scholarly journals THE VIEW OF FEMINIST MAGAZINES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ON THE MARITAL PROBLEMS AND MORAL GENDER EQUALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Larisa Filipenko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Women's Magazines ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Russian Empire

Feminism today is an alternative philosophical concept of socio-cultural development. The article highlights the marital problem and gender equality in the pages of feminist magazines of the early XX century in the Russian Empire. In modern society, there has been much discussion on the issues of gender equality, prohibition or legalization of abortion, legalization of prostitution, the relevance of legal marriage, child-rearing, etc., that is, socio-cultural aspects. All these issues were raised by the feminist press in the early XX century. The purpose of this article is to analyze the arguments of female correspondents of feminist magazines of the Russian Empire in accordance with the double standards, marriage and methods of achieving true gender equality. As a result of the study, we have identified that during the period moral and ethical issues were recognized as an important part of the “women’s issue”, which were considered by feminist women’s magazines through the prism of two officially recognized sexual institutions in the Russian Empire: marriage and prostitution. Women’s magazines sharply criticized the “double standards”, which set unequal demands on the morality of men and women. According to them, “double standards” was the principal cause underlying the existence of prostitution and humiliated position of a woman in the family, so feminists demanded the recognition of “single sexual morality” either in the direction of “sexual abstinence” or through “sexual freedom” for men and women.

scholarly journals “A Gauntlet” by Bjornstjerne Martinius Bjørnson and “Vera: One for Many: From a Girl's Diary” by Bettina Dorothea Kris in the context of a public discussion about male chastity and double morality in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Anna I. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the controversy that arose in the public space of the Russian Empire after the publication in Russian of two resonant works of fiction – “A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and “One for Many” by Betty Kris – and gave impetus to the development of ethical views broadcast by their authors. In these books, translated into Russian with a difference of almost ten years, practically identical innovative and, one might say, sensational ideas for their time are expressed – Svava and Vera, the main heroines of the works, advocate the abolition of “unjust dual morality” and expect from a man the same premarital “purity”, the preservation of which was traditionally required exclusively from a woman within the framework of the patriarchal paradigm of marriage and family relations. The call for the abolition of double standards, expressed by B.Bjørnson and B.Kris (and embodied, which is important, precisely through the women, the heroines of their works), was directly related to the women’s movement developing during this period. There were incomparably more opponents of the ideas broadcast by the authors, who continued to adhere to the traditional view of sexual morality and the position of women in society, than its supporters. However, the very fact that such a discussion appeared in the public field and the fact that a number of representatives of the medical community, public figures, writers and journalists supported these ideas, speaks of the changes that have already begun to take place in the public consciousness.

Czechs and Slovaks in the Russian Empire (last third of the 19th century – early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena P. Serapionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The book deals with the historical contacts of Czech, Slovak and Russian peoples, the beginning of mass Czech and Slovak relocation to Russia, Russian official policy towards settlers. The author marks the main centers of their residence, pauses in detail on public organizations created by them, ties with the historical homeland, their participation in the Slavic movement. Special attention is paid to the prominent representatives of the compatriots. The monograph analyzes the social, professional composition of the Czech and Slovak diasporas, evaluates their contribution to the economic and cultural development of Russia. It is based on documents published and identified in the archives of Russia, Czech and Slovak republics, printing masters, memories and literature on the topic. The book is intended for specialists in the history of Russia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as all those interested in the ties of the peoples of the three countries.

scholarly journals CITIZENS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IN THE CITIES OFWESTERN SIBERIA (1900-1917.): THE REASONS OF STAY AND ROLE IN SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Sugirbaeva ◽  
◽  
B.K. Isabek ◽  
Y.K. Omarbayev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
New Business ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The history of the appearance of Austro-Hungarian citizens on the territory of the Russian Empire has a close connection with the development of capitalist relations in the 1880s and 1890s.Austro-Hungarian immigrants made a significant contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of pre-revolutionary Russia in General and its individual regions in particular. The article discusses the reasons of stay citizens of Austria-Hungary in the cities of Western Siberia, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of this region. Austro-Hungarian settlers, as well as people from other European countries, acted in this region as a kind of translators of new business experience, advanced technologies, and Western culture. Descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multi-ethnic composition of Western Siberia.

scholarly journals WOMAN BEFORE THE JURY COURT IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (REVISITING THE GENDER EQUALITY PRINCIPLE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Demichev ◽  
Vera A. Ilyukhina
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Russian Empire

This work presents implementation of the gender equality principle in the criminal proceed-ings of the Russian empire on the basis of the Judicial Statutes of 1864, official statistics materials of the Ministry of Justice, jury members’ documents of private origin, documentary narratives about courts, and folklore. The authors analyse and interpret statistical data on females and males acquitted and convicted by the jury court and the crown court. This work draws the following main conclusions: 1) in spite of the enforceable and officially declared equality of all subjects before the court, only men administered justice in the jury court, and the people’s legal consciousness and the settled judicial practice did not allow another situation to develop; 2) the fact that only men were jury mem-bers brought about the situation in which the jury court was less repressive to women than to men. As for crown judges, the percentage of women convicted by them was, on the contrary, generally more than that of men. Therefore, the proceedings of jury courts in the Russian empire actually breached the gender equality principle.

scholarly journals He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce J. Endendijk ◽  
Anneloes L. van Baar ◽  
Maja Deković
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Cognitions ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexual Double Standards

(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the sexual behaviors of men versus women. Studies assessing differences in evaluations, or expectations, of men’s and women’s sexual behavior yielded evidence for traditional SDS ( d = 0.25). For men, frequent sexual activity was more expected, and evaluated more positively, than for women. Studies using Likert-type-scale questionnaires did not yield evidence of SDS (combined M = −0.09). Effects were moderated by level of gender equality in the country in which the study was conducted, SDS-operationalization (attitudes vs. stereotypes), questionnaire type, and sexual behavior type. Results are consistent with a hybrid model incorporating both evolutionary and sociocultural factors contributing to SDS.

scholarly journals The Cult of the Scribes of the Pre-Baikal Buryats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Surjana B. Miyagasheva
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Administrative Service ◽  
The Face ◽  
Other World ◽  
The Russian Empire

Purpose. As a result of joining the Russian Empire, the Buryats formed certain beliefs and cults associated with the administrative service and organically associated with the worldview of Buryat shamanism, which became the basis for the emergence of specific ritual activities. In this case, of particular interest is the cult of mythological scribe-servants of the Lord of the underworld Erlen Khan. This cult had a wide practical application among the Pre-Baikal Buryats until the 20th Century. Results. It is determined that the new types of social organization among the Buryats, formed in the process of Siberia’s accession to the Russian state in the 17th–18th centuries, are reflected in religious and mythological ideas, in particular in the sacred concept of the other world, ideas about the afterlife and beliefs about the terrible punishers in the face of the Eastern gods. It is revealed that many aspects of archaic shamanistic ideas about the soul and its afterlife were harmoniously incorporated into the views of the complex bureaucratic structure of the underworld. Conclusion. The formation and development of the administrative service in connection with the entry of the Buryats into the Russian state led to the sacralization of the rank, and rank served as the basis for the formation of new religious and mythological aspects in the spiritual culture of the Buryats. Such ideological aspects related to the historical realities of ethnic and cultural development of the Buryats are specific motives in the mythology of the population of the Pre-Baikal region which allows examine the development and formation of traditional beliefs.

scholarly journals THE HANDICRAFTS MUSEUM AS AN ACTUAL FORM OF MUSEUM ACTIVITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MOSCOW HANDICRAFTS MUSEUM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Ekaterina А. Rychkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Folk Art ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Aesthetic

The development of folk crafts in Russia was closely connected with the formation of handicrafts museums that performed complex tasks of preserving, studying and promoting folk art. The study of their history today is one of the problems that have not yet been sufficiently studied in museology. Handicrafts museums were considered by researchers primarily in the general historical context of the influence of state policy and provincial zemstvos on the development of handicraft industry in Russia. However, the phenomenon of handicrafts museums remains insufficiently studied from the point of view of history and the theory of museum work. The type of the handicrafts museum has not yet been singled out as an actual form of the museum institution of the last quarter of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries, which spread in several provinces of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to review the main activities of the Moscow Handicrafts Museum - an example of the formation of new types of museums in Russia and their influence on the development of folk crafts in the second half of the 19th century – the first third of the 20th centuries. Moscow Handicrafts Museum opened in 1885. His task was to fully promote the development of folk art and the implementation of handicrafts. One of the main features and goals of creating the Handicrafts Museums in the Russian Empire was the formation of an established system of state patronage over the peasants who were freed from serfdom and promotion of their involvement in the new sector of the economy. The museum staff formed the museum collection, actively participated in organizing the training of folk craftsmen, arranging production workshops, became intermediaries in the art market, and was engaged in active exhibition work around the world, especially at large industrial fairs. In the 1890–1910s, the case started in Moscow spread quickly to almost the whole country. Handicrafts museums immediately arose in several provinces of Russia. One of the program documents of that period was the concept of the development of the Handicrafts Museum, proposed in a report of Sergey Morozov in 1910. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century in Moscow, the structure of an effective museum was formed, aimed at systematic work with folk crafts and successfully involving a wide range of partners: artists and scientists, merchants and foreign industrialists. Thanks to the assistance of handicrafts museums in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries traditional folk crafts were able to survive and be adequately represented throughout the world. The aesthetic significance of folk art has been recognized. The study of folk art has become an important subject of scientific research. All aspects of the multifaceted history of the formation and development of handicrafts museums and their role in the socio-economic and cultural development of Russia are of great scientific interest and require careful further study.

scholarly journals S.Yu. Witte’s views on the cultural and historical significance of the railway communication in the East of the Russian Empire

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Valery Vladimirovich Suvorov ◽  
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Sulimin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Western World ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
The Russian Empire

The paper presents the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Wittes views on cultural and historical significance of the railway communication in the Asian part of the Russian Empire. Although Witte primarily attached importance to the economic factor of the railroad, designed to connect the western and the eastern parts of Russia, he nevertheless often noted the military-strategic and cultural-historical significance of the Siberian railroad and the China Eastern Railway. Attaching particular importance to the railway communication in ensuring both economic and cultural contacts of Europeans, especially the population of Russia, with the Eastern peoples, Witte saw the awakening of the East and the expansion of its ties with the Western world as consequences. According to the Minister of Finance, such connections opened by the railway made it impossible to maintain alienation for the peoples of the Far East. Understanding the scale of the consequences of cultural, economic and political ties that had opened up, Witte noted a special task that was assigned to Russia in bringing Western and Eastern peoples closer together. Russia, providing the opportunity for interaction between the West and the East through the railway built by it, was to use, according to Witte, all the benefits of their convergence, which boiled down to the socio-economic and cultural development of Siberia and the Russian Far East. It is important that Witte also saw geopolitical changes associated with the possible rapprochement between Russia and Japan on the basis of common economic interests as a consequence of the development of the railway communication.

scholarly journals DIRECTIONS OF STYLISTIC SEARCHES OF SILVER AGE ARCHITECTS ON THE EXAMPLES OF VINNYTSYA

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-138
Author(s):  
Serhii Tsarenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Mansion ◽  
The Church

Manifestations of stylistic decisions aimed at finding national means of expressiveness are analyzed on the example of architectural works in Vinnytsya. Visual prints of the main paradigms of national or international self-awareness in Vinnytsya were: in the "international" spirit of the Viennese Secession – the mansion of a retired captain, teacher O.M. Chetkov (1910-1911, with outdoor services and decorative fencing); in the modernized Neo-Russian – the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in the Orthodox cemetery (project 1902, construction 1910); in the Ukrainian folk, or, as they said in Vinnytsia, "Galician" style – the mansion of the future figure of the UPR doctor M.A. Stakhovsky (1914). Artistic ideologues were differently affected by the awareness of the intelligentsia of the Russian Empire of the importance and common heritage of historical Russia. In addition, on the example of the work of G.G. Artinov, against the background of the search for "new-national" (in the words of the bright memory of Y.S. Aseev), the dominance of the classicist tradition is indisputable, especially in the imagery for public buildings. The modernization of the forms of classical orders with the observance of Renaissance architecture and, thus, the emphasis on belonging to the centuries-old cultural development was associated with the best achievements of European architecture. Stylistic means reflected three main paradigms of self-awareness of artists in the river of architecture of Modern: internationalist and two of Rus – neo-Russian and Ukrainian. Each of the paradigms or their combination became the focus of certain aesthetic experiences and conceptual embodiments of cultural inheritance. This analysis allowed us to formulate the concept of aesthetic compassion on the theory of creative work.

Bodies in Motion: Steam-Powered Pilgrimages in Late Imperial Russia

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Articles Of Faith

This essay examines the phenomenon of group pilgrimage in early twentieth-century Russia. Made possible by modern advances in technology and transportation, parish pilgrimages represented a new form of spiritual travel at the end of the imperial era, allowing greater numbers of Orthodox men and women to visit and venerate sacred sites across the length and breadth of the Russian empire. Undertaken with the blessing of Orthodox bishops and often underwritten by local merchants and entrepreneurs, organized parish pilgrimages also afforded new pedagogical opportunities for the Orthodox clergy to instruct their flock in the articles of faith, to supervise and give structure to lay devotional practices, and to assert the continued meaningfulness of the Orthodox faith against the rival claims of sectarians, secularists, and socialists alike. In adapting an age-old practice for present-day purposes, the clerical organizers of parish pilgrimages sought a spiritual solution to the crises engendered by Russia’s passage into modernity. Just as mass pilgrimages by rail and steam could accommodate greater numbers of participants, so too did they invite a wide range of multiple meanings from the Orthodox men and women who took part in them.

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