Optimization of synthesis conditions for carboxymethyl cellulose from pineapple leaf waste using microwave-assisted heating and its application as a food thickener

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7684-7701
Author(s):  
Noppadol Panchan ◽  
Pattra Wattanapan ◽  
Sirada Sungsinchai ◽  
Supacharee Roddecha ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Condition ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Food Thickener ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
High Cellulose

Pineapple leaf waste, with its high cellulose content, can serve as alternative starting material for the production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). In this study, synthesis conditions of CMC from pineapple leaves via the use of microwave heating were optimized. Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were applied to schedule the experiments and to optimize the synthesis condition, respectively. Preparation of CMC was investigated by varying three factors, namely, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, monochloroacetic acid (MCA) dose, and etherification time. The process of carboxymethylation was optimized to produce CMC with high degree of substitution (DS). Optimal condition for CMC synthesis was noted to be 50% (w/v) NaOH solution, 8 g of MCA/g cellulose, and etherification time of 16 min; such optimal condition resulted in the maximum DS of 0.78. Synthesized CMC was utilized as a thickener for liquid foods (water, orange juice, milk, and mushroom cream soup) where 2% (w/v) as-synthesized CMC increased the viscosity of the foods and changed their characteristics from thin to nectar-like liquids.

scholarly journals Optimization of synthesis conditions for carboxymethyl cellulose from pineapple leaf waste using microwave-assisted heating and its application as a food thickener

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7684-7701
Author(s):  
Noppadol Panchan ◽  
Pattra Wattanapan ◽  
Sirada Sungsinchai ◽  
Supacharee Roddecha ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Condition ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Food Thickener ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
High Cellulose

Pineapple leaf waste, with its high cellulose content, can serve as alternative starting material for the production of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). In this study, synthesis conditions of CMC from pineapple leaves via the use of microwave heating were optimized. Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were applied to schedule the experiments and to optimize the synthesis condition, respectively. Preparation of CMC was investigated by varying three factors, namely, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, monochloroacetic acid (MCA) dose, and etherification time. The process of carboxymethylation was optimized to produce CMC with high degree of substitution (DS). Optimal condition for CMC synthesis was noted to be 50% (w/v) NaOH solution, 8 g of MCA/g cellulose, and etherification time of 16 min; such optimal condition resulted in the maximum DS of 0.78. Synthesized CMC was utilized as a thickener for liquid foods (water, orange juice, milk, and mushroom cream soup) where 2% (w/v) as-synthesized CMC increased the viscosity of the foods and changed their characteristics from thin to nectar-like liquids.

scholarly journals The Process of Producing Bioethanol from Delignified Cellulose Isolated from Plants of the Miscanthus Genus

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Olga Kriger ◽  
Ekaterina Budenkova ◽  
Olga Babich ◽  
Stanislav Suhih ◽  
Nikolay Patyukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Pachysolen Tannophilus ◽  
Initial Amount ◽  
High Degree ◽  
High Cellulose ◽  
Unique Index

Plants of the Miscanthus genus (Miscanthus Anderss.) have a unique index of biomass production in relation to the occupied area. Miscanthus plants can be attributed to promising second-generation raw materials for the production of bioethanol and biofuel. Miscanthus plants are characterized by a high cellulose content. Herein, we report the results of a study on the obtained delignified cellulose with subsequent processing into bioethanol using microbial communities. In the course of the study, the optimal conditions for the delignification of the initial plant material for cellulose were selected. Ethanol with a high degree of conversion was successfully obtained from the isolated delignified cellulose. The article describes the pilot technological scheme for the conversion of Miscanthus plant biomass to bioethanol involving the delignification stages, followed by the conversion of the resulting cellulose into bioethanol by a consortium of microorganisms. As a result of the study, it was found that delignification using trifluoroacetic acid leads to the production of cellulose of high purity. Bioethanol with a yield of 3.1% to 3.4% in terms of the initial amount of biomass was successfully obtained by a microorganism consortium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae M Y-4242/Pachysolen tannophilus Y-3269, and Scheffersomyces stipitis Y-3264.

scholarly journals The Effect of NaOH Concentration on Cellulose Levels of Kepok Banana Hump (Musa paradisiaca L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surya Ningsi ◽  
Nurshalati Tahar ◽  
Nur Azizah Syahrana ◽  
Yuri Erika Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pharmaceutical Excipient ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
High Cellulose ◽  
Made In

The high cellulose content of Kepok banana hump has great potential to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. This research aims to determine the effect of NaOH concentration on cellulose levels from kepok banana hump. NaOH solution was made in five concentrations, namely 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15%. Cellulose levels were analyzed using the Chesson method. The research results showed that the NaOH solution with a concentration of 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15% yielded cellulose content of 12.5%, 15.9%, 64.9%, 60.7% and 41.9%. The highest cellulose content is produced at a concentration of 10% NaOH solution.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Jerami Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) Sebagai Bahan Baku Dalam Pembuatan CMC (Carboximetil Cellulose)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
RIZKA NURLAILA
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
High Cellulose

Rice straw is a waste from rice plants that contains 37.71% cellulose, 21.99% hemicellulose, and 16.62% lignin. High cellulose content in rice straw can be used as raw material for the manufacture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). CMC is a cellulose derivative widely used in food, pharmaceutical, detergent, textile and cosmetic products industries as a thickener, stabilizer of emulsions, or suspensions and bonding. This study aims to process rice straw waste into CMC with variations in sodium monochloroacetate of 5,6,7,8 and 9 grams. The method used in this research is by synthesis using 15% NaOH solvent, with a reaction time of 3.5 hours and 5 grams of rice straw. The results showed that the best CMC was obtained at a concentration of 9 grams of sodium monochloroacete with a yield characterization of 94%, pH 6, water content of 13.39%, degree of substitution (Ds) of 0.80, and viscosity of 1.265 cP.

scholarly journals Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Flax Shive over Ru/C Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. Kazachenko ◽  
Valery E. Tarabanko ◽  
Angelina V. Miroshnikova ◽  
Valentin V. Sychev ◽  
Andrey M. Skripnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Lignin Fraction ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
High Cellulose

Flax shive is the main waste (up to 70 wt %) in the production of flax fiber. It represents the lignified parts of the flax stem mainly in the form of small straws. Complex processing of such wastes is a significant problem due to the heterogeneity of the chemical structure of lignin. This article presents the results of reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of flax shive in ethanol and isopropanol at elevated temperatures (225–250 °C) in the presence of a bifunctional catalyst (Ru/C) and molecular hydrogen. This provides solvolytic depolymerization of lignin and hemicelluloses presented in flax shive. Catalytic hydrogenation effectively stabilizes the formed lignin intermediates and prevents repolymerization reactions producing the lignin fraction with a high degree of depolymerization. RCF of flax shive produces solid products with a high cellulose content and liquid products consisting mainly of monophenolic compounds. Furthermore, the effect of different characteristics (the ruthenium content, particle size, and support acidity) of the bifunctional catalysts containing ruthenium nanoparticles supported on mesoporous, graphite-like carbon material Sibunit®-4 on the yield and composition of the products of hydrogenation of flax shive in sub- and super-critical ethanol has been studied. Bifunctional catalysts Ru/C used in the RCF of flax shive increase its conversion from 44 to 56 wt % and the yield of monophenols from 1.1 to 10.2 wt % (based on the weight of lignin in the sample). Using the best Ru/C catalyst containing 3% of Ru on oxidized at 400 °C carbon support, the high degree of delignification (up to 79.0%), cellulose yield (up to 67.2 wt %), and monophenols yield (up to 9.5 wt %) have been obtained.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGINATE-CARBOXYMETHIL CELLULOSE BEADS FROM CORN STALK (Zea mays) WITH CROSSLINK VARIATION C4H6O4Zn

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Annazmil Fayros Latifah ◽  
Eny Yulianti ◽  
Lilik Miftahul Khoiroh
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Homogeneous Surface ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Wrinkled Surface ◽  
High Cellulose

<em>Corn stalk has a high cellulose content, so that it is potential to be used as a composition for making alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose beads. Alginate and cellulose are biodegradable, renewable and non-meltable polymers that have wide applications in various industrial sectors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of crosslinking agent C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Zn on the adsorption and shape of beads. The varied concentrations of C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Zn are 3%; 5% and 10%. Characterization of alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose beads composites using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX).</em> <em>Based on research, the highest swelling value is obtained at 5% C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Zn crosslink which is 59.68%. FTIR data shows the appearance of wave numbers at 1413 cm<sup>-1</sup> which indicates the presence of C-O Na groups, while at wave number 458 cm<sup>-1</sup> indicates the presence of Zn-O groups. SEM-EDX data with a 5% C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Zn crosslink has a round shape with a wrinkled surface, multiple grooves causing a non-homogeneous surface. Whereas in C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Zn 10% the surface is almost smooth</em>

scholarly journals Analisis Karakteristik Pulp Campuran Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Pelepah Pisang dengan Pelarut NaOH

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 389-393
Author(s):  
Sari Rizky Amelia ◽  
Muhammad Yerizam ◽  
Erwana Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
High Cellulose

Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah padatan yang dihasilkan dari proses pembuatan minyak kelapa sawit yang selulosa (45,95%), kadar abu (1,23%), hemiselulosa (22,84%), kadar air (3,74%) dan lignin (16,49%). Pelepah pisang mempunyai kandungan selulosa yang tinggi akan tetapi belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal yang memiliki kandungan densitas ( 1,35 gr/cm3), selulosa (63 -64 %), hemiselulosa (20 %), lignin (5%), kekuatan Tarik rata-rata (600 Mpa), modulus tarik rata-rata (17,85 Gpa), pertambahan panjang (3,36 %), diameter serat (5,8 µm), serta panjang serat (30,9240 cm). Namun bahan-bahan ini mempunyai karakteristik dan sifat fisika kimia yang berbeda-beda. Karakteristik menjadikan perlunya analisa agar menghasilkan pulp yang diinginkan berada pada kondisi optimal. Beberapa parameter yang diukur di antaranya, konsentrasi larutan NaOH dengan variasi 7% dan 9%, dengan variasi bahan baku 40-60% serta waktu pemasakan dengan variasi waktu 75, 90, 105, 120 dan 135 menit. Sehingga pada penelitian ini didapatkan kondisi optimumnya yakni pada rasio 40:60, dengan konsentrasi 9% dan waktu pemasakan selama 120 menit didapatkan nilai kadar lignin 11,21% dan kadar selulosa 68,94%. Oil palm empty fruit bunches or TKKS are solid wastes produced from the process of making palm oil which are cellulose (45.95%), ash content (1.23%), hemicellulose (22.84%), water content (3.74 %) and lignin (16.49%). Banana midrib has a high cellulose content but has not been used optimally which contains density (1.35 g/cm3), cellulose (63 -64 %), hemicellulose (20 %), lignin (5%), average tensile strength. average (600 Mpa), average tensile modulus (17.85 Gpa), increase in length (3.36%), fiber diameter (5.8 m), and fiber length (30,9240 cm). However, these materials have different physicochemical characteristics and properties. The characteristics make the need for analysis in order to produce the desired pulp in optimal conditions. Several parameters were measured including the concentration of NaOH solution with variations of 7% and 9%, with variations of raw materials 40-60% and cooking time with variations of 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 minutes. So that in this study the optimum conditions were obtained, namely at a ratio of 40:60, with a concentration of 9% and cooking time for 120 minutes, the lignin content was 11.21% and the cellulose content was 68.94%.

scholarly journals Playing with the senses: application of box-behnken design to optimize the bukayo formulation

Food Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
C.J.A. Domingo ◽  
W.M. De Vera ◽  
R.C. Pambid ◽  
V.C. Austria
Keyword(s):  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Lack Of Fit ◽  
Optimum Formulation ◽  
Sensory Color ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High ◽  
Coconut Meat

A three-level Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to optimize the formulation of bukayo or coconut toffee based on overall acceptability sensory attribute. The independent variables were different levels of young coconut meat (250 – 500 g), sinakob (250 – 500 g), and coconut juice (250 – 500 g) with fifteen different runs of three similar center points. The analysis of variance showed that quadratically, coconut juice and sinakob showed significantly higher effect (p<0.05) on the overall acceptability of bukayo whereas the “Lack of Fit” was non-significant relative to the pure error. For optimization, the goal was to maximize the overall acceptability response. The optimum formulation conditions of 430 g young coconut meat, 400 g sinakob, and 340 g coconut juice yielded an experimental overall acceptability score of 8.04 which is close to the predicted score of 7.11 with composite desirability of 0.87 on a nine-point hedonic scale. The regression model equation for overall acceptability could predict response yield until at least 84.65% of accuracy. Box-Behnken design of RSM performed well in the optimization of the bukayo formulation with a very high degree of overall acceptability. The strong and positive correlations enable the application of colorimetry as an indication of the overall acceptability and sensory color of the bukayo product.

scholarly journals Effect of various pretreatments of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for subsequent use as substrate on the performance of cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shahriarinour ◽  
Mohd Noor Abdul Wahab ◽  
Shuhaimi Mustafa ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Arbakariya B. Ariff
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Cellulose

The possibility of using treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres as substrate for cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus was studied using shaking flask fermentation. The effect of different chemical pretreatments, i.e. formic acid, acetic acid, propylamine, phosphoric acid, and n-butylamine, on the suitability of OPEFB fibres as fermentation substrate was investigated. The findings revealed that pretreatment with these chemicals significantly (P<0.05) increased the cellulose and reduced the lignin contents prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, fermentation using OPEFB fibres pretreated with phosphoric acid gave the highest cellulase production, which was related to high cellulose content. Further improvement in cellulase production was obtained when the chemically pretreated OPEFB fibres were subsequently treated hydrothermally (autoclaved at 160oC for 10 min) and then biologically (using effective microorganisms). The final activity of the three main components of cellulase (FPase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase) obtained in fermentation by A. terreus using optimally treated OPEFB fibres was (0.77 U mL−1, 8.5 U mL-1, and 6.1 U mL-1), respectively. The production of all these three major components of cellulase using pretreated OPEFB fibres (i.e. chemical, hydrothermal, and biological) were about three times higher than those obtained from fermentation using untreated OPEFB fibres.

scholarly journals Tensile Characterization of Pre-harvest Treated Pineapple Leaf Fibre

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
H. Uguru ◽  
G. E. Obah
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
Treatment Concentration

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of field practice on the tensile properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PAFL). The pineapple leaves were treated in the field with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) at four concentrations (0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l and 300 mg/l). All the treatments were applied through foliar application, twice monthly, for duration of five months. The pineapple leaves were harvested after five months of the treatment application, and their fibre extracted through the retting method. In addition, the cellulose content of the PALF was determined according to approved method. The extracted fibre was subjected to tensile test, using ASTM International approved methods. Results obtained from the tensile test revealed that the pre-harvested treatment had significant (p ≤0.5) effect on the tensile properties of the PALF. The tensile strength increased from 583.67 MPa to 880.83 MPa; while the Young’s modulus increased from 23.77 GPa to 28.23 GPa, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Likewise, the tensile elongation decreased from 3.13 mm to 1.83 mm, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. In terms of the cellulose content, the study revealed that the cellulose content of the fibre increased significantly (p ≤0.05) with increased in the treatment concentration. At the concentration of 0 mg/l, the PAFL had cellulose content of 63.6%, which increased linearly to 77% at the concentration of 300 mg/l. From these results, it can be seen that field practice greatly increased the potential of PALF in composites production and other industrial applications.

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