An Intelligent IoT-enabled Lighting System for Energy-efficient Crop Production

In this paper, an intelligent lighting instrumentation and automation system is presented with the objective of achieving high energy-efficiency in greenhouse supplemental lighting based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system runs on a Raspbian operating system which interacts with wireless-enabled light emitting diode (LED) fixtures for plant growth, an online data server, and different light sensors including RGB and quantum sensors. The communication is achieved through RestFul API, UART, and I2C. The system is utilized to implement a feedback controller that automatically adjusts the light dimming levels and, in particular, the ratio of red and blue light intensities based on the plants’ needs. A series of experiments involving plant growth were conducted which indicate that the proposed system can achieve energy-savings up to 34%, when compared to a conventional time scheduling scheme. Additionally, the experiments demonstrate that the system can achieve a highly uniform light distribution under unpredictable natural lighting conditions while saving energy due to supplemental lighting.

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Comparison of Intracanopy Light-emitting Diode Towers and Overhead High-pressure Sodium Lamps for Supplemental Lighting of Greenhouse-grown Tomatoes

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.23.1.93 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Celina Gómez ◽

Robert C. Morrow ◽

C. Michael Bourget ◽

Gioia D. Massa ◽

Cary A. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Light Sources ◽

Node Number ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Supplemental Lighting

Electric supplemental lighting can account for a significant proportion of total greenhouse energy costs. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare high-wire tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production with and without supplemental lighting and to evaluate two different lighting positions + light sources [traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) overhead lighting (OHL) lamps vs. light-emitting diode (LED) intracanopy lighting (ICL) towers] on several production and energy-consumption parameters for two commercial tomato cultivars. Results indicated that regardless of the lighting position + source, supplemental lighting induced early fruit production and increased node number, fruit number (FN), and total fruit fresh weight (FW) for both cultivars compared with unsupplemented controls for a winter-to-summer production period. Furthermore, no productivity differences were measured between the two supplemental lighting treatments. The energy-consumption metrics indicated that the electrical conversion efficiency for light-emitting intracanopy lighting (LED-ICL) into fruit biomass was 75% higher than that for HPS-OHL. Thus, the lighting cost per average fruit grown under the HPS-OHL lamps was 403% more than that of using LED-ICL towers. Although no increase in yield was measured using LED-ICL, significant energy savings for lighting occurred without compromising fruit yield.

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The Impact of Modern Artificial Lighting on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio of Residential Buildings in Jordan

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11135888 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 5888

Author(s):

Aiman Albatayneh ◽

Haya Atieh ◽

Mustafa Jaradat ◽

Murad Al-Omary ◽

Maha Zaquot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Savings ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Residential Building ◽

Artificial Lighting ◽

Natural Lighting ◽

Residential Structures ◽

Lighting Systems ◽

Ashrae Standards ◽

The Impact

Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows; therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder, was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.

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Response of conifer species from three latitudinal populations to light spectra generated by light-emitting diodes and high-pressure sodium lamps

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2015-0106 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 1711-1719 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kent G. Apostol ◽

R. Kasten Dumroese ◽

Jeremiah R. Pinto ◽

Anthony S. Davis

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Light Spectra ◽

Supplemental Lighting ◽

Forest Nurseries

Light-emitting diode (LED) technology shows promise for supplementing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in forest nurseries because of the potential reduction in energy consumption and an ability to supply discrete wavelengths to optimize seedling growth. Our objective was to examine the effects of light spectra supplied by LED and traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps on growth and physiology of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. We used three latitudinal sources for each species: British Columbia (BC), Idaho (ID), and New Mexico (NM). Container seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in the greenhouse under an 18 h photoperiod of ambient solar light supplemented with light delivered from HPS or LED. In general, seedlings grown under LED had significantly greater growth, gas exchange rates, and chlorophyll contents than those seedlings grown under HPS. The growth and physiological responses to supplemental lighting varied greatly among species and seed sources. Generally, LED-grown seedlings from BC had the greatest growth and tissue dry mass followed by ID and NM populations. Compared with HPS, the significant increase in seedling growth and concomitant energy savings with LED (29% energy consumption relative to HPS) demonstrates the promise of using LED as PAR supplemental lighting for container seedling production.

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Potential Use of Colored LED Lights to Increase the Production of Bioactive Metabolites Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11020225 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

Anh Tuan Le ◽

Ju-Kyung Yu ◽

Gyung-Deok Han ◽

Thuong Kiet Do ◽

Yong-Suk Chung

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Crop Production ◽

Genetically Modified Organisms ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Blue Led ◽

Red Led ◽

Led Lights

Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam is a wild herb that is used in traditional Indian, Chinese, and African medicine. Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is paving the way to enhance crop production and inducing targeted photomorphogenic, biochemical, or physiological responses in plants. This study examines the efficiency of H. corymbosa (L.) Lam production under blue 450 nm and red 660 nm LED lights for overall plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and the contents of metabolite compounds. Our research showed that blue LED lights provided a positive effect on enhancing plant growth and overall biomass. In addition, blue LED lights are more effective in controlling the production of sucrose, starch, total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoid compared to red LED lights. However, blue and red LED lights played essential but different roles in photosynthetic characteristics. Our results showed the potential of colored LED light applications in improving farming methods and increasing metabolite production in herbs. LED lights are safer alternatives than genetically modified organisms or genome editing.

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Characterization of Metabolic Changes under Low Mineral Supply (N, K, or Mg) and Supplemental LED Lighting (Red, Blue, or Red–Blue Combination) in Perilla frutescens Using a Metabolomics Approach

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25204714 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 4714

Author(s):

Dong Ho Suh ◽

Yangmin X. Kim ◽

Eun Sung Jung ◽

Seulbi Lee ◽

Jinyong Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Crop Production ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Perilla Frutescens ◽

Control Group ◽

Light Sources ◽

Led Lighting ◽

Mineral Supply ◽

Lighting Conditions ◽

Supplemental Lighting

In order to achieve premium quality with crop production, techniques involving the adjustment of nutrient supply and/or supplemental lighting with specific light quality have been applied. To examine the effects of low mineral supply and supplemental lighting, we performed non-targeted metabolite profiling of leaves and stems of the medicinal herb Perilla frutescens, grown under a lower (0.75×) and lowest (0.1×) supply of different minerals (N, K, or Mg) and under supplemental light-emitting diode (LED) lighting (red, blue, or red–blue combination). The lowest N supply increased flavonoids, and the lowest K or Mg slightly increased rosmarinic acid and some flavonoids in the leaves and stems. Supplemental LED lighting conditions (red, blue, or red–blue combination) significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll, most cinnamic acid derivatives, and rosmarinic acid in the leaves. LED lighting with either blue or the red–blue combination increased antioxidant activity compared with the control group without LED supplementation. The present study demonstrates that the cultivation of P. frutescens under low mineral supply and supplemental LED lighting conditions affected metabolic compositions, and we carefully suggest that an adjustment of minerals and light sources could be applied to enhance the levels of targeted metabolites in perilla.

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SISTEM OTOMASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN BERBASIS TELEGRAM

SIGMA TEKNIKA ◽

10.33373/sigma.v2i1.1834 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Muhammad Irsyam

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Water Intake ◽

Smart Phone ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Automation System ◽

Notification System ◽

Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽

Plant Automation

ABSTRAK Faktor yang menentukan kegagalan pertumbuhan suatu tanaman hampir dipengaruhi oleh teknik atau cara penyiraman tanaman yang salah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh teknik penyiraman yang dilakukan secara manual sehingga tidak semua tanaman mendapatkan asupan air yang merata untuk menghidari tanaman menjadi layu. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan kegagalan pertumbuhan tanaman adalah kelembaban tanah. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengurangi permasalahan tersebut dirancanglah “Sistem Otomasi Penyiraman Tanaman Berbasis Telegram”. Adapun sistem ini meliputi penyiraman tanaman secara otomatis berdasarkan kadar kelembaban tanah dengan sistem pemberitahuan atau notifikasi yang akan dikirimkan kepada petani dengan menggunakan aplikasi smart phone Telegram. Sistem ini telah mampu mengontrol penyiraman sesuai dengan kondisi yang diinginkan. Dengan adanya sistem otomasi penyiraman tanaman berbasis telegram maka dapat meningkatkan efesiensi dan efektivitas petani sehingga kualitas tanaman dapat terjaga dengan baik.Kata kunci -- Penyiraman Tanaman, Penyiraman Secara Otomatis, Telegram.ABSTRACT Factors that determine the failure of a plant's growth of almost are influenced by incorrect cropping techniques or methods. This is caused by the technique of watering is done manually so that not all plants get a uniform water intake to avoid crops withered. Another factor that causes plant growth failure is soil moisture. Therefore, to reduce the problem was designed "Telegram Based Water Planting Automation System". The system includes automatic watering of plants based on moisture level of the soil with a notification or notification system that will be sent to farmers using Telegram smart phone applications. This system has been able to control the watering according to the desired conditions. With the telegraph-based plant watering plant automation system can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of farmers so that the quality of the plant can be maintained properly. Keywords -- Watering Plants, Watering Automatically, Telegram.

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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as Agricultural Lighting: Impact and Its Potential on Improving Physiology, Flowering, and Secondary Metabolites of Crops

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041985 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1985

Author(s):

Musa Al Murad ◽

Kaukab Razi ◽

Byoung Ryong Jeong ◽

Prakash Muthu Arjuna Samy ◽

Sowbiya Muneer

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Nutrient Metabolism ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Lighting Systems

A reduction in crop productivity in cultivable land and challenging environmental factors have directed advancement in indoor cultivation systems, such that the yield parameters are higher in outdoor cultivation systems. In wake of this situation, light emitting diode (LED) lighting has proved to be promising in the field of agricultural lighting. Properties such as energy efficiency, long lifetime, photon flux efficacy and flexibility in application make LEDs better suited for future agricultural lighting systems over traditional lighting systems. Different LED spectrums have varied effects on the morphogenesis and photosynthetic responses in plants. LEDs have a profound effect on plant growth and development and also control key physiological processes such as phototropism, the immigration of chloroplasts, day/night period control and the opening/closing of stomata. Moreover, the synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidants on exposure to LED spectrum also provides information on the possible regulation of antioxidative defense genes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Similarly, LEDs are also seen to escalate the nutrient metabolism in plants and flower initiation, thus improving the quality of the crops as well. However, the complete management of the irradiance and wavelength is the key to maximize the economic efficacy of crop production, quality, and the nutrition potential of plants grown in controlled environments. This review aims to summarize the various advancements made in the area of LED technology in agriculture, focusing on key processes such as morphological changes, photosynthetic activity, nutrient metabolism, antioxidant capacity and flowering in plants. Emphasis is also made on the variation in activities of different LED spectra between different plant species. In addition, research gaps and future perspectives are also discussed of this emerging multidisciplinary field of research and its development.

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Modeling Energy LED Light Consumption Based on an Artificial Intelligent Method Applied to Closed Plant Production System

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2735

Author(s):

Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez ◽

Martín Montes Rivera ◽

Nivia Escalante-Garcia ◽

Eduardo Flores-Gallegos

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Red Light ◽

Green Light ◽

Plant Production ◽

Production Plant ◽

Light Component ◽

Gp Model

Artificial lighting is a key factor in Closed Production Plant Systems (CPPS). A significant light-emitting diode (LED) technology attribute is the emission of different wavelengths, called light recipes. Light recipes are typically configured in continuous mode, but can also be configured in pulsed mode to save energy. We propose two nonlinear models, i.e., genetic programing (GP) and feedforward artificial neural networks (FNNs) to predict energy consumption in CPPS. The generated models use the following input variables: intensity, red light component, blue light component, green light component, and white light component; and the following operation modes: continuous and pulsed light including pulsed frequency, and duty cycle as well energy consumption as output. A Spearman's correlation was applied to generate a model with only representative inputs. Two datasets were applied. The first (Test 1), with 5700 samples with similar input ranges, was used to train and evaluate, while the second (Test 2), included 160 total datapoints in different input ranges. The metrics that allowed a quantitative evaluation of the model's performance were MAPE, MSE, MAE, and SEE. Our implemented models achieved an accuracy of 96.1% for the GP model and 98.99% for the FNNs model. The models used in this proposal can be applied or programmed as part of the monitoring system for CPPS which prioritize energy efficiency. The nonlinear models provide a further analysis for energy savings due to the light recipe and operation light mode, i.e., pulsed and continuous on artificial LED lighting systems.

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Melatonin as Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Alleviator for Sustainable Agricultural Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010294 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

Khadija Nawaz ◽

Rimsha Chaudhary ◽

Ayesha Sarwar ◽

Bushra Ahmad ◽

Asma Gul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Crop Production ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Current Status ◽

Master Regulator ◽

Abiotic Stressors ◽

Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽

Growth Development

Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physiochemical responses against adverse environmental conditions in various plant systems. Melatonin acts as an indoleamine neurotransmitter and is primarily considered as an antioxidant agent that can control reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plants. Melatonin, being a signaling agent, induces several specific physiological responses in plants that might serve to enhance photosynthesis, growth, carbon fixation, rooting, seed germination and defense against several biotic and abiotic stressors. It also works as an important modulator of gene expression related to plant hormones such as in the metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin and auxin carrier proteins. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzyme genes under stress conditions make it a more versatile molecule. Because of the diversity of action of melatonin, its role in plant growth, development, behavior and regulation of gene expression it is a plant’s master regulator. This review outlines the main functions of melatonin in the physiology, growth, development and regulation of higher plants. Its role as anti-stressor agent against various abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, temperatures, UV radiation and toxic chemicals, is also analyzed critically. Additionally, we have also identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, which can be useful in enhancing the environmentally friendly crop production and ensuring food safety.

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Agro-Nanotechnology as an Emerging Field: A Novel Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth by Reducing Biotic Stress

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2282

Author(s):

Masudulla Khan ◽

Azhar U. Khan ◽

Mohd Abul Hasan ◽

Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽

Marina M. C. Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Biotic Stress ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Disease ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

High Yield ◽

Plant Disease Management

In the present era, the global need for food is increasing rapidly; nanomaterials are a useful tool for improving crop production and yield. The application of nanomaterials can improve plant growth parameters. Biotic stress is induced by many microbes in crops and causes disease and high yield loss. Every year, approximately 20–40% of crop yield is lost due to plant diseases caused by various pests and pathogens. Current plant disease or biotic stress management mainly relies on toxic fungicides and pesticides that are potentially harmful to the environment. Nanotechnology emerged as an alternative for the sustainable and eco-friendly management of biotic stress induced by pests and pathogens on crops. In this review article, we assess the role and impact of different nanoparticles in plant disease management, and this review explores the direction in which nanoparticles can be utilized for improving plant growth and crop yield.

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