scholarly journals Evolution of Government Approches to Food Aid/Loans during the Holodomor of 1932–1933

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Igor Yakubovskyy
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Analytical System ◽  
Methods Analytical ◽  
Collective Farms

The main goal of this article is to investigate the Stalin’s regime strategies regarding the so-called centralized food aid and its distribution during the Holodomor, which was organized by the Kremlin on the occupied territory of Ukraine in 1932–1933. Research methods: analytical, system-structural, historical-comparative, historical-chronological. Main results. The research focuses on the deep examination of the normative documents created by the different echelons of authority (from Moscow to Ukrainian regions) as a base of clarifying the model related to realizing of general decisions approved by the Central Committee of the Communist party and the Soviet government. In addition, the above-mentioned problem is researched in the frame of genocide conception. The scientific significance of the article is in showing that during 1932–1933 the Stalin regime’s approaches were shifted. From July 1932 food aid was transformed into food loan. In 1933 the central authority established the discriminating model of distribution foods based on renouncement from the principle of equal access and from the providing the aid which depends on the stage of starvation. Food loan depended on political loyalty, social origin and membership in collective farms. Furthermore, the authority aimed to ехterminate all regional attempts to dodge from strong realization of the center’s model. In fact, these attempts frequently turned out to be the step to rescue a number of Ukrainian farmers in different regions of Ukraine. Created by the Stalin regime and used by the authority hierarchy in Ukraine, the approaches are very important evidence that the Food Aid was an instrument to save only number of farmers, who were necessary to plant and harvest. Other farmers were to be starved. The method of the providing and distribution of the centralized food loan was a key instrument of the authority aimed to kill a considerable part of the Ukrainian population by famine. It indicates that the Stalin’s regime intention was genocide. Further research perspective is to deduce how the regional authorities, the heads of collective farms and villages have been realized the orders approved by central as well as Ukrainian rules and how it influenced on the starving and inhibiting or catalyzing of the Soviet government’s plans. Practical significance: the results of the study open up new opportunities for deepening scientific ideas and theoretical generalizations about the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Type of article: analytical.

Blockchain technologies and their application in governmentadministration

2019 ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
Myroslav Kosіak ◽  
Inna Kosіak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Property Insurance ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
State Management ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Methods Analytical

The purpose of the article. The article considers the Blockchain technology asan innovative tool. In particular, the essence and background of the developmentof blocks, the principles and specifics of the functioning of the system, as well asthe scheme of its work, are determined. The article presents the prospects forusingdistributed registry technologies (blockchain) in various socioeconomic spheresrelated to state administration. Provided examples and forecasts of the use ofblockchain technologies in the provision of state and municipal services forindividuals and legal entities in the following areas: formation of a unified registercontaining the history of the placement of the state, municipal order, as well asprocurement of corporations with state participation and / or control; registers ofdocuments (diplomas, certificates, lost and disavowed passports, policies for movableand immovable property insurance, health, etc.); database of court decisions andexecutive proceedings; public participation portals for citizens of Ukraine district- city – country. The fact that the blockchain technology is, first of all, theprinciples, and not the only possible way of implementing them, allows us to counton maximum openness and multivariate application in a dynamically changingchanging«digital world». Methodology. The research methodology is to use a combinationof methods: analytical, historical, comparative. The scientific novelty. The priorityof state blockchain systems introduction in stationary and distant voting, distributeddocument circulation, medical data registration, land resources registration,electronic auctions (auctions) in Ukraine was grounded. Conclusions. Already today,blockchain systems can change the role and participation of citizens in the conductof the state-management process, by raising the responsibility level, from thetransparent will expression in the elections to regulating the government serviceactivity in the society’s digitization conditions. The main advantages blockchainsystems using by public authorities that will increase the level of citizens trust todigital technologies using in general, namely: reliability and reliability of datastorage, transparency of transactions and virtually absolute protection of informationfrom distortion and unauthorized removal (relocation), are determined. In furtherscientific research it is proposed to consider the promising areas of the blockchaindigital technology usage: service activities of public authorities, legal proceedings,property rights management, implementation of migration control, verification ofgoods and services, registration of data on passing qualifying tests, patenting,intellectual property, digital identification, logistics , taxation, accounting ofbudget funds movement.

“There is such a situation that Comrade Svoboda is under pressure”. The Soviet leadership and the settlement of relations with Czechoslovakia. May 1969

2019 ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Teymur Dzhalilov ◽  
Nikita Pivovarov
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The published document is a part of the working record of The Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee on May 5, 1969. The employees of The Common Department of the CPSU Central Committee started writing such working records from the end of 1965. In contrast to the protocols, the working notes include speeches of the secretaries of the Central Committee, that allow to deeper analyze the reactions of the top party leadership, to understand their position regarding the political agenda. The peculiarity of the published document is that the Secretariat of the Central Committee did not deal with the most important foreign policy issues. It was the responsibility of the Politburo. However, it was at a meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee when Brezhnev raised the question of inviting G. Husák to Moscow. The latter replaced A. Dubček as the first Secretary of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969. As follows from the document, Leonid Brezhnev tried to solve this issue at a meeting of the Politburo, but failed. However, even at the Secretariat of the Central Committee the Leonid Brezhnev’s initiative at the invitation of G. Husák was not supported. The published document reveals to us not only new facets in the mechanisms of decision-making in the CPSU Central Committee, the role of the Secretary General in this process, but also reflects the acute discussions within the Soviet government about the future of the world socialist systems.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF HISTORY OF THE STAVROPOL COSSACKS: KEY ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE REGIONAL COSSACK GROUP’S PAST

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
K.A. Ushmaeva ◽  
◽  
A.S. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Pedagogical Tools ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Economic Ties

This study is devoted to the study of relevant works on the history of the Stavropol Cossacks, works in the field of education of the Stavropol Cossacks as an independent Cossack group, trade, cultural and economic ties in the Stavropol Territory, spiritual life, language, culture, traditions and customs of the Stavropol Cossacks. Among modern studies in the history of the Stavropol Cossacks, the following topics stand out: military life and everyday life, folklore and song traditions, the movement for the revival of the Cossacks, as well as the current state and prospects for the development of Cossack organizations. The prospect of the development of pedagogical technologies based on the Cossack traditions of educating young people in Stavropol is highlighted as a separate topical topic. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the historiography of the regional Cossack group of Stavropol Cossacks in order to expand the scientific and pedagogical tools in the field of «Cossack studies». The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using the data of the article in the search for supporting material for teaching the "History of the Cossacks" in a higher educational institution (taking into account the regional specifics). The scientific novelty of the research is expressed in a new view of the Stavropol Cossacks as an independent Cossack group formed at the end of the XVIII century. The source base is represented mainly by archival data from the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory, data banks on archaeological, cultural and linguistic expeditions, sources of personal origin, the works of contemporary historians and directly the works of historians, whose studies formed the basis of the historiography of the history of the Stavropol Cossacks. The research methodology is based on the principles of historiographic comparative studies and comparative analysis of sources. Within the framework of the sociocultural approach, we rely on the following methods. Special-historical: the narrative method, the historical-comparative method, the historical-systemic method, the retrospective method. Sociological: document analysis, method of generalizing characteristics, method of ideal types. Culturological: comparative method, cultural-systemic method. Pedagogical: pedagogical interviewing, a method of studying and generalizing pedagogical experience.

scholarly journals It was Deliberate Way to a Famine

2018 ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Chornyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Collective Farms

The article analyses one of the most grievous chapters in the history of Ukrainian nation – the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933. It is referred to the massive famine that was deliberately organized by the Soviet authorities, which led to many millions hu-man losses in the rural area in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and Kuban. Planned confiscation of grain crops and other food products from villagers by the representatives of the Soviet authorities led to a multimillion hunger massacre of people in rural area. At the same time, the Soviet government had significant reserves of grain in warehouses and exported it abroad, since without collectivization and Ukrainian bread it was impossible to launch the industrialization that demanded Ukrainian grain to be contributed to foreigners in return for their assistance. Ukrainian grain turned into currency. The authorities of that time refused to accept foreign assistance for starving people and simultaneously banned and blocked their leaving outside the Ukrainian SSR. The so-called “barrier troops” were organized in order to prevent hungry people from flee to the freedom and not let anyone enter the starving area. The situation is characterized by the fact that the idea and practice of barrier troops tested on Ukrainians were lately used on the battlefields of the World War II. Among three Holodomors, the government did not conceal only the first one (1921–1922), as it could be blamed on the tsarist regime that brought the villagers to the poverty, and post-war devastation. The famine of 1946–1947 was silenced, but the population generally perceived it as a clear consequence of two horrendous misfortunes – the World War II and dreadful drought. Especially rigid was position of the government regarding the very fact of genocide in 1933–1933 not only its scale. The author emphasizes that the Great Famine is refused to be admitted not because it was unreal but to avoid the assessment of its special direction against Ukraine and Ukrainian nation, saying instead that it affected the fate of all nations. The article describes the renovation of internal passports system and the obligatory registration at a certain address that took place in the USSR in 1932. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR stipulated the fact that people living in rural areas should not obtain passports. Therefore, collective farmers of the Ukrainian SSR actually did not obtain passports. The villagers were forbidden to leave collective farms without signed agreement with the employer, that deprived them of the right to free movement. Even after the introduction of labour books the collective farmers did not obtain them either. The author describes the destruction of the collective farms system that his parents dedicated their entire labour life to. Instead of preserving productive forces, material and technical base and introducing new forms of agrarian sector management and the whole society to the development path, this system has been thoughtlessly destroying and plundering. Keywords: Holodomor, Ukrainian villagers, collectivization, genocide, confiscation, barrier troops.

scholarly journals CHANGING OF CULTURAL IDEA OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE 30S OF XX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Валерия Алексеевна Петрова
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Priority Method ◽  
The Masses ◽  
City Schools

Рассматривается процесс изменения вектора государственной политики в сфере изучения иностранного языка в 30-е годы ХХ века. Показано, что после революции 1917 г. изучение иностранного языка было прекращено, потому что расценивалось как пережиток прошлого, антагонистического общества с ярко выраженным и непримиримым классовым неравенством. Однако в 1923 г. Н. К. Крупская в статье «О преподавании иностранных языков» доказательно опровергла необходимость изучения эсперанто и четко обосновала свою позицию по поводу изучения иностранных языков, описала практическую значимость, обозначила основную цель и показала приоритетный метод их преподавания, заложив тем самым основы изучения иностранных языков в нашей стране на многие десятилетия. Рассматривается ряд постановлений Центрального комитета Коммунистической партии Советского Союза от 1929 и 1932 гг., направленных на усиление изучения иностранного языка в городских школах второй ступени, техникумах и вузах, фабрично-заводских семилетках. Приводятся размышления общественных и политических деятелей, педагогов, публицистов, филологов о культурологическом потенциале иностранных языков. Показана цель их изучения в 30-е годы ХХ века. The article deals with the process of changing the vector of state policy in the field of foreign language learning in the 30s of the XX century After the October Revolution, they stopped the study of a foreign language because they regarded it as a relic of the past, an antagonistic society with a pronounced and irreconcilable class inequality. However, in 1923, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya denied the need to study Esperanto on a national scale in her article “Teaching Foreign Languages” and described the practical significance, main goal and priority method of teaching a foreign language and more than that her own position about the role of foreign languages, thereby laying the foundation for its study for many decades. The 1927 became a further important step in the history of teaching a foreign language in the country of the Soviets. The People’s Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR adopted a special decree on the study of a foreign language in all city schools of the second level, starting a large campaign “Foreign languages to the masses”. It considers a number of resolutions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1929 and 1932, aimed at strengthening the study of a foreign language in all city schools, technical schools and universities, and Factory Seven-Years. The article gives the reflections of public and political figures, teachers, publicists, philologists on the cultural potential of foreign languages. It shows the purpose of foreign language study in the 30s of the XX century.

Forms of counteraction to the youth subcultural movement in the USSR in the 1940s-1960: historical and legal aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Lidiia Fedyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Youth Subculture

Goal. The aim of the study is to analyze the main forms and methods of counteraction of the state and society in the USSR to the youth subcultural movement in 1940-1960. The method covers a set of methods and logical sequence of their use, which was determined by issues and features of historical and legal research. Methods. The use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and abstraction allowed to empirically study the youth subculture in 1940 - 1960's. Historical and legal method allowed to consider the youth subculture as a phenomenon of a particular era, taking into account the influence of economic, social and ideological factors. The comparative law method in our study was useful for comparing the measures applied to the youth subculture by party, youth organizations, law enforcement agencies and educational institutions. Results. The study found that the youth subcultural movement in the USSR was heterogeneous. It was found that, despite the apolitical nature of the movement, within the Cold War and confrontation with the West, it was seen as a threat to the existing social order and contrary to official ideology. This created the preconditions for combating it, which were carried out with the involvement of the party and Komsomol apparatuses. Scientific novelty. It was established that the main forms of struggle against the youth subcultural movement were extrajudicial, which provided for moral pressure, expulsion from the Komsomol, an educational institution, deprivation of a scholarship, and public humiliation. Practical significance. It is that the main provisions and conclusions set out in the study can be used: 1) in research related to the study of the features and legal principles of the repressive policy of the Soviet government; 2) in the educational process, during the teaching of sections relating to the state and legal development of Central and Eastern Europe.

Stalin and Wheat: Collective Farms and Composite Portraits

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Margolin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Joseph Stalin ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collective Farms

In late 1939, USSR in Construction, the Soviet propaganda magazine, published a special issue on the Stalin Collective Farm in the Ukraine. The inside front cover of the magazine contained an anonymous paean to socialist farming, attributing its success to the foresight and support of Joseph Stalin, the nation's leader. On the page flanking the euphoric opening text was a near full-page portrait of Comrade Stalin composed of multi-hued grains including millet, alfalfa, and poppy. Grain, or the absence thereof, was fundamental to the development of collective farms in the Soviet Union. By early 1929, government pressure to form large state-run farms had increased and Stalin declared war on the kulaks, or rich peasants. The kulaks responded by killing their livestock, destroying their crops, and demolishing their homesteads. Nonetheless, collectivization, backed by the Party apparatus, continued relentlessly. Needless to say, none of the resistance to collectivized agriculture was evident in USSR in Construction's depiction of life on the Stalin Collective Farm. At the end of the issue, the apparent happiness and prosperity of the workers were attributed to the virtues of socialism. In the later 1930s, with the inauguration of Stalin's "cult of personality," the nation was consistently equated with Stalin himself, hence the choice of his profile for the composite grain portrait. The seamlessness with which a multitude of grains could become a composite portrait of the nation's leader shows how successfully the Soviet government was able to rewrite the history of agricultural collectivization. The pain, loss, and resistance of the small landowners was successfully obliterated and replaced by a new narrative in which collective farm workers prospered and found happiness within a political system that was now synonymous with the beneficence of a single individual, Joseph Stalin.

scholarly journals Students of Katerynoslav Institute of Public Education in the context of the totalitarian system formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kоmarnitskyi ◽  
Liudmyla Kоmarnitska ◽  
Iryna Zavadska
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Youth Workers ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Comparative

The purpose of the article is to show the formation of the student body of Katerynoslav Іinstitute of Public Education (КІPE) relying on the legacy of the predecessors and the existing sources; to highlight educational, scientific and socio‑political activities of КІPE students; to reveal their financial situation. Research methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological, problem-chronological. Main results and scientific novelty: the main characteristics of the student body are comprehensively presented, the educational, scientific and socio-political activities of КІPE students are analyzed for the first time. Practical significance: in the process of research, a systematic factual base is created for a comparative analysis of the activities of public education institutions and analysis of statistical data of their student body. The originality of the study is based on a wide range of sources used and their analytical and synthetic processing. Principal results. The dynamics of changes in the student body of the institute, which was formed through a system of business trips, is analyzed. In the first years of the decade, the Bolsheviks failed to realize their ideas of dominance among the youth, workers, peasants, КP(b)U and KSMU members. The distribution of students by nationality was also quite original. There were almost equally Ukrainians, Jews and Russians among them. Perhaps because of this, it was not possible to ukrainize the university completely. Some students were engaged in scientific work. The authorities tried to impose the Marxist-Leninist ideology on young people. However, this work was not effective, primarily because in the first years of the decade, the Communists and the Comsomol members could not create their own centers because of their small numbers. Community work was concentrated in the student club. Student trade union organizations and centers of voluntary societies functioned. Students patronized units of the Red Army, conducted campaigns to eliminate illiteracy. The financial situation of the youth was difficult. It was difficult to provide students with housing, scholarships, food, and medical care. Article type: theoretical research.

scholarly journals Assessing universal competencies of students of non-linguistic specialties

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Yulia B. Drobotenko ◽  
Natalia A. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Problem Situations ◽  
Development Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
University Training

The rapidly developing labor reality requires a modern specialist to be ready for rapid adaptation in the professional space, mobility within the labor market and constant self-improvement. The training of such specialists at the university aims at the formation of both highly professional and flexible (universal) competencies that provide the ability to think systematically, critically assess problem situations and search for a variety of resources for solving professional problems. Universal competencies are represented by eight groups which suppose that University training in its basic part should be identical at all university levels of education and for all areas and specialties. And it is grounded on the principles of universalism. The purpose of the paper is to present the concept of universal competencies in a meaningful and structural way and to determine the possibilities of the case-testing method in their evaluation. The research methodology is based on the principles of flexibility and variability applied to research process organization, practice-oriented principles of the results of research procedures. It is focused on a holistic, reflexive-analytical and methodological-instructive presentation of the results of diagnostics that reflect the development of universal competencies. The following research methods are used: theoretical analysis and content analysis of normative documents that describe the structure of universal competence and determine the contribution of the discipline Foreign Language to the development of this type of competence among students of non-linguistic specialties; generalization of Russian and foreign experience in assessing competencies to identify the best practices for diagnosing their development; analysis of current and interim control test-tasks designed to evaluate universal competencies that can be found in the OmSPU evaluation funds; interviewing teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages (interfaculty chair) of OmSPU that aims at showing the advantages and disadvantages of case-testing in assessing the universal competencies of students of non-linguistic specialties. As a result of the research, a model evaluation case is going to be designed and the recommendations for University teachers how to use it in their work will be given. The scientific novelty of the research includes the ideas developing a universal approach to the University training as well as the ideas enriching a competence-based approach how to organize and evaluate universal competencies. The practical significance is seen in the possibility of using the materials of the paper to improve the funds of evaluation tools for the discipline Foreign Language; developing an educational module for advanced training courses.

scholarly journals ОБЛІК І АУДИТ ДОХОДІВ І ВИТРАТ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Марина Сергіївна Татар ◽  
Ганна Михайлівна Ванярха
Keyword(s):  
Practical Significance ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Abstract Logic ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Income Accounting ◽  
Research Analysis

Formulation of the problem. In the context of global challenges, enterprises operate in a dynamic, unpredictable external environment, so to ensure break-even conditions and increase profitability of the company requires a modification of the existing management system, the effectiveness of which, in turn, is determined by the level of accounting and analytical costs. types of activity of the enterprise, therefore improvement of the account and audit of incomes and expenses of the trading enterprises is actual, especially in the conditions of modern global challenges. The aim of the research is improvement the procedure for accounting and auditing revenues and expenses of commercial enterprises. The subject of the research is the system of accounting for enterprise income and expenses. The methods of the research: analysis, synthesis, abstract logic; historical, comparative and statistical, generalization and grouping; system-structural and functional. The hypothesis of the research. The current accounting system and audit procedure should be modified in accordance with the realities of existing trading companies in the conditions of their activity during modern global challenges. The statement of basic materials. The organizational provisions of accounting for costs and revenues by type of activity are analyzed and shortcomings in the existing practice of their accounting are identified on the example of one of the trading companies – JACQUARD LLC, measures to improve the accounting of costs and revenues by type of activity are identified. The task of auditing costs and revenues by type of activity of the enterprise, the audit plan and test questions of the auditor to verify the correctness of the organization of cost and income accounting and the results for the trading company. The originality and practical significance of the research  lies in the possibility of applying the proposals for improvement the accounting and audit of costs and revenues by type of enterprise activity. Conclusions and perspectives of further research. The research will improve the efficiency of accounting and auditing of costs and revenues, and timely and proper accounting will facilitate more effective management decisions in the process of generating net income, and the use of audit plans of costs and revenues will more accurately identify deficiencies in the organization and accounting of the enterprise

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