scholarly journals Sociocultural Perception and Living Conditions of Foreign Citizens in Stalingrad in the 1920s – 1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Taisiya Yudina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Arrival Dates ◽  
Product Delivery ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Historical Methods

Introduction. In the late 1920s Stalingrad was undergoing major industrial construction and reconstruction. Due to the shortage of local labor resources, foreign labor resources were required. The study highlights the nationality and number of the labor force, arrival dates and participation in the city’s public life. Methods and materials. The study used sources from the State Archive of Volgograd Oblast. The Research is based on comparative-historical and descriptive-historical methods. Analysis. Housing was the main issue in Stalingrad. Foreign specialists (Americans, Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Swedes) and their families were provided with housing, but living conditions were harsh. Moreover, despite the fact that salary of foreign labors was higher than salary of locals, foreign specialists still considered it insufficient. Providing foreign specialists with better living conditions, special product delivery and essential goods irritated the locals, whose standard of living was low. Results. Construction of buildings for foreign specialists began in the late 1920s. For local workers of such plants as the Stalingradskiy traktornyy zavod (Stalingrad Tractor Plant), the Barrikady (Titan-Barrikady) and the Krasny Oktyabr construction began in 1933. This helped to improve the city’s housing situation and increase the standard of living and the number of citizens. In 1933 Stalingrad became a major industrial center; by the end of the 1930s, it had become a city with a large population, including foreigners who stayed in Stalingrad, provided training for local specialists, adapted to an unfamiliar social life, and mastered the Russian language.

scholarly journals Starting a new life in the South? Swiss, Dutch and Flemish ageing in Morocco: a lifecourse perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Claudio Bolzman ◽  
Tineke Fokkema ◽  
Ibrahima Guissé ◽  
Danique van Dalen
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Professional Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
Second Chance

Abstract This article focuses on European migrants living in Morocco and now near retirement or retired. Using a lifecourse approach we are interested in whether their timing of migration to Morocco made a difference in terms of their motivations to settle there and subsequently with the social relationships at the destination. To this end, we conducted 36 biographical interviews with Swiss, Dutch and Belgian Flemish migrants aged 50 and older. Findings show the relevance of a lifecourse perspective for international migration studies. Early adulthood migrants to Morocco had no strong obligations in their home country and were ready to explore new affective or professional experiences in a new country. They had the time to discover and find a place in Moroccan society and to develop long-lasting social relationships with kin and non-kin. Middle-adulthood migrants moved with the intention of rapidly accessing a higher standard of living thanks to the tourism economy, with hedonistic perspectives in a setting with a better climate. Their social life is limited to interaction with business clients and a few like-minded migrants from Europe, and their communication with personnel is a daily challenge. Most late-in-life migrants experienced disruptive life events before migrating, and expected to find in Morocco a second chance to build a better life. They generally move in select circles of European expatriates.

scholarly journals The Standard of Living of a Population: a Comparative Analysis of Armenia and Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Gohar Vardanyan ◽  
Krzysztof Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Social Life ◽  
National Income ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Degree Of Satisfaction

A population’s standard of living has a special and important place in the concept of human development. Ultimately, the higher the standard of living of a population, the greater the chance for real human development, other things being equal. The standard of living in its most general sense is nothing more than a certain level of satisfaction of the population’s needs because no society and no country is able to fully meet the needs of all people. The standard of living of a population cannot be expressed by any one indicator taking in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The standard of living of a population is characterized and reflected by a system of indicators in which there is a special significance for such indicators, such as the needs of households, real incomes, private consumption, and socio‑psychological satisfaction. However, in order to quantify exactly the level of standard of living, the degree of satisfaction of the needs, wealth, poverty and income stratification, as well as their causes, should be evaluated. They should be considered not only and not so much at the macroeconomic level (GDP, GNP, National Income, Consumption general fund, etc.) but also at the microeconomic level, by selecting a socioeconomic cell as an observation object, study its composition, the number of working persons in employment, and the ratio of workers, among others (Gevorgyan, Margaryan 1994, p. 52). The aim of this paper is to compare the standard of living in Poland and Armenia. Both countries belonged to the Eastern bloc with centrally planned economies, which had an enormous impact on the whole economic and social life in both countries.

scholarly journals The prose works of Antonio Machado in Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Yuliya Aleksandrovna Grunina ◽  
Ekaterina Dmitrievna Terentieva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Antonio Machado ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
History Of Translation ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The Russian Language

The subject of this research is the history of translation the prose works of the remarkable Spanish poet, writer and publicist Antonio Machado into the Russian language. The object of this research is the translations of his prose works into the Russian languages conducted primarily in the last quarter of the XX century. The article employs biographical, descriptive, and cultural-historical methods. Special attention is given to Spanish translators I. Y. Tynyanov and V. S. Stolbov, whose names in the Russian literary space are closely related with the history of translation of the works of the prose writer and publicist Antonio Machado. The scientific novelty lies in the detailed description of A. Machado's prose, as well as detailed chronology of the emergence of translations of his prose into the Russian language. The relevance of this article substantiated by the absence of comprehensive analysis of the translations of A. Machado's prose works in the Russian Spanish studies. The prose works of A. Machado are also poorly studied in the Russian literary studies. The main conclusions consists in determination of the contribution of Russian translators to familiarization of the Russian-speaking audience with prose works of the Spanish author, as well as the need for further fundamental research of the entire literary heritage of Antonio Machado.

scholarly journals Five rules for friendly rivalry in direct reciprocity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohsuke Murase ◽  
Seung Ki Baek
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Evolutionary Simulation

Abstract Direct reciprocity is one of the key mechanisms accounting for cooperation in our social life. According to recent understanding, most of classical strategies for direct reciprocity fall into one of two classes, ‘partners’ or ‘rivals’. A ‘partner’ is a generous strategy achieving mutual cooperation, and a ‘rival’ never lets the co-player become better off. They have different working conditions: For example, partners show good performance in a large population, whereas rivals do in head-to-head matches. By means of exhaustive enumeration, we demonstrate the existence of strategies that act as both partners and rivals. Among them, we focus on a human-interpretable strategy, named ‘CAPRI’ after its five characteristic ingredients, i.e., cooperate, accept, punish, recover, and defect otherwise. Our evolutionary simulation shows excellent performance of CAPRI in a broad range of environmental conditions.

The standard of living in the powiats of Lubuskie voivodship

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Dorota Szaban
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Local Data

The aim of the paper is to measure the standard of living in the powiats of Lubuskie voivodship and to group themaccording to this criterion. The analyses were carried out for the data from 2017 obtained from the Statistical Office in Zielona Góra and the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. The author used selected indicators describing the standard of living in 10areas that determine the living conditions of communities in the Lubuskie powiats. The standard of living was measured using Hellwig’s synthetic taxonomic measure. The study demonstrated that what distinguished the groups of powiats (extracted by the measure) to the largest extent, were economic factors. Howe-ver, cities with powiat status, where infrastructural, environmental and social factors were more important, proved an exception to this rule.

scholarly journals The Worldwide Standard of Living Since 1800

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A Easterlin
Keyword(s):  
Living Conditions ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
International Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
People Today

By many measures a revolution in living conditions is sweeping the world. Most people today are better fed, clothed, and house than their predecessors two centuries ago. They are healthier, live longer, and are better educated. Women's lives are less centered on reproduction, and political democracy has gained a foothold. Current international differences in a number of standard of living indicators are significantly correlated. Historically, however, these improvements often started at quite different times, suggesting that the determinants of change in different aspects of the standard of living are varied.

scholarly journals Factors of Poverty of Families with Children and Prospects of Its Reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yelizarov ◽  
Arseniy Sinitsa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Families With Children

The authors consider the data of Rosstat, which characterize the poverty of households and families with children in the country as a whole. The analysis was carried out taking into account the demographic characteristics of families and households, since they have a significant impact on poverty rates. The expenditures of families and households with children, income and its purchasing power of families with children, features of employment and unemployment of women with children, and living conditions of families with children are considered.The Object of the Study are families with children.The Subject of the Study is the poverty of families with children.The Purpose of the Study. Study of indicators on living conditions of families with children, and determining the main factors of poverty.The Main Provisions of the Article. Families with children are one of the most needy groups of the population, since their income is usually not sufficient to maintain an acceptable standard of living. Families with children make up the majority of all the poor.In recent years, the poverty of families with children has increased in many ways (for example, the number of poor families and their share among all poor people has increased, their income deficit has risen, irrespective of the fact that the employment of women with children in pre-school age has also increased). This indicates the lack of progress in addressing this important social problem, such as reducing poverty in families with children.The article highlights the main factors that hinder the improvement of living standards for families with children.The most important factor is the number of children in the family, as well as their age. There are more poor people in the families with a large number of children and families with children under the age of three. This is partly due to the low level of development of the network of preschool institutions, as well as to low incomes, since in such families women's employment is low. The second important factor is the fact of living in rural areas, where the birth rate is higher and the quality of life is lower. The third factor is the number of adults in the family (including those who are older than working age) who have incomes. The poverty of families with children is primarily influenced by demographic factors, the significance of which is especially high caused by low wages and small amounts of state benefits.The study will provide a better understanding of the nature and consequences of poverty of families with children in regions with different socioeconomic indicators and develop a differentiated system of measures aimed at improving their standard of living, taking into account these differences, including taking into account regional features. Further studies of the factors and extent of poverty will help to objectively assess the possibilities of influencing various factors and, in fact, the prospects for reducing poverty.

scholarly journals Experiences and Challenges of Foreign Agricultural Workers in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Tiina E. A. Mattila ◽  
Ulla Ovaska ◽  
Birgitta Kinnunen ◽  
Veli-Matti Tuure ◽  
Jarkko Leppälä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Foreign Worker ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
List Type ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Working And Living Conditions ◽  
And Training

HighlightsBetter control of musculoskeletal workload remains a key factor in improving working conditions on Finnish farms.Orientation and training of workers should be carefully prepared with attention to content, method, and timing.Continued training is needed, especially for foremen and the increasing number of long-term foreign workers.Abstract. Foreign workers have become an important part of the workforce on horticulture and livestock farms in Finland. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of foreign workers regarding their working and living conditions. We conducted semi-structured theme interviews during two time periods: in 2008-2009 (n = 40 workers on eight farms) and again in 2018-2019 (n = 9 workers on four farms). We found variations in expectations and goals among workers when they take a job abroad. Compelling factors in the origin country included unemployment, low wages, and low standards of living, and enticing factors in the destination country included social relationships and expectations of better income. Personal networks had a strong role in the recruiting processes. Work on farms is physically demanding, and being a foreign worker affects social life in many ways, such as being separated from family and facing pressures from the home community to arrange jobs for others. New communication technologies have improved possibilities to stay in contact. Employers could contribute to better working and living conditions for foreign workers by improving work organization, ergonomics at work, orientation of new workers, and continued training of supervisors. Worker orientation and training should be carefully planned, taking into consideration the limited language skills, work competence requirements, and possibilities for career advancement of the workers. Keywords: Descriptive study, Foreign farm workers, Horticulture, Occupational safety.

Deformations of the Russian labor market inthe context of the use of cheap foreign labour: re-immigration and labor standards

2021 ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Aleksey Sedlov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Cis Countries

The algorithms of re-immigration in recipient and donor countries are considered by the author in the global context. The author maintains that in Russia cheap labor resources from the CIS countries are the reason for the low price of labor, and re-immigration has not become a starting point for the revision of the norms of minimum labor standards and preferences for national personnel. It is noted that re-immigration has increased the shortage of workers, and the migration policy, under the pressure of business, has fixed the course towards attracting additional working hands from the poor countries of Central Asia. The assessment methodology is proposed and calculations of the demand and supply of foreign labor in the Russian labor market are made, taking into account its conjuncture, illegal migration and the possibility of replacing foreigners with Russians.

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