REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-338
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
Severe Eczema ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Allergic Manifestations

MANAGEMENT of the allergic infant often includes extensive dietary restriction in addition to avoidance of milk. A milkfree formula may thus become a major or even sole source of most essential nutrients for many months. Furthermore, the occasional coexistence of anorexia and intercurrent infection in children with allergic manifestations, and losses of proteinthrough the skin of patients with severe eczema, makes adequacy of diet a major concern of the physician caring for such patients. Published reports of deficiency diseases developing in infants receiving various milk-free formulas indicate the importance of an awareness of composition and nutritional properties of these diets. Deficiencies of vitamin A and thiamine, have occurred in infants receiving milk-free formulas not fortified with vitamins, and goiter due to iodine deficiency (or increased iodine requirement) has been reported to occur in infants receiving a soya bean formula unsupplemented with iodine. The present report provides information regarding composition and nutritional adequacy of certain infant formulas commonly employed as cow milk substitutes. SOYA BEAN PRODUCTS Composition Information on the composition of the most frequently used commercial preparations is given in Table I. Soyalac: Liquid and powder products are prepared from an aqueous extrat of whole soya beans to which has been added soya oil, sucrose, dextrose, dextrins, maltose, and iodised sodium chloride, When diluted with water to supply 67 cal/100 ml (20 cal/oz). Soyalac liquid supplies 2.05 gm of protein/100 ml, the least protein content of commercially available soya bean formulas. Formulas of Soyalac Powder with the same caloric strength provide 2.85 gm of protein/100 ml and differ in other important respects from Soyalac liquid (Table I).

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Fat Coated Synthetic Lysine in Diets for Growing Pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 129-129
Author(s):  
M. Ellis ◽  
D.S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Fat Supplements ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
On Farm

Synthetic lysine and fat supplements are widely used in diets for growing pigs. However, there is evidence to suggest that free lysine is more rapidly absorbed than protein bound amino acids resulting in reduced growth performance particularly under infrequent feeding regimes. In addition, the incorporation of conventional fat supplements into cereal based diets is problematic particularly where on-farm mixing of feed is carried out. One potential solution to both these problems is to use fat coated synthetic lysine sources which have recently become available and two such materials were evaluated in this study.Four dietary treatments were compared. These were a control diet (C) with soya bean meal as the protein supplement and diets in which 0.3 of the total lysine was supplied from either synthetic lysine (S) or synthetic lysine coated with a single (SC) or a double layer(DC) of hardened soya oil. All diets were barley based and were formulated to contain the same level of total lysine (0.01) and hardened soya oil.

Amino acid ileal digestibility of some grain legume seeds in growing chickens

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pérez ◽  
I. Fernández-Figares ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThe apparent and true amino acid (AA) digestibility from soya-bean meal (SBM), vetch meal (VM), field pea meal (FPM) and bitter vetch meal (BVM) were determined in the lower ileum of growing chickens force-fed on semisynthetic diets (120 g crude protein and 13·1 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter) based on each meal as the sole source of protein. The average apparent and true digestibility values were 0·82, 0·73, 0·76 and 0·60 and 0·90, 0·91, 0·87 and 0·74 for diets SBM, VM, FPM and BVM, respectively. Marked differences in AA digestibility among diets were found. The apparent digestibility of methionine, the most limiting essential AA in poultry diets, was significantly higher in diet SBM than in diets FPM and BVM (P < 0·05). It is concluded that the seeds of vetch and field pea may be suitable for inclusion in poultry diets as partial substitutes for soya bean. The use of bitter vetch is not recommended.

Allergenic and antigenic activity of cow milk substitutes by ELISA and basophil-activation assays

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
F. Lou ◽  
Y.J. Cong ◽  
Salam A. Ibrahim ◽  
F.Z. Ren ◽  
L.F. Li
Keyword(s):  
Basophil Activation ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Antigenic Activity ◽  
Milk Substitutes

scholarly journals Nutritional Properties of Camelids and Equids Fresh and Fermented Milk

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-302
Author(s):  
Paolo Polidori ◽  
Natalina Cammertoni ◽  
Giuseppe Santini ◽  
Yulia Klimanova ◽  
Jing-Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Dairy Animal

Milk is considered a complete food because all of the nutrients important to fulfill a newborn’s daily requirements are present, including vitamins and minerals, ensuring the correct growth rate. A large amount of global milk production is represented by cow, goat, and sheep milks; these species produce about 87% of the milk available all over the world. However, the milk obtained by minor dairy animal species is a basic food and an important family business in several parts of the world. Milk nutritional properties from a wide range of minor dairy animal species have not been totally determined. Hot temperatures and the lack of water and feed in some arid and semi-arid areas negatively affect dairy cows; in these countries, milk supply for local nomadic populations is provided by camels and dromedaries. The nutritional quality in the milk obtained from South American camelids has still not been completely investigated, the possibility of creating an economic resource for the people living in the Andean highlands must be evaluated. Both mare and donkey milks show a chemical composition very similar to human milk, and they represent a good replacer of cows’ milk for infants nutrition, especially for children affected by cow milk proteins allergy. In this review, differences and similarities in the quality parameters of milk from minor dairy animals, such as camelids and equids, have been compared.

scholarly journals Cow Milk versus Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: A Comparison of Product Image and Motivational Structure of Consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Haas ◽  
Alina Schnepps ◽  
Anni Pichler ◽  
Oliver Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Product Image ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Motivational Structure ◽  
Better Than

Cow milk is under increased scrutiny due to its environmental impact and ethical considerations concerning animal welfare. At the same time, a rising share of consumers is switching to plant-based milk substitutes (abbreviated “plant milk”). The objective of this study was (1) to analyze the product image of plant milk and cow milk and (2) to compare the motivational structure behind the consumption of both product categories. For this purpose, a quantitative survey with Austrian consumers was carried out to analyze the product image of plant milk in comparison to cow milk (n = 1001). The product image analysis revealed that the product image of cow milk is still much better than that of plant milk. Amongst others, cow milk is considered to be healthier, more natural, and better for bones. Product image valuation was dependent on the (non-)consumption of plant milk. Plant milk consumers evaluated plant milk significantly better; they considered plant milk to be much better digestible and allergy-free. The qualitative study using means-end-chain analysis, with two sub-samples of interviewees (plant milk consumers, n = 30, and cow milk consumers, n = 30), identified different motives for the consumption of cow milk and plant milk. Motives that were only reported from cow milk consumers are the origin of milk and the support of small-scale dairy production of farmers. Motives of plant milk consumers were much more diverse and included animal welfare and sustainability aspects.

Effects of Lyophilization and Use of Probiotics on Donkey's Milk Nutritional Characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Vincenzetti ◽  
Michele Savini ◽  
Cinzia Cecchini ◽  
Daniela Micozzi ◽  
Francesco Carpi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Ige Mediated

Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is an abnormal IgE-mediated reaction to cow milk proteins. Donkey’s milk could be considered suitable for feeding young children affected by severe IgE-mediated CMPA because its nutritional properties and composition are very close to human milk. Since donkey’s milk is available during a limited range of months during the year, it may be useful to find better storage conditions for this product. This study investigated the effects of the lyophilization treatment on donkey’s milk nutritional characteristics, and the results were compared with those obtained on fresh and frozen milk. Nutritional properties of lyophilized donkey’s milk remained basically unchanged compared with fresh milk. Two different probiotic strains were added to lyophilized donkey’s milk, and their viability was evaluated after milk reconstitution. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of producing a probiotic infant formula with beneficial properties using donkey’s milk as raw material.

scholarly journals The retention of 59Fe and 65Zn by preruminant lambs given milk-substitutes based on either casein or soya-bean-protein isolate

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-593
Author(s):  
R. Hill ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. Eight newborn lambs were given milk-substitutes based on casein (n 4) or a soya-bean-protein isolate (n 4). On the morning before a 10 d collection period, the milk-substitutes were supplemented with 59Fe as ferric chloride and 5Zn as zinc chloride. Faeces and urine were collected daily and determinations of 59Fe and 65Zn were made on these separately. During a second 10 d period the dosing procedure and collection were repeated but the diet of each lamb was reversed.2. Mean retention of 59Fe in lambs given the casein diet was 0.50 (SE 0.12) and in those given the soya-bean-protein diet 0.06 (SE 0.05). There were large variations among animals but the treatment effect was significant at P < 0.05. Retention of 65Zn was significantly greater than that of 59Fe for all lambs but the effect of dietary treatment was similar to that for Fe. 65Zn retention values for casein and soya-bean-protein diets were 0.84 (E 0.06) and 0.52 (SE 0.03) respectively, and the difference was significant at P < 0.01.3. There were only very small amounts of 59Fe and 65Zn in urine, representing 0.002–0.003 of the dose.

scholarly journals Specifics of Milk and Plant-based Milk-like Products Coagulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Алексей Осинцев ◽  
Aleksey Osintsev ◽  
Владимир Брагинский ◽  
Vladimir Braginskiy ◽  
Виталий Рынк ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Milk Coagulation ◽  
Colloid Systems

Milk coagulation is one of the most important technological operations in the production of many dairy products, such as cheeses or yogurt. Recently, there has been a surge of interest for plant-based milk substitutes. Besides, under certain conditions, milk-like colloid systems are able to form curds. This quality makes it possible to obtain cheese-like and yoghurt-like products. This makes the issue of coagulation mechanisms in milk-like systems even more relevant. The authors conducted a review of the main physicochemical properties of milk and milk-like systems and proposed a model that describes the colloidal stability of cow milk proteins and plant proteins of milk-like systems. In both cases, it was the electric charge that provided colloidal stability of the systems. The charge was caused by dissociation of some functional groups of protein complexes. The authors believe that phosphorus-containing organic compounds help to maintain the colloidal stability of milk and plant-based milk-like systems. This explains the important role of calcium and magnesium in the coagulation of milk and plant-based milk-like systems. The paper describes the mechanism of rennet, acid, and acid-rennet milk coagulation. It contains an explanation for the coagulation of plant-based milk analogues under the action of acid and solutions of calcium and magnesium salts. The authors propose a hypothesis that explains the temperature dependence of the coagulation in milk and milk-like systems.

The utilization by preruminant lambs of milk replacers containing isolated soya bean protein

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Bean Protein

Fifty-nine male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in four experiments to compare the nutritive value of isolated soya bean protein (ISP) (Promine D) with cows' milk protein (DSM) in milk replacer diets. In experiment 1, ISP diets of low (0.10 of total energy as protein) or medium protein content (0.25 protein energy) with or without supplements of DL-methionine, were compared with DSM diets. In experiment 2, graded amounts of DL-methionine were added to the medium protein ISP diet to determine the optimum level of supplementation. In experiment 3, butter oil, groundnut oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and coconut fat were added as the sole sources of fat in low protein ISP diets and compared with DSM diets that contained butter oil or groundnut oil. In experiment 4 alginates were added to a low protein ISP diet to improve the suspendibility of ISP in the milk replacer. The addition of DL-methionine consistently improved nitrogen balances of the lambs. The optimum concentration of methionine plus cystine in the medium protein ISP diet was 29.8 ? 7.9 mg per 100 KJ, compared with 22.5 mg/100 KJ in the unsupplemented ISP diet. Low protein ISP diets that contained groundnut oil as the sole source of fat were poorly accepted and poorly utilized. The apparent digestibilities of butter oil (0.950) and MCT (0.958) were significantly higher than those of either coconut fat (0.852) or groundnut oil (0.770). Comparable values for DSM diets were: butter oil, 0.985; groundnut oil, 0.855. The addition of alginates to the medium protein ISP diet prevented the ISP from settling out, but was associated with a reduced intake of the diet, a reduction in nitrogen digestibility and an increase in the moisture content of the faeces. The nitrogen balances of lambs given DSM diets were always higher than those of comparable lambs given ISP diets.

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