Adrenal Gland

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-761

This volume is particularly timely in view of the upsurge in interest in the adrenal gland as a result of the discoveries of Hench and co-workers. It represents a huge task in bringing together a large part of this voluminous literature. The 34 chapters cover a wide range of subjects from the anatomy and chemistry of the gland to clinical syndromes associated with disturbances in function. A great deal of valuable information on the comparative function in different species is included.

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 97-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaib Rehaman Abdul ◽  
Robin George

Klebsiella organisms are known to cause a wide range of clinical syndromes in human beings which include pneumonia, urinary tract infection, abdominal infection, surgical site infection, soft tissue infection and infection of intravascular devices. The incidence is higher among immunocompromised individuals and those with chronic debilitating diseases like diabetes, alcoholism etc. This case report is regarding an elderly diabetic male who developed necrotizing fasciitis of leg following local application of steroids. The causative organism was Klebsiella, which is an unusual pathogen.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 97-99


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Santibanez ◽  
Leah S Fischer ◽  
Anusha Krishnadasan ◽  
Bethany Sederdahl ◽  
Toby Merlin ◽  
...  

Abstract As providers of frontline clinical care for patients with acute and potentially life-threatening infections, emergency departments (EDs) have the priorities of saving lives and providing care quickly and efficiently. Although these facilities see a diversity of patients 24 hours per day and can collect prospective data in real time, their ability to conduct timely research on infectious syndromes is not well recognized. EMERGEncy ID NET is a national network that demonstrates that EDs can also collect data and conduct research in real time. This network collaborates with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other partners to study and address a wide range of infectious diseases and clinical syndromes. In this paper, we review selected highlights of EMERGEncy ID NET’s history from 1995 to 2017. We focus on the establishment of this multisite research network and the network’s collaborative research on a wide range of ED clinical topics.


2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. R151-R163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weckman ◽  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Fabio Rotondo ◽  
Luis V Syro ◽  
Leon D Ortiz ◽  
...  

Autophagy is an important cellular process involving the degradation of intracellular components. Its regulation is complex and while there are many methods available, there is currently no single effective way of detecting and monitoring autophagy. It has several cellular functions that are conserved throughout the body, as well as a variety of different physiological roles depending on the context of its occurrence in the body. Autophagy is also involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases. Within the endocrine system, autophagy has both its traditional conserved functions and specific functions. In the endocrine glands, autophagy plays a critical role in controlling intracellular hormone levels. In peptide-secreting cells of glands such as the pituitary gland, crinophagy, a specific form of autophagy, targets the secretory granules to control the levels of stored hormone. In steroid-secreting cells of glands such as the testes and adrenal gland, autophagy targets the steroid-producing organelles. The dysregulation of autophagy in the endocrine glands leads to several different endocrine diseases such as diabetes and infertility. This review aims to clarify the known roles of autophagy in the physiology of the endocrine system, as well as in various endocrine diseases.


Babel ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Anatole Sliosberg

Summary The technical translator needs to possess three fundamental qualities: a complete mastery of his own language; a cultural background enabling him to translate clearly what are often poorly drafted original texts; a thorough knowledge of the language translated, with its variations and idiomatic expressions. These often vary from one country to another, as well as from one historical period to another. Many terms of English origin are often mistranslated into other languages, and there are also certain peculiarities of language employed by groups of individuals, for example, drug-addicts' slang. Technical knowledge is obviously essential and in medicine and pharmacy involves a wide range of science. Designations can vary from one language to another, even in anatomical descriptions and in certain clinical syndromes. Difficulty may arise in the case of words derived from the same root, but not having the same meaning, depending on the language used. This is illustrated by examples in the tables of the text. The designation of diseases and symptoms by proper names also constitutes a difficulty for the translator, as such terms have different meanings according to the language concerned. Abbreviations are ever increasing in number and often confusing as they are not identical in the different languages; furthermore, each may have several meanings. Authors should use a clear style, devoid of vernacular terms and popular words, as well as of eponyms and arbitrary abbreviations. Kurzf assung Der technische Übersetzer mußüber drei wesent-liche Fähigkeiten verfügen: eine vollkommene Beherrschung seiner Muttersprache; eine Allge-meinbildung, die ihm erlaubt, die oft schlecht geschriebenen Texte in eine klare Form zu über-tragen; gründliche Kenntnis der übersetzten Sprache, ihrer Variationen und idiomatischen Be-griffe, die sich oft von einem Land zum anderen und von Epoche zu Epoche andern. Viele Aus-drücke englischen Ursprungs sind oft schlecht in andere Sprachen übersetzt und auch charakteri-stische Spracheigenheiten einiger Personengruppen, wie z. B. die Sprache der Süchtigen. Fall der Medizin und der Pharmazie umfassen sie eine ganze Reihe verschiedener Wissenschafts-bereiche. Die Bezeichnungen andern sich von ei-ner Sprache zur anderen, selbst für die Anatomie und für gewisse klinische Syndrome. Hinzu kommen Ausdrücke, die zwar denselben Stamm, in verschiedenen Sprachen jedoch verschiedene Be-deutungen besitzen; der Text enthalt Tabellen mit Beispielen. Eine weitere Schwierigkeit für den Übersetzer bildet die Bezeichnung von Krankheiten und Symptomen mit Eigennamen; auch hier sind die Ausdrücke in den verschiedenen Idiomen nicht dieselben. Als letztes sind die immer haufiger auftretenden Abkürzungen zu erwahnen, die oft verwirren, da sie in den verschiedenen Sprachen nicht iden-tisch sind und da autëerdem jede einzelne Ab-kürzung mehrere Bedeutungen haben kann. Autoren sollen klar schreiben, ohne mundartliche Sprachbegriffe, ohne triviale Worte, ohne Epo-nyme oder willkürlich geformte Abkürzungen zu verwenden.


Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel

‘Aetiology’ provides an account of current approaches to aetiological issues in psychiatry, both at the level of clinical syndromes and that of the individual patient. Uniquely in medicine, psychiatric aetiology requires an intuitive understanding of the patient in their personal and social context as well as knowledge derived from a wide range of relevant sciences. After discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the main aetiological models, there follows an outline of the principal approaches of the key scientific disciplines relevant to the aetiology of psychiatric conditions, ranging from sociology and psychology to genetics and neuroscience. The chapter gives examples of important applications that have enriched knowledge of the aetiology of psychiatric conditions but highlights the fact that psychiatry is a clinical discipline where causation is inevitably complex, and that it is therefore necessary to use a broad approach to understanding the problems of individual patients.


2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Kurnaz ◽  
Şenay Savaş Erdeve ◽  
Semra Çetinkaya ◽  
Zehra Aycan

Background: Under physiological conditions, proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption via NaPi-IIa (and NaPi-IIc) ensures the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis. Impairment of NaPi-IIa, encoded by SLC34A1, is associated with various overlapping clinical syndromes, including hypophosphatemic nephrolithiasis with osteoporosis, renal Fanconi’s syndrome with chronic kidney disease, and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis. Methods: A patient was referred to our hospital due to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypophosphatemia, as well as persistent hypercalcemia after fluid therapy and sodium replacement. At admission to our hospital, potassium and sodium values were normal. After initiation of phosphorus therapy, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis were observed. Renal sonography showed bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis. Analyses of the SLC34A1 gene were performed due to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Results: Gene analyses identified a novel homozygous c.682T>C (p.W228R) (p.Trp228Arg) mutation. There are no previous reports of patients with SLC34A1 gene mutations presenting with hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Conclusion: Herein, we present a case of infantile hypercalcemia 2 with a very different phenotype from that of previously described patients. Our findings provide further evidence for the wide range of phenotypic heterogeneity associated with NaPi-IIa impairment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 3759-3764
Author(s):  
Bistra Blagova ◽  
◽  
Nikolay Yanev ◽  

Cat scratch disease has been reported in the literature for more than half a century as a syndrome of regional lymphadenopathy and fever. However, only a quarter of a century has passed since Bartonella henselae was identified as an etiological agent. As diagnostic techniques have improved, Bartonella has been found to be responsible for a wide range of clinical syndromes. This review summarizes current knowledge about microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques and treatment of Bartonella henselae infection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia N. Vlasova ◽  
Linda J. Saif

Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.


2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Pang ◽  
Søren Boysen

The measurement of blood lactate in people has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of a wide range of clinical syndromes. Its use in small animals is increasing, and several studies have been completed that demonstrate its potential role in critical care. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the physiology and pathophysiology of lactate production and lactic acidosis; current indications and the utility of measurement in a critical care setting are described; novel applications in the evaluation of cavitary effusions are highlighted; and a guide to the therapy of lactic acidosis is presented.


2019 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 003-013
Author(s):  
Sanjit Datta ◽  
Annika Sinha ◽  
Baljendra Kapoor

AbstractGastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs), previously classified as carcinoid tumors, are rare cancers that arise from cells of the diffuse endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors most commonly arise from the bronchus, jejunoileum, or colon/rectum. They produce peptide products that can lead to identifiable clinical syndromes such as carcinoid syndrome, which is classically associated with diarrhea, flushing, and heart disease. The latest classifications of GI-NETs include pancreatic NETs, which can produce a wide range of pancreatic hormones leading to syndromes such as Zollinger–Ellison's syndrome. The prognosis for patients with GI-NETs varies widely depending on the size, location, and presence of metastatic disease, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 0 to 15% for poorly differentiated NETs and 10-year survival rates of up to 100% for patients with insulinomas smaller than 2 cm. A wide range of treatment modalities is commonly used to treat GI-NETs, including surgical and endoscopic resection, locoregional therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and somatostatin receptor targeted therapy. The goal of this review is to detail the classification, epidemiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, and staging of these tumors and to provide an overview of management strategies.


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