scholarly journals MicroRNAs : An Emerging Player In Autophagy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
yongfei yang ◽  
CHENGYU LIANG
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cellular Autophagy ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-digestion process for the quality control of intracellular entities in eukaryotes. In the past few years, mounting evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs)-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression represents an integral part of the autophagy regulatory network and may have a substantial effect on autophagy-related physiological and pathological conditions including cancer. Herein, we examine some of the molecular mechanisms by which microRNAs manipulate the autophagic machinery to maintain cellular homeostasis and their biological outputs during cancer development. A better understanding of interaction between microRNAs and cellular autophagy may ultimately benefit future cancer diagnostic and anticancer therapeutics.

scholarly journals FAIM: An Antagonist of Fas-Killing and Beyond

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Huo ◽  
Shengli Xu ◽  
Kong-Peng Lam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Apoptotic Protein ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Inhibitory Molecule ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule

Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM) is an anti-apoptotic protein that is up-regulated in B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells and confers upon them resistance to Fas-mediated cell death. Faim has two alternatively spliced isoforms, with the short isoform ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and the long isoform mainly found in the nervous tissues. FAIM is evolutionarily conserved but does not share any significant primary sequence homology with any known protein. The function of FAIM has been extensively studied in the past 20 years, with its primary role being ascribed to be anti-apoptotic. In addition, several other functions of FAIM were also discovered in different physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell growth, metabolism, Alzheimer’s disease and tumorigenesis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying FAIM’s role in these conditions remain unknown. In this review, we summarize comprehensively the functions of FAIM in these different contexts and discuss its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic target.

scholarly journals The gut in iron homeostasis: role of HIF-2 under normal and pathological conditions

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mastrogiannaki ◽  
Pavle Matak ◽  
Carole Peyssonnaux
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Key Genes

Abstract Although earlier, seminal studies demonstrated that the gut per se has the intrinsic ability to regulate the rates of iron absorption, the spotlight in the past decade has been placed on the systemic regulation of iron homeostasis by the hepatic hormone hepcidin and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its expression. Recently, however, attention has returned to the gut based on the finding that hypoxia inducible factor-2 (HIF-2α) regulates the expression of key genes that contribute to iron absorption. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate iron homeostasis in the gut by focusing on the role of HIF-2 under physiological steady-state conditions and in the pathogenesis of iron-related diseases. We also discuss implications for adapting HIF-2–based therapeutic strategies in iron-related pathological conditions.

scholarly journals The Pervasive Role of the miR-181 Family in Development, Neurodegeneration, and Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Indrieri ◽  
Sabrina Carrella ◽  
Pietro Carotenuto ◽  
Sandro Banfi ◽  
Brunella Franco
Keyword(s):  
Mirna Family ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Expression Evidence

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs playing a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. Evidence accumulating in the past decades indicate that they are capable of simultaneously modulating diverse signaling pathways involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the function of a highly conserved group of miRNAs, the miR-181 family, both in physiological as well as in pathological conditions. We summarize a large body of studies highlighting a role for this miRNA family in the regulation of key biological processes such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and immune response. Importantly, members of this family have been involved in many pathological processes underlying the most common neurodegenerative disorders as well as different solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The relevance of this miRNA family in the pathogenesis of these disorders and their possible influence on the severity of their manifestations will be discussed. A better understanding of the miR-181 family in pathological conditions may open new therapeutic avenues for devasting disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

scholarly journals Modulation of MicroRNAs as a Potential Molecular Mechanism Involved in the Beneficial Actions of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Cleber Improta-Caria ◽  
Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka ◽  
Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa ◽  
Roque Aras Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals worldwide. AD pathophysiology involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, along with chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Physical exercise (PE) is a beneficial non-pharmacological strategy and has been described as an ally to combat cognitive decline in individuals with AD. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the beneficial adaptations induced by PE in AD are not fully elucidated. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, inhibiting or degrading their target mRNAs. MicroRNAs are involved in physiological processes that govern normal brain function and deregulated microRNA profiles are associated with the development and progression of AD. It is also known that PE changes microRNA expression profile in the circulation and in target tissues and organs. Thus, this review aimed to identify the role of deregulated microRNAs in the pathophysiology of AD and explore the possible role of the modulation of microRNAs as a molecular mechanism involved in the beneficial actions of PE in AD.

scholarly journals Novel Aspects of Nitrate Regulation in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Fan ◽  
Shuxuan Quan ◽  
Shengdong Qi ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Made In

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most essential macronutrients for plant growth and development. Nitrate (NO3–), the major form of N that plants uptake from the soil, acts as an important signaling molecule in addition to its nutritional function. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in identifying new components involved in NO3– regulation and starting to unravel the NO3– regulatory network. Great reviews have been made recently by scientists on the key regulators in NO3– signaling, NO3– effects on plant development, and its crosstalk with phosphorus (P), potassium (K), hormones, and calcium signaling. However, several novel aspects of NO3– regulation have not been previously reviewed in detail. Here, we mainly focused on the recent advances of post-transcriptional regulation and non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) in NO3– signaling, and NO3– regulation on leaf senescence and the circadian clock. It will help us to extend the general picture of NO3– regulation and provide a basis for further exploration of NO3– regulatory network.

scholarly journals Integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis reveals the roles of miRNAs in the replanting benefit of Achyranthes bidentata roots

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hui Yang ◽  
Ming Jie Li ◽  
Yan Jie Yi ◽  
Rui Fang Li ◽  
Cui Xiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mirna Target ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
First Year ◽  
Achyranthes Bidentata ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

AbstractThe yield and quality of the medicinal plant Achyranthes bidentata can be increased when it is replanted into a field cultivated previously with the same crop, however, fundamental aspects of its biology (so-called “replanting benefit”) still remain to be elucidated. miRNAs are sRNA molecules involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in plant biological processes. Here, 267 conserved and 36 novel miRNAs were identified in A. bidentata roots. We compared the miRNA content of the roots (R1) from first-year planting with that of the roots (R2) of second-year replanting, and screened 21 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. Based on in silico functional analysis, integrated miRNA-mRNA datasets allowed the identification of 10 miRNA-target family modules, which might participate in the benefit. The expression profiles of the miRNA-target modules were potentially correlated with the presence of the replanting benefit. The indication was that the miRNA-responsive continuous monoculture could reprogram miRNA-mRNA expression patterns, which possibly promote the root growth and development, enhance its transport activity and strengthen its tolerance to various stresses, thereby improving A. bidentata productivity as observed in the replanting benefit. Our study provides basic data for further research on the molecular mechanisms of the benefit in A. bidentata.

microRNAs in cardiac development and regeneration

2013 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo R. Porrello
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Cardiac Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Possibilities

Heart development involves the precise orchestration of gene expression during cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis by evolutionarily conserved regulatory networks. miRNAs (microRNAs) play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and recent studies have established critical functions for these tiny RNAs in almost every facet of cardiac development and disease. The realization that miRNAs are amenable to therapeutic manipulation has also generated considerable interest in the potential of miRNA-based drugs for the treatment of a number of human diseases, including cardiovascular disease. In the present review, I discuss well-established and emerging roles of miRNAs in cardiac development, their relevance to congenital heart disease and unresolved questions in the field for future investigation, as well as emerging therapeutic possibilities for cardiac regeneration.

scholarly journals The role of microRNAs in angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Bujak ◽  
Patrycja Kopytko ◽  
Małgorzata Lubecka ◽  
Katarzyna Sokołowska ◽  
Maciej Tarnowski
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Antiangiogenic Factors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Angiogenesis is the process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels. Under physiological conditions it occurs, inter alia, during corpus luteum formation and in some stages of the menstrual cycle. However, angiogenesis plays an essential role in many pathological conditions, particularly cancer. New blood vessel formation provides cancer cells with oxygen and essential nutrients, which stimulates tumor growth and facilitates its metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. The main function of miRNAs is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, which controls many key biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Endothelial miRNAs, known as angiomiRs, are presumably involved in tumor development and angiogenesis through regulation of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. To date, the miRNAs that stimulate angiogenesis are: miR-9, miR-27a, miR-30d, miR0-130b, miR-139, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-200c, miR-296 and miR-558. Conversely, miRNAs that inhibit angiogenesis are: miR-145, miR-519c, miR-22, miR-20a, miR-92, miR-7b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328 and miR-101.

scholarly journals Regulation of Nuclear Factor-kappaB Function by O-GlcNAcylation in Inflammation and Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Rose Liu ◽  
Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappab ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Made In

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is a pleiotropic, evolutionarily conserved transcription factor family that plays a central role in regulating immune responses, inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Great strides have been made in the past three decades to understand the role of NF-κB in physiological and pathological conditions. Carcinogenesis is associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis evasion. NF-κB is ubiquitously expressed, however, its activity is under tight regulation by inhibitors of the pathway and through multiple posttranslational modifications. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification that controls NF-κB-dependent transactivation. O-GlcNAcylation acts as a nutrient-dependent rheostat of cellular signaling. Increased uptake of glucose and glutamine by cancer cells enhances NF-κB O-GlcNAcylation. Growing evidence indicates that O-GlcNAcylation of NF-κB is a key molecular mechanism that regulates cancer cell proliferation, survival and metastasis and acts as link between inflammation and cancer. In this review, we are attempting to summarize the current understanding of the cohesive role of NF-κB O-GlcNAcylation in inflammation and cancer.

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