livelihood problems, most of which are factory workers with low income levels and the role of mothers as housewives. Therefore, it is necessary to have training activities to make agar agar fruit products as an alternative home-based home industry to increase family income. This community service activity was designed by conducting training on making fruit jelly candy products. The target of the above activities is that the community will get additional skills in making agar-agar candy fruit that can be done easily and small capital so that it can be an alternative family home industry. Keywords: Fruit, jelly candy, home industry

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Integrating Schools by Family Income: A Promising Education Reform or Unattainable Dream?

Policy Perspectives ◽

10.4079/pp.v10i1.4232 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Robin Kane

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

School Districts ◽

Education Reform ◽

Family Income ◽

Racial Segregation ◽

Equity In Education ◽

Income Levels ◽

Concentrated Poverty ◽

Key Policy ◽

Reform Debate

Integrating public schools by family income is a relatively new proposal in the education reform debate. To enhance equity in education, advocates have sought approaches that will not meet the judicial resistance that race has met when used to integrate schools. This paper provides a review of the proposal to integrate public schools by family income. It examines research on achievement by students of all income levels in schools with concentrated poverty, trends in racial segregation, and the case in support of plans to balance schools by family income. The paper also provides a summary of the plans in place in two school districts, the response of key policy players to these plans, and the possible challenges to wider implementation.

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Population preferences and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11814-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Junaid Tahir ◽

Muhammad Saqlain ◽

Waleed Tariq ◽

Summaiya Waheed ◽

Steven H. S. Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Positive Attitude ◽

Family Income ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Population Level ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Government Officials ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background While vaccine development is itself a challenge; ensuring optimal vaccine uptake at population level can present an even more significant challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the Pakistani population’s attitude and preferences towards the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out through an online self-administered questionnaire from 27 September 2020 to 11 October 2020. A total of 883 people responded to the survey. The questionnaire included the participants’ socio-demographic variables, attitudes, beliefs towards the COVID-19 vaccine and acceptance and rejection of vaccination, and reasons for them. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the predictors for vaccine acceptance and willingness to pay for the vaccine. Results A majority (70.8%) of respondents will accept the COVID-19vaccine if available, and 66.8% showed a positive attitude towards vaccination. Monthly family income, education level, self-diagnosis of COVID-19 or a friend, family member, or colleague are significant factors influencing the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. The dogma of being naturally immune to COVID-19 was a key reason for the refusal of the vaccine. Less than half (48%) of those who refuse will vaccinate themselves if government officials have made it compulsory. A third (33.9%) of participants were willing to pay up to (7 USD) 1000 Pkr (Pakistani Rupees) for the vaccine. Conclusion The population’s positive attitude should be improved by increasing awareness and eradicating false myths about vaccines through large-scale campaigns.

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Preliminary Analysis of Sustainable Design Management for LSPB

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2385 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 472-475 ◽

pp. 2385-2388

Author(s):

Qian Shi ◽

Rui Huang

Keyword(s):

Interface Design ◽

Preliminary Analysis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Development Theory ◽

Design Management ◽

Model Design ◽

Design Environment ◽

Public Building ◽

Organization Model ◽

Complex Design

Large-scale public building (LSPB) is different from general industrial and civil construction, so that some special management methods are attained to handling the complex design environment based on sustainable development theory. Including organization model, design checklist and some interface design management principles are raised in this analysis.

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Agricultural Co-operatives

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Samira Nuhanovic-Ribic ◽

Ermanno C. Tortia ◽

Vladislav Valentinov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Transaction Costs ◽

Vertical Integration ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Economic Literature ◽

Economic Independence ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Entrepreneurial Action

Over the last decades, agricultural co-operatives grew substantially in most developed and developing countries, often reaching dominant market positions. We inquire into the economic mechanism behind this growth, by elaborating on the relation between co-operative identity and co-operative benefits. We highlight the ability of agricultural co-operatives to co-ordinate large-scale production, to monitor work contributions and product quality, and to ensure economic independence of farmer members. Following the two principal streams in the economic literature, we distinguish between the conceptions of agricultural co-operatives as units of vertical integration and as firms characterized by common governance of collective entrepreneurial action and ability to reduce transaction costs and economic risk. We describe the financial and governance limitations of agricultural co-operatives while taking account of new co-operative models presenting institutional tools introduced to overcome these limitations. We conclude by suggesting directions for enhancing the role of co-operatives in agricultural and rural development.

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