scholarly journals Tuberculosis space-temporal distribution from 2011 to 2016 in the municipality of Maputo, Mozambique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio C. Titosse ◽  
Marcus Vinícius Pimenta Rodrigues ◽  
Ana Paula Marques Ramos ◽  
Lucas Prado Osco ◽  
Rogério Giuffrida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Bacteriological Diagnosis ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Similar Incidence

Objective: Carry out a spatial-temporal characterization of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Maputo, Mozambique. Method: a descriptive ecological study of tuberculosis cases reported in an information system. The annual mean incidence rate and the number of TB notification cases in the municipality of Maputo from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used with calculations of measures of central tendency (mean) and an application of the Poisson linear regression model. Trimester notifications were stratified by district, clinical form, and age group. The quarterly average temperature of the evaluated area was added as a covariate in the model seasonal. Results: 34,623 TB cases were notified from 2011 to 2016, with a trimester average of 1,443 cases. The average annual incidence was higher in the Kampfumo district, with 909.8 per 100 thousand inhabitants (95% CI 854.1 - 968.2); almost twice as much as the incidence of the municipality of Maputo, 527.8 (95% CI 514, 3-541.6), and the country of Mozambique, 551 (95% CI 356 - 787). The clinical diagnosis of the tested cases was higher concerning the bacteriological diagnosis; 44%, and 35%, respectively. Conclusion: Maputo had similar incidence rates to the country of Mozambique, however, there was a heterogeneity rate by district and a reduction in the number of TB cases in both the general population (not co-infected with HIV) and those over 15 years old, being higher in the first trimester.

scholarly journals Characterization of alkaline phosphatases from human first trimester placentas.

1979 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sakiyama ◽  
J.C. Robinson ◽  
J.Y. Chou
Keyword(s):  
First Trimester ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases

scholarly journals Mobile phone use and incidence of brain tumour histological types, grading or anatomical location: a population-based ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e024489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Karipidis ◽  
Mark Elwood ◽  
Geza Benke ◽  
Masoumeh Sanagou ◽  
Lydiawati Tjong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Mobile Phone Use ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Relative Risks

ObjectiveSome studies have reported increasing trends in certain brain tumours and a possible link with mobile phone use has been suggested. We examined the incidence time trends of brain tumour in Australia for three distinct time periods to ascertain the influence of improved diagnostic technologies and increase in mobile phone use on the incidence of brain tumours.DesignIn a population-based ecological study, we examined trends of brain tumour over the periods 1982–1992, 1993–2002 and 2003–2013. We further compared the observed incidence during the period of substantial mobile phone use (2003–2013) with predicted (modelled) incidence for the same period by applying various relative risks, latency periods and mobile phone use scenarios.SettingNational Australian incidence registration data on primary cancers of the brain diagnosed between 1982 and 2013.Population16 825 eligible brain cancer cases aged 20–59 from all of Australia (10 083 males and 6742 females).Main outcome measuresAnnual percentage change (APC) in brain tumour incidence based on Poisson regression analysis.ResultsThe overall brain tumour rates remained stable during all three periods. There was an increase in glioblastoma during 1993–2002 (APC 2.3, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.7) which was likely due to advances in the use of MRI during that period. There were no increases in any brain tumour types, including glioma (−0.6, –1.4 to 0.2) and glioblastoma (0.8, –0.4 to 2.0), during the period of substantial mobile phone use from 2003 to 2013. During that period, there was also no increase in glioma of the temporal lobe (0.5, –1.3 to 2.3), which is the location most exposed when using a mobile phone. Predicted incidence rates were higher than the observed rates for latency periods up to 15 years.ConclusionsIn Australia, there has been no increase in any brain tumour histological type or glioma location that can be attributed to mobile phones.

scholarly journals Estimating the risk of thrombotic events in people with congenital hemophilia A using US claims data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imi Faghmous ◽  
Francis Nissen ◽  
Peter Kuebler ◽  
Carlos Flores ◽  
Anisha M Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Similar Incidence

Aim: Compare thrombotic risk in people with congenital hemophilia A (PwcHA) to the general non-hemophilia A (HA) population. Patients & methods: US claims databases were analyzed to identify PwcHA. Incidence rates of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis and device-related thrombosis were compared with a matched cohort without HA. Results: Over 3490 PwcHA were identified and 16,380 individuals matched. PwcHA had a similar incidence of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism compared with the non-HA population, but a slightly higher incidence of ischemic stroke and deep vein thrombosis. The incidence of device-related thrombosis was significantly higher in PwcHA. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that PwcHA are not protected against thrombosis, and provides context to evaluate thrombotic risk of HA treatments.

scholarly journals Local characterization of the Covid19 Response in low-income country: The case of a Lockdown in Zambia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choolwe Muzyamba
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Local Characterization

Abstract Background The onset of the covid19 pandemic has sparked heated debate among scholars on the relevance of lockdowns. There are those in favor of the lockdown and others who are critical of it. However, despite the increased interest in understanding the relevance of lockdowns, there still has not been much focus on its relevance in low income countries like Zambia. Thus with the help of the SRT, we set out to explore and document the local characterization of the lockdown by residents of Lusaka, Zambia.Methods A qualitative study in the form of interviews was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia involving a sample of 68 participants. Due to the lockdown measures that were in place during the study, the interviews were conducted via phone calls and the data collected were later analyzed by use of thematic analysis technique.Results The lockdown was on one hand lauded for slowing down the incidence rates, preventing fatalities, and for protecting the healthcare system from collapse. On the other hand, it was criticized for exacerbating poverty levels, unemployment rates, increasing the rate of mental health problems, aiding gender based violence, and intensifying political repression and corruption. The results speak to the complexity in the characterization of the lockdown as a response to covid19 in Zambia. This observation demonstrates the folly of viewing, applying and characterizing the covid19 lockdown as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach in Zambia.Conclusion Thus rather than definitely establishing the lockdown as an incontestable good, as it is depicted by some scholars or as useless by its critics, our findings instead demonstrate the diversity and complexity in how it is locally viewed by Zambians. The study provides grounds for caution on simplistic and binary characterization of lockdowns. It indicates the need for careful dialog between the designers of lockdowns and citizens in order to tailor such interventions to local realities in context-specific ways. It also shows that though the development of such interventions, all the various and complex elements it embodies must be taken into account in order to realize optimum outcomes.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal trend analysis of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, 2014 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Claudia Mello Ribeiro ◽  
Jonas Lotufo Brant de Carvalho ◽  
Paula Andrea de Santis Bastos ◽  
Rodrigo Guerrero Mendes ◽  
Satie Katagiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Mato Grosso

Bovine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease endemic to Brazil, is a serious public health problem. It is a notifiable disease that, like tuberculosis, is regulated through a national control and eradication program. The epidemiological status of bovine brucellosis must be characterized in order to direct measures aimed at controlling the disease. This study focused on analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of bovine brucellosis in Brazil. An ecological and time series study was conducted based on secondary data reported by the National Animal Health Information System for cases of bovine brucellosis diagnosed in Brazil (2014 - 2018). The gross and average incidence rate of brucellosis was estimated per state. Joinpoint regression was applied to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence and to identify states with significant trend changes. Spatial analysis of animals with brucellosis was performed using Kernel density estimation. A total of 19,631 animals with bovine brucellosis were confirmed, and the average incidence rate varied from 0.03 to 33.93/100,000 cattle in Brazil. The highest density of positive animals was found in the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná, which can be considered areas of greater transmission of Brucella abortus. Reductions in gross incidence rates were observed in Paraná (APC: -13.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -20.3 – -5.4; p=0.01), Rondônia (APC: -44.7; 95%CI: -62.0 - -19.4; p=0.01), Mato Grosso do Sul (APC: -59.0; 95%CI: -77.7 - -24.5; p=0.01), Acre (APC: -40.0; 95%CI: -50.0 - -28.0; p=0.00), and Ceará (APC: -37.9; 95%CI: -50.9 - -21.4; p=0.00). The incidence rate significantly increased in Tocantins (APC: 122.1; 95%CI: 4.5 - 372.2; p=0.04). The findings of this study will be helpful in guiding surveillance and prevention measures aimed at reducing the incidence of bovine brucellosis in Brazil.

scholarly journals Characterization of Chronic Cutaneous Lesions from TNF-Receptor-1-Deficient Mice Infected byLeishmania major

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Ferreira Oliveira ◽  
Daniel Manzoni-de-Almeida ◽  
Paula Seixas Mello ◽  
Caio Cotta Natale ◽  
Helton da Costa Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Tnf Receptor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Migration Of Cells ◽  
Deficient Mice

Leishmania major-infected TNF receptor 1 deficient (TNFR1 KO) mice resolve parasitism but fail to resolve lesions, while wild-type mice completely heal. We investigated the cell composition, cytokine production, and apoptosis in lesions fromL. major-infected TNFR1 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Chronic lesions fromL. major-infected TNFR1 KO mice presented larger number of CD8+ T and Ly6G+ cells. In addition, higher concentrations of mRNA for IFN-γCCL2 and CCL5, as well as protein, but lower numbers of apoptotic cells, were found in lesions from TNFR1 KO mice than in WT, at late time points of infection. Our studies showed that persistent lesions inL. major-infected TNFR1 KO mice may be mediated by continuous migration of cells to the site of inflammation due to the presence of chemokines and also by lower levels of apoptosis. We suggest that this model has some striking similarities to the mucocutaneous clinical form of leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNAL CONDUCTION ALONG DEMYELINATED AXONS BY ACTION-POTENTIAL-ENCODED SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 1330003 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHI-HUI LUO ◽  
JIANG-XU CHEN ◽  
YI-MEI HUANG ◽  
HONG-QIN YANG ◽  
JU-QIANG LIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Second Harmonic Generation ◽  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases

Action-potential-encoded optical second harmonic generation (SHG) has been recently proposed for use in detecting the axonal damage in patients with demyelinating diseases. In this study, the characterization of signal conduction along axons of two different levels of demyelination was studied via a modified Hodgkin–Huxley model, because some types of demyelinating disease, i.e., primary progressive and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, are difficult to be distinguished by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we focused on the differences in signal conduction between two different demyelinated axons, such as the first-level demyelination and the second-level demyelination. The spatio-temporal distribution of action potentials along demyelinated axons and conduction properties including the refractory period and frequency encoding in these two patterns were investigated. The results showed that demyelination could induce the decrease both in the amplitude of action potentials and the ability of frequency coding. Furthermore, the signal conduction velocity in the second-level demyelination was about 21% slower than that in the first-level demyelination. The refractory period in the second-level demyelination was about 32% longer than the first-level. Thus, detecting the signal conduction in demyelinated axons by action-potential-encoded optical SHG could greatly improve the assessment of demyelinating disorders to classify the patients. This technique also offers a potential fast and noninvasive optical approach for monitoring membrane potential.

scholarly journals Analysis and characterization of PV module defects by thermographic inspection

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gallardo-Saavedra ◽  
Luis Hernández-Callejo ◽  
Oscar Duque-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Module Size ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Temperature Standard

Being able to detect, to identify and to quantify the severity of defects that appear within photovoltaic modules is essential to constitute a reliable, efficient and safety system, avoiding energy losses, mismatches and safety issues.  The main objective of this paper is to perform an in-depth, onsite study of 17,142 monocrystalline modules to detect every single existing defect, classifying them in different groups, studying the variance of the same kind of defect in different modules and the patterns of each group of thermal defects. Results can be useful in a subsequent development of a software to automatically detect if a module has an anomaly and its classification. Focusing on the results obtained, all faults detected have been classified in five different thermographic defects modes: hotspot in a cell, bypass circuit overheated, hotspot in the junction box, hotspot in the connection of the busbar to the junction box and whole module overheated. An analysis of patterns of the different defects is included, studiyng location within the module, size and temperature statistical results, as average temperature, standard deviation, maximum temperature, median and first and third quartile.

scholarly journals A60 THE INCIDENCE OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IS DECREASING IN SASKATCHEWAN: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
J A Osei ◽  
J Peña-Sánchez ◽  
S Fowler ◽  
N Muhajarine ◽  
G G Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Group Sex

Abstract Background Canada has one of the highest inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence rates worldwide, although within Canada rates vary. Evidence show increasing incidence rates of IBD in Ontario (i.e. adults aged 30–60), stable in Alberta and decreasing in Manitoba. Additionally, higher incident rates of IBD have been identified among urban regions compared to rural regions. There is limited data on the incidence of IBD in Saskatchewan. Aims The study objectives were to 1) estimate IBD incidence rates in Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2016, and 2) test for differences in IBD incidence rates for rural and urban regions of Saskatchewan. Methods A population-based study was conducted using linked provincial administrative health databases. Individuals age 18+ old with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified using a validated case definition. Generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution were used to estimate incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) adjusted for age group, sex, and rurality with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results In total, 4,908 newly diagnosed individuals with IBD were included. The average annual incidence rate of IBD decreased from 75 (95%CI 67–84) per 100,000 people in 1999 to 15 (95%CI 12–18) per 100,000 population in 2016. This decrease was evident in both UC (from 36/100,000 [95%CI 31–42] in 1999 to 6/100,000 [95%CI 4–8] in 2016) and CD (37/100,000 [95%CI 32–42] in 1999 to 8/100,000 [95%CI 6–10] in 2016). A significant decline of 6.9% (95%CI 6.2–7.6) in the average annual incidence of IBD was estimated between 1999 and 2016 (see Figure 1). Urban residents had a greater overall risk of IBD (IRR=1.19, 95%CI 1.11–1.27) than rural residents. This risk difference was statistically significant for CD (IRR=1.25, 95%CI 1.14–1.36), but not UC (IRR=1.08, 95%CI 0.97–1.19). Conclusions A decreasing trend in IBD incidence in Saskatchewan was identified after adjusting for age group, sex, and rural/urban region of residence. Around 150 new cases of IBD are still diagnosed annually in Saskatchewan, but this estimate is lower than estimates from other provinces. Urban dwellers have a 25% higher risk of CD onset compared to their rural counterparts. This finding could suggest the presence of specific risk factors in urban settings that require further investigation. Health care providers and decision-makers should plan IBD-specific health care programs taking into account these specific IBD rates in Saskatchewan. Funding Agencies College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan

scholarly journals COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Lynn Ong ◽  
TeYang Lau ◽  
Stijn A A Massar ◽  
Zhi Ting Chong ◽  
Ben K L Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Social Jetlag ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Study Objectives Mobility restrictions imposed to suppress transmission of COVID-19 can alter physical activity (PA) and sleep patterns that are important for health and well-being. Characterization of response heterogeneity and their underlying associations may assist in stratifying the health impact of the pandemic. Methods We obtained wearable data covering baseline, incremental mobility restriction, and lockdown periods from 1,824 city-dwelling, working adults aged 21–40 years, incorporating 206,381 nights of sleep and 334,038 days of PA. Distinct rest-activity rhythm (RAR) profiles were identified using k-means clustering, indicating participants’ temporal distribution of step counts over the day. Hierarchical clustering of the proportion of days spent in each of these RAR profiles revealed four groups who expressed different mixtures of RAR profiles before and during the lockdown. Results Time in bed increased by 20 min during the lockdown without loss of sleep efficiency, while social jetlag measures decreased by 15 min. Resting heart rate declined by ~2 bpm. PA dropped an average of 42%. Four groups with different compositions of RAR profiles were found. Three were better able to maintain PA and weekday/weekend differentiation during lockdown. The least active group comprising ~51% of the sample, were younger and predominantly singles. Habitually less active already, this group showed the greatest reduction in PA during lockdown with little weekday/weekend differences. Conclusion In the early aftermath of COVID-19 mobility restriction, PA appears to be more severely affected than sleep. RAR evaluation uncovered heterogeneity of responses to lockdown that could associate with different outcomes should the resolution of COVID-19 be protracted.

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