Growth and Nutrition of Eucalypt Rooted Cuttings Promoted by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Commercial Nurseries

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may improve the adaptation of eucalypts saplings to field conditions and allow more efficient fertilizer use. The effectiveness of EMF inoculum application in promoting fungal colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the quality of rooted cuttings was evaluated forEucalyptus urophylla under commercial nursery conditions. For inoculated treatments, fertilization of the sapling substrate was reduced by 50 %. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, wherein the factors were inoculum application rates of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 gel beads of calcium alginate containing the vegetative mycelium of Amanita muscaria, Elaphomyces antracinus, Pisolithus microcarpus, andScleroderma areolatum, plus a non-inoculated treatment without fertilization reduction in the substrate (commercial). Ectomycorrhizal fungi increased plant growth and fungal colonization as well as N and K uptake evenly. The best plant growth and fungal colonization were observed for the highest application rate. The greatest growth and fungal colonization and contents of P, N, and K were observed at the 10-bead rate. Plant inoculation with Amanita muscaria, Elaphomyces anthracinus, and Scleroderma areolatum increased P concentrations and contents in a differential manner. The Dickson Quality Index was not affected by the type of fungi or by inoculum application rates. Eucalypt rooted cuttings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and under half the amount of commercial fertilization had P, N, and K concentrations and contents greater than or equal to those of commercial plants and have high enough quality to be transplanted after 90 days.

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Bamboo Biochar Pyrolyzed at Low Temperature Improves Tomato Plant Growth and Fruit Quality

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture8100153 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ratna Suthar ◽

Cun Wang ◽

M. Nunes ◽

Jianjun Chen ◽

Steven Sargent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Growth Index ◽

Application Rate ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Solids Content

As a soil amendment, biochar can significantly improve soil quality and crop growth. Few studies, however, have explored biochar effects on crop quality. This study investigated the amendment effects of bamboo biochar pyrolyzed at different temperatures on plant growth and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ plants were grown in a sand medium amended with 0, 1, and 3% of biochars produced at 300 °C, 450 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. Plant growth was monitored, and fruit harvested at the red stage was analyzed for color, texture, soluble solids content, sugars, ascorbic acid, and acidity. Results showed that biochars produced at 300 °C and amended at 3% or pyrolyzed at 450 °C and amended at 1% increased plant growth index. Contents of glucose, fructose, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and sugar-to-acid ratios of fruits produced from the two treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments. The improved plant growth and fruit quality were related to the higher concentrations of NO3, P, Ca, and Mg in the growing media. Our results suggest that optimizing biochar use can be achieved by targeting biochar production conditions and application rate, which resulted in desirable amendment and fruit quality effects.

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Silicon Potential as Attenuator of Salinity Effects on Growth and Post-harvest Quality of Lettuce

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n7p455 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 455

Author(s):

Hozano De Souza Lemos Neto ◽

Marcelo De Almeida Guimarães ◽

Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita ◽

Italo Marlone Gomes Sampaio ◽

Ana Régia Alves de Araújo Hendges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Silicon (Si) is a mineral element that provides many benefits to plants and may also assist in tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of Si as a possible attenuator of the deleterious effects of salinity on growth and post-harvest of lettuce. A completely randomized design with four replicates was performed in a 3 × 2 factorial, consisting of three salinity levels (1.65, 3.65, 7.65 dS m-1) and two levels of silicon (0.0 and 2.0 mM). Salinity reduced all variables related to plant growth. For shoot fresh and dry mass, it was observed that NaCl caused a reduction of 79.80 and 80%, respectively, in comparison to the control. However, parameters related to post-harvest such as titratable acidity, soluble solids and vitamin C increased with salinity. Although not effective in reducing saline stress on plant growth, Si provided improvements in the variables related to lettuce post-harvest. Salinity significantly reduced plant growth in the presence and absence of Si, but provided better post-harvest quality with Si.

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Response of LibertyLink and WideStrike Cotton to Varying Rates of Glufosinate

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-15-00012.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 665-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Darrin M. Dodds ◽

Christopher L. Main ◽

L. Thomas Barber ◽

Charles Burmester ◽

Guy D. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Fiber Quality ◽

Field Studies ◽

Application Rate ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Single Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

Growth Development

Field studies were conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee during 2010 and 2011 to determine the effect of glufosinate application rate on LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton. Glufosinate was applied in a single application (three-leaf cotton) or sequential application (three-leaf followed by eight-leaf cotton) at 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 kg ai ha−1. Glufosinate application rate did not affect visual injury or growth parameters measured in LibertyLink cotton. No differences in LibertyLink cotton yield were observed because of glufosinate application rate; however, LibertyLink cotton treated with glufosinate yielded slightly more cotton than the nontreated check. Visual estimates of injury to WideStrike cotton increased with each increase in glufosinate application rate. However, the injury was transient, and by 28 d after the eight-leaf application, no differences in injury were observed. WideStrike cotton growth was adversely affected during the growing season following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and greater; however, cotton height and total nodes were unaffected by glufosinate application rate at the end of the season. WideStrike cotton maturity was delayed, and yields were reduced following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and above. Fiber quality of LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton was unaffected by glufosinate application rate. These data indicate that glufosinate may be applied to WideStrike cotton at rates of 0.6 kg ha−1 without inhibiting cotton growth, development, or yield. Given the lack of injury or yield reduction following glufosinate application to LibertyLink cotton, these cultivars possess robust resistance to glufosinate. Growers are urged to be cautious when increasing glufosinate application rates to increase control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in WideStrike cotton. However, glufosinate application rates may be increased to maximum labeled rates when making applications to LibertyLink cotton without fear of reducing cotton growth, development, or yield.

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Use of Prohexadione Calcium on Grass Species Development

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582017350100072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (0) ◽

Author(s):

J.R.G. QUEIROZ ◽

A.C. SILVA JR. ◽

D. MARTINS

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Grass Species ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Grass Root ◽

Prohexadione Calcium

ABSTRACT: This study has aimed to evaluate the effect of prohexadione-calcium as a plant growth regulator on growth and quality of Japanese lawn grass, Broadleaf carpet grass and Bermudagrass. The treatments and doses of the prohexadione-calcium tested with two three reapplications were 27.5, 55.0, 110.0, 165.0 and 165.0 g a.i. ha-1, and a control without application of a growth regulator. Visual injury evaluations were performed using a scale of scores and plant height and chipping dry matter were determined. We have evaluated the total thickness of the sod grass, root length and dry matter of this material at the end of the experimental period. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance by F-test and the averages of the treatments were compared by t test at 5% probability. The prohexadione-calcium plant growth regulator was visually selective and reduced shoot growth of the three species of grass and can thus be used in the management of lawns in gardens and sports areas. As for the production of sod grass, the prohexadione-calcium can be recommended for Japanese lawn grass and Broadleaf sod grass, especially doses 165.0+165.0 and 55.0+55.0+55.0 respectively, because they have provided a better quality sod grass. For Bermudagrass, the effect of the treatments was harmful for the quality of sod grass and is not recommended for production purposes.

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Controlling Growth of Common Carpetgrass Using Selected Plant Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.704 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 704-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward W. Bush ◽

Wayne C. Porter ◽

Dennis P. Shepard ◽

James N. McCrimmon

Keyword(s):

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Field Studies ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Application Rates ◽

Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Field studies were performed on established carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate plant growth regulators (PGRs) and application rates. Trinexapac-ethyl (0.48 kg·ha-1) improved turf quality and reduced cumulative vegetative growth (CVG) of unmowed and mowed plots by 38% and 46%, respectively, in 1995, and suppressed seedhead height in unmowed turf by >31% 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) both years. Mefluidide (0.14 and 0.28 kg·ha-1) had little effect on carpetgrass. Sulfometuron resulted in unacceptable phytotoxicity (>20%) 2 WAT in 1994 and 18% phytotoxicity in 1995. In 1995, sulfometuron reduced mowed carpetgrass CVG 21%, seedhead number 47%, seedhead height 36%, clipping yield 24%, and reduced the number of mowings required. It also improved unmowed carpetgrass quality at 6 WAT. Sethoxydim (0.11 kg·ha-1) suppressed seedhead formation by 60% and seedhead height by 20%, and caused moderate phytotoxicity (13%) in 1995. Sethoxydim (0.22 kg·ha-1) was unacceptably phytotoxic (38%) in 1994, but only slightly phytotoxic (7%) in 1995, reduced clipping yields (>24%), and increased quality of mowed carpetgrass both years. Fluazasulfuron (0.027 and 0.054 kg·ha-1) phytotoxicity ratings were unacceptable at 2 WAT in 1994, but not in 1995. Fluazasulfuron (0.054 kg·ha-1) reduced seedhead height by 23% to 26% in both years. Early seedhead formation was suppressed >70% when applied 2 WAT in 1994, and 43% when applied 6 WAT in 1995. The effects of the chemicals varied with mowing treatment and evaluation year. Chemical names used: 4-(cyclopropyl-x-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5 dioxo-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (trinexapac-ethyl); N-2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoro-methyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide] (mefluidide); [methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) amino]carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl]benzoate)] (sulfometuron); (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl-5-[(2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) (sethoxydim); 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2yl)-3-[(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin 2-yl) sulphonyl] urea (fluazasulfuron).

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Biostimulants Based on Humic Acids, Amino Acids and Vitamins Increase Growth and Quality of Lettuce Seedlings

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n6p235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 235

Author(s):

Rubens Ribeiro da Silva ◽

Antonio Carlos Martins dos Santos ◽

Jefferson Santana da Silva Carneiro ◽

Lara Couto Marques ◽

Larissa Urzêdo Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Humic Acids ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Production Research ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Ideal

Humic acids (HA), amino acids (AA) and vitamins can increase plant growth; however, there are still few studies that determine the ideal concentration for use in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of HA enriched with sources and levels of AA and vitamins on lettuce seedlings morphology and quality. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The first experiment had 16 treatments, 3 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was betaine, glycine and proline used in the HA enrichment, and second factor five concentrations of AA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1), plus the control, without HA and AA. The second experiment had 21 treatments, 4 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was the use of four vitamins (A, E, B1 and B2) in the enrichment of HA, while the second factor was composed of five concentrations of each vitamin (0, 0.5; 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1) plus the control, without HA and vitamins. The application of HA and HA+AA promote the improvement in the seedling’s morphology and quality, while the application of the HA+vitamins negatively affected the morphology, reducing seedling quality.

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Utilização de filtro intermitente de areia como pós-tratamento de esgoto doméstico – estudo da taxa de aplicação superficial

Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB ◽

10.18265/1517-03062015v1n47p95-103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (47) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Robson Arruda Dos Santos ◽

Gilson Barbosa Athayde Junior

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Application Rate ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Sand Filters ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Sand Filter ◽

Main Research ◽

Application Rates ◽

The Impact

<p class="Normal1">This research is the study of surface application rate for intermittent sand filter sizing, with emphasis to its constructive aspect. It is a design parameter set by the NBR 13969/1997 like the relation between the flow of sewage and surface area of a treatment unit. We examined the main research projects that studied the use of sand filter as post-treatment sewage, highlighting the superficial application rates used in these studies, comparing them with the recommendations of the Brazilian standard that deal with it. The results show that the NBR 13969/97 recommends a lower value to those obtained by Brazilian and foreigner researchers, and regarding Brazilian research, the value of the standard (100 L / m².dia) is always below the rates evaluated. Thus, we highlight the need to update the NBR 13969/97, for that would meet the actual demand for building sand filters, reactor treating of low cost of construction and maintenance, and good removal efficiency of organic matter and nitrification . The environmental benefits are indisputabl and the improvement of the quality of the effluent decreases the impact on water bodies and soil.</p>

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Flurprimidol and Paclobutrazol Substrate Drenches on Potted Pineapple Lily

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04054-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 445-449

Author(s):

Shawn D. Lyons ◽

William B. Miller ◽

H. Christian Wien ◽

Neil S. Mattson

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Production Time ◽

Crop Quality ◽

Height Control ◽

Application Rates ◽

Second Year

When grown in containers, pineapple lily (Eucomis sp.) can produce excessively long foliage and tall scapes, particularly in cultivars with tall pineapple lily (Eucomis comosa) parentage. Height control, through the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs), is necessary to improve crop quality of potted pineapple lily. In year 1 of these trials, bulbs of cultivars Reuben, Tugela Jade, and Tugela Gem were given substrate drenches of flurprimidol or paclobutrazol, each at 2, 4, or 6 mg per 6-inch pot. Drenches were applied at the “visible inflorescence” stage. As concentration increased, scapes were generally shorter in all cultivars for both PGRs, but there was no effect on foliage length or production time. At the rates tested, the reduction in scape length was insufficient to produce marketable plants of the three cultivars. In the second year, substrate drenches were applied at an earlier stage than in year 1, at “leaf whorl emergence,” when shoots were about 7 cm tall. The PGR treatments were notably more effective at controlling plant height in the second year. As concentration increased, scape and foliage length was reduced relative to the controls in all three cultivars for both PGRs. For all cultivars, inflorescence leaning and toppling were sharply reduced at all application rates compared with untreated controls. The reduction in plant height observed in year 2, particularly in plants treated with 4 or 6 mg/pot, resulted in plants with compact scapes and foliage proportional with their 6-inch containers.

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Utilization of Silicon Fertilizer Application on Pepper Seedling Production

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v10n11p264 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 264 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eakkarin SUKKAEW ◽

Suphachai AMKHA ◽

Tawatchai INBOONCHOY ◽

Thongchai MALA

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Silicon Content ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Seedling Production ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Factor B ◽

Application Rates ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Plant Experiment ◽

Silicon Fertilizer

The purpose of this research was study the rate and application method of calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) fertilizer appropriated for pepper seedling production. This study was divided into two experiments. Experiment 1, the effect of Ca2SiO4 fertilizer application in pepper seedling by mixed in growing media was arranged in 2x6 factorials in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 replications. Factor A was seed preparation methods (seed primed with Ca2SiO4 fertilizer at a rate 2 g L-1 and non-seed primed) and factor B was application rates of Ca2SiO4 fertilizer at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 kg ha-1. Experiment 2, the effect of Ca2SiO4 fertilizer application in pepper seedling by foliar method was arranged in 2x6 factorials in CRD with 4 replications. Factor A was seed preparation methods and factor B was application rates of Ca2SiO4 fertilizer at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g L-1. All experiments data were collected such as plant growth and total silicon content in plant at 28 days after sowing (DAS). From experiment 1, the results showed that seed primed with Ca2SiO4 fertilizer application at a rate 120 kg ha-1 gave the good plant growth and total silicon in plant. Experiment 2, the results showed that seed primed with Ca2SiO4 fertilizer application at a rate 2 g L-1 gave the highest of plant growth and total silicon in plant. To conclude, Ca2SiO4 fertilizer application can be employed for enhancing plant growth of pepper seedling and increasing silicon content in plant.

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An investigation of the effects of hydrochar application rate on soil amelioration and plant growth in three diverse soils

Biochar ◽

10.1007/s42773-021-00089-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Megan de Jager ◽

Luise Giani

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Soil Improvement ◽

Application Rate ◽

Soil Amelioration ◽

Application Rates ◽

Biogas Digestate

AbstractThe hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biogas digestate alters the raw materials inherent characteristics to produce a carbon (C)-rich hydrochar (HC), with an improved suitability for soil amelioration. Numerous studies report conflicting impacts of various HC application rates on soil properties and plant growth. In this study, the influence of HC application rate on soil improvement and plant growth aspects was investigated in three diverse soils (Chernozem, Podzol, and Gleysol). Pot trials were conducted in which all soils were amended with 5, 10, 20 and 30% (w/w) HC in quintuplicate, with two controls of pure soil (with and without plants, respectively) also included. Prior to potting, soil samples were collected from all HC-amended soils and controls and analyzed for soil pH, plant available nutrients (PO4-P and K), and microbial activity using standard laboratory and statistical methods. Immediately after potting, a 6-week seed germination experiment using Chinese cabbage was conducted to determine germination success, followed by a plant growth experiment of equal duration and plant species to determine biomass success. At the end of the study (after a total plant growth period of 12 weeks), each pot was sampled and comparatively analyzed for the same soil properties as at the beginning of the study. Soil pH shifted toward the pH of the HC (6.6) in all soils over the course of the study, but was most expressed in the 20% and 30% application rates, confirming the well-documented liming effect of HC. The addition of HC increased the PO4-P and K contents, particularly with 20% and 30% HC amendments. These results are proposedly due to the large labile C fraction of the HC, which is easily degradable by microorganisms. The rapid decomposition of this C fraction prompted the quick release of the HCs inherently high PO4-P and K content into the soil, and in turn, further stimulated microbial activity, until this fraction was essentially depleted. HC addition did not inhibit seed germination at any rate, presumably due to a lack of phytotoxic compounds in the HC from aging and microbial processes, and furthermore, showed no significant impact (positive or negative) on plant growth in any soil, despite improved soil conditions. In conclusion, although less pronounced, soil improvements were still achievable and maintainable at lower application rates (5% and 10%), whereas higher rates did not ensure greater benefits for plant growth. While the addition of high rates of HC did not detrimentally effect soil quality or plant growth, it could lead to leaching if the nutrient supply exceeds plant requirements and the soil’s nutrient retention capacity. Therefore, this study validates the previous study in the effectiveness of the biogas digestate HC for soil amelioration and suggests that smaller regularly repeated HC applications may be recommendable for soil improvement.

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