Sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) aqueous root extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyiwa Samuel Fageyinbo ◽  
Abidemi James Akindele ◽  
Esther Oluwatoyin Agbaje
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haematological Analysis ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Abstract Objectives Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) has gained wide and extensive applications in herbal medicine in Africa for the treatment of quite a lot of diseases. Owing to the extensive application and the propensity of persistent consumption of this shrub, this research investigates the sub-chronic toxicological effect of aqueous root extract of S. hispidus (SHP) in laboratory animals (rats). Methods The rats were allotted into four groups of eight rats each (n=8) and orally treated daily for ninety (90) days with SHP extract at 100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg and the control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg). The rats were weighed at 15 days interval. After 90 days daily oral administration of SHP extract, blood samples were collected from the rats into lithium heparin and EDTA bottles for biochemical and haematological analysis respectively. Vital organs were weighed and histological examination was performed on the liver and kidney Results The SHP extract displayed no significant (p>0.05) alterations in body weight of treated compared to control rats. At doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, SHP-treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) increase in white blood cell (WBC), without significant difference in other haematological parameters. Non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in urea and non-significant (p>0.05) increase Na+, K+ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in liver weight was observed without any alteration in the architecture of the liver and other organs investigated. Conclusions Aqueous root extract of S. hispidus demonstrated a good safety profile in rats. Therefore, S. hispidus is harmless and safe following sub-chronic oral administration.

Toxicological evaluation of hydroethanol leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea (Linn.) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) in rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murtala Akanji Abdullahi ◽  
Elijah Oladapo Oyinloye ◽  
Akinyinka Alabi ◽  
Aderonke Adeyinka Aderinola ◽  
Luqman Opeyemi Ogunjimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Serum Testosterone Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Objectives Several studies have established the ethnobotanical benefits of Pupalia lappacea (PL) in laboratory animals without extensive toxicological evaluation of its safety profiles. Thus, an extensive toxicological investigation of sub-chronic oral administration of the hydroethanol leaf extract of P. lappacea in rodents was carried out in this study. Methods Different groups of rats were treated orally with the extract (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg) daily for 90 consecutive days. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg). After 90 days, some rats were left for additional 30 days without treatment for reversibility study. Blood and organs samples were collected for different evaluations at the end of study periods. Results The extract decreased the bodyweights, feeding and water intakes in female rats. PL increased the weights of the liver and kidney in male rats. PL increased the red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TRIG), cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) contents in rats. PL (250 mg/kg) significantly reduced the sperm motility and serum testosterone level. Cyto-architectural distortions of the testes, liver and spleen were visible. Conclusions The findings showed that P. lappacea is relatively safe at lower doses but cautions should be taken at higher dose.

In Vivo Anti-Anemic Effect of an Aqueous Root Extract of Phyllanthus Muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell in Model Rats.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Nyirenda ◽  
Gershom B. Lwanga ◽  
Kaampwe M. Muzandu ◽  
David K. Chuba ◽  
Gibson M. Sijumbila
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevanceAnemia is a very serious condition in Zambia. One of the plants that has been used traditionally is Phyllanthus muellerianus where different parts of shrub are used to treat a number of diseases in Zambian folklore medicine. Earlier studies have investigated medicinal properties of its aqueous root extracts. This study evaluated the effect of P. muellerianus roots on the hematological indices of albino rats and determined its phytochemical profile. Aim of the studyTo carry out phytochemical screening of the root extract and assess the ant-anemic effect of the aqueous extract on laboratory rats with tail-bled induced anemia Materials and MethodsThirty-six male albino rats placed in six groups were used for the study. The groups comprised the 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg plant extract, Ranferon (200 mg/kg) positive control, anemic non treated control and a normal (non-anemic) control. Anemia, induced through bleeding of the rats, was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels less than 12 g/dL. The anti-anemic potential of the plant was determined by comparing its effect on the hematological parameters of rats on treatment to that of the control group.ResultsAfter treatment, rats on the 400 mg/kg plant extract dose showed the greatest increase in the mean values for Hb, Packed cell volume (PCV) and RBC count were 43.3±1.2%, 15.4±0.3 g/dL and 6.3±0.3 x106 /mL respectively, when compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids and tannins with varying amounts.Conclusions. The aqueous root extract of P. muellerianus was efficacious against anemia in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical compositions seem to be responsible for its hematopoietic properties. Thus, the root decoction of P. muellerianus is useful in alleviating anemia and the results lend credence to its use in traditional medicine in the management of anemia.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity, Phytochemical Screening, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous and Methanol Root Extracts of Maerua triphylla A. Rich. (Capparaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Brian Muyukani Wangusi ◽  
Laetitia Wakonyu Kanja ◽  
Isaac Mpapuluu Ole-Mapenay ◽  
Jared Misonge Onyancha
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Maerua triphylla root extracts are used by Maasai and Kikuyu communities in Kenya to manage headaches, stomachaches, migraines, and rheumatism. However, scientific data on their safety and efficacy are limited. The current study aims to investigate the safety, phytochemical constituents, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of M. triphylla root extracts. Aqueous and methanol M. triphylla root extracts were prepared by cold maceration, and the extracts’ safety was evaluated using Wistar rats according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2008) guidelines. Standard qualitative phytochemical screening methods were used for the detection of various phytochemical groups in the extracts. Analgesic activity assay in Swiss albino mice was done using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined in Wistar rats using the acetic acid-induced paw edema method. The methanol and aqueous extracts revealed LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw, classifying them as nontoxic. The presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols was observed in both extracts. However, saponins were only present in the methanol extract. In the analgesic study, mice that received 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw of aqueous root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing than mice that received acetylsalicylic acid 75 mg (reference drug) ( p < 0.05 ). Additionally, mice that received 500 mg/kg bw of methanol root extract of M. triphylla had significantly lower acetic acid-induced writhing than mice that received the acetylsalicylic acid 75 mg ( p < 0.05 ). In the anti-inflammatory study, there was no significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) between the inhibitory activity of different doses of the aqueous root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium (reference drug) on acetic acid-induced paw edema in rats. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory activity of 100 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw doses of the methanol root extract of M. triphylla and a 50 mg/kg dose of diclofenac sodium on acetic acid-induced paw edema ( p > 0.05 ). These findings suggest that the roots of M. triphylla may be useful in the safe mitigation of pain and inflammation and therefore support their ethnomedicinal use in the management of pain and inflammation.

scholarly journals A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽  
Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Tchin Darré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of the Aerial Extract ofMonsonia angustifoliaE. Mey. ex. A. Rich in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Jide Afolayan ◽  
Olubunmi Abosede Wintola ◽  
Gerda Fouche
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dose Dependent

The acute and subacute toxicity profile of the aerial extract ofMonsonia angustifoliain Wistar rats was evaluated. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 420 guideline was adopted in the acute toxicity testing with a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg (b.w.). For the 28-day daily oral dosing, the extract was administered at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg b.w.; 1% ethanol in sterile distilled water was used as control. Clinical toxicity signs were subsequently evaluated. At a single dose of 5000 mg/kg b.w. the extract elicited no treatment-related signs of toxicity in the animals during the 14 days of experimental period. In the subacute toxicity, there was no significant difference in hematological, renal, and liver function indices. However, dose-dependent significant increases were observed on the plasma concentrations of white blood cell and platelet counts of the treated animals compared to the control group. While cage observations revealed no treatment-facilitated signs of toxicity, histopathological examinations of the kidneys and liver also showed no obvious lesions and morphological changes. These results suggest that the extract may be labelled and classified as safe and practically nontoxic within the doses and period of investigation in this study.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Combretum collinum Methanol Root Extract in Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
S. W. Hassan ◽  
A. N. Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽  
U. D. Nuhu ◽  
R. D. Jabaka
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Combretum collinum root extract has been recognized long ago as traditional medicinal plant in curing several diseases among the indigenous people of Alela-land (Zuru), Kebbi State, Nigeria. This research work was carried out to evaluate the toxicological effects of Combretum collinum methanol root extract (CCME) in albino rats. Acute toxicity was performed by a fixed single oral administration at a dose of 10, 100, 1000 mg/Kg and 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/Kg. Subchronic toxicity studies of CCME was conducted at doses of 32, 63, 126 and 253 mg/Kg for 28 days. The result showed that acute administration of CCME resulted at mortality and general behavioral changes at 1000 to 5000 mg/Kg. Therefore, the estimated lethal dose (LD50) of CCME was 316.23 mg/Kg. Subchronic oral administration of CCME revealed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in body weight in rats receiving 63 to 253 mg/Kg throughout the study period compared with the control group. The results also showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in serum ALT, AST, creatinine, potassium and bicarbonate in rats administered with 126 and 253 mg/Kg of the extract. Haematological analysis of the same extract revealed a significant (P<0.01) increase in WBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, LYM and NEUT in rats receiving 126 and 253 mg/Kg only. Histopathological examination of liver revealed severe periportal inflammation, hypertrophy, areas of hydropic changes, cancerous tumor, areas of infiltration and necrosis of the hepatic cells while the kidney showed a mild mesengial hyperplasia, compressed blood vessels, glomerular degeneration, tubular degeneration and tubular widened lumen in rats treated with 63 to 253 mg/Kg. Therefore, caution should be applied as C. collinum root extract has a low mean lethal dose and would be toxic at higher concentrations.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity analysis of Disarib, an inhibitor of BCL2

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivangi Sharma ◽  
Kontham Kulangara Varsha ◽  
Susmita Kumari ◽  
Vidya Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Anjana Elizabeth Jose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Breast Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Toxicity Analysis

Abstract Small molecule inhibitors targeting BCL2 are explored as anticancer therapeutics. Previously, we have reported identification and characterization of a novel BCL2 inhibitor, Disarib. Disarib induced cancer cell death in a BCL2 dependent manner in different cancer cell lines and mouse tumor models when it was administered intraperitoneally. In the present study, using two syngeneic mouse models, breast adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Dalton’s lymphoma (DLA), we show that oral administration of Disarib resulted in significant tumor regression in a concentration dependent manner. Importantly, tumor developed in both female and male mice were equally sensitive to Disarib. Further, we have investigated the toxicity of Disarib in normal cells. Single dose toxicity analysis of Disarib in male and female mice after oral administration revealed no significant variations compared to control group for parameters such as body weight, food and water consumption and behavioural changes which were analysed for the entire period of study. Haematological and histopathological analyses also did not show any significant difference from the control groups. Thus, our results reveal safe use of Disarib as a small molecule inhibitor and provide the foundation for investigation of other preclinical studies.

127 OVARIAN STIMULATION IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS BY A CONTROLLED RELEASE OF FOLLICULAR-STIMULATING HORMONE UTILIZING A MICRO-INFUSION PUMP

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
C. Iwatani ◽  
J. Yamasaki ◽  
A. Kusanagi ◽  
H. Tsuchiya ◽  
R. Torii
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
Infusion Pump ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Significant Difference

We have established an indoor artificial breeding system for the cynomolgus monkey in an effort to increase the number of MII oocytes that are required for enhanced reproductive efficiency. A conventional ovarian stimulus method requires FSH to be administered to monkeys intramuscularly once a day for 9 days. Recently, a novel implantable and programmable micro-infusion pump (iPRECIO™, Primetech Corp, Tokyo, Japan) has been introduced for small laboratory animals to infuse fluids continuously for long periods of time in vivo. We adapted this micro-infusion pump to administer FSH to cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, we optimized the controlled-release program of FSH for the appropriate ovarian stimulation. First, laparoscopic evaluation was performed to identify animals that had small, underdeveloped follicles and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (0.9 mg animal–1; Leuplin, Takeda, Osaka, Japan) was administered to all selected animals. Two weeks later, iPRECIO™ containing FSH (Gonapure, ASKA, Tokyo, Japan) was implanted subcutaneously and the continuous infusion was started at 15.0 IU kg–1 per day. Five days after implantation, follicular development was evaluated by laparoscopy and the infusion rate was adjusted based on follicular profile (high level: reduced to 12.5 IU kg–1 per day, n = 11; middle level: maintained at 15.0 IU kg–1 per day, n = 47; low level: increased to 20.0 IU kg–1 per day, n = 30). Four days later, hCG (400 IU kg–1, IM) was administered and follicular aspiration was performed 40 h later. In the control group (n = 6), FSH (25.0 IU kg–1 per day) was injected intramuscularly once a day for 9 days, followed by an hCG injection. Oocytes were collected and evaluated and MII oocytes were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Injected oocytes were cultured for 7 days in CRML-1066 medium supplemented with 20% bovine serum at 38°C, with 5% CO2 and 5% O2 in air and blastocyst development was evaluated. Data were analysed by a two-sided t-test. All animals treated with the controlled-release FSH using iPRECIO™ showed significantly higher MII maturation rates (mean: 59.4%, 22/37; P < 0.05) than those of the control group (MII rate: 46.3%, 19/41); however, there was no significant difference among the different FSH release programs. Blastocyst development rates of the test group were also significantly higher than those of the control group (test: 52.0%, control: 28.1%; P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference among the different FSH programs. This controlled-release system did not require daily injections to the animal, which would be beneficial for decreasing stress. Further, the required dose of FSH using iPRECIO™ was much less than that of the conventional multiple-injection method. These results indicated that controlled release of FSH utilising an iPRECIO™ pump can be customized based on follicular profile and has financial and animal care advantages compared with the conventional method.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of Okara Soybean By-Product Attenuates Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry M. Corpuz ◽  
Misa Arimura ◽  
Supatta Chawalitpong ◽  
Keiko Miyazaki ◽  
Makoto Sawaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acetylcholine Level ◽  
Samp8 Mice

The microbiota–gut–brain axis has attracted increasing attention in the last decade. Here, we investigated whether okara, a soybean by-product rich in dietary fiber, can attenuate cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice by altering gut microbial composition. Mice were fed either a standard diet, or a diet containing okara (7.5% or 15%, w/w) for 26 weeks. In the memory test, the 7.5% okara-fed mice showed a longer step-through latency and the 15% okara-fed mice had a short escape latency compared with control mice. The 15% okara-fed mice displayed decreased body weight, increased fecal weight, and altered cecal microbiota composition compared with the control group; however, there was no significant difference in the serum lactic acid and butyric acid levels among these mice groups. The 7.5% okara-fed mice had significantly higher NeuN intensity in the hippocampus compared with control mice. Furthermore, a decrease in inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was observed in the 7.5% okara-fed group. The expression of synthesizing enzyme of acetylcholine was increased by the okara diets, and the acetylcholine level in the brain was higher in the 7.5% okara-fed group than in the control. These suggest that oral administration of okara could delay cognitive decline without drastically changing gut microbiota.

Intestinal microbiota and oral administration of Enterococcus faecium associated with the growth performance of new-born piglets

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.B. Wang ◽  
W. Du ◽  
A.K. Fu ◽  
X.P. Zhang ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Born ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skimmed Milk ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1 to new-born suckling and weaning piglets along with their growth performances and intestinal microbiota was investigated in this study. Twenty-four new-born piglets were initially divided into 2 groups. The probiotics group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk by oral gavage supplemented with 6×108 cfu/ml viable E. faecium EF1 at the first, the third and the fifth day after birth, while the control group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk without probiotics at the same time. Results showed that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 was associated with a remarkable increase on the body weight of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods, by 30.73% (P<0.01) and 320.84% (P<0.01), and also decreased the diarrhoea rate, by 43.21% (P<0.05) and 71.42% (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, 454-pyrosequencing analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal microbial diversity of the suckling piglets between the two groups; nevertheless, when compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the probiotics group was substantially augmented, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria diminished. However, results indicated that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 did not have any influence on the relative abundance of Firmicutes in weaning piglets rather than increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, at the level of the Firmicutes phylum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillales in the probiotic group increased significantly. These findings suggest that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 to new-born piglets could improve the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods.

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