Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Hancornia speciosa latex in Allium cepa root model

Abstract The latex obtained from Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Mangabeira tree) is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including diarrhea, ulcer, gastritis, tuberculosis, acne and warts. In this study, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of H. speciosa latex on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa were examined. Onion bulbs were exposed to different concentrations of latex and then submitted to microscopic analysis using Giemsa stain. Water was used as a negative control and sodium azide as a positive control. The results showed that, under the testing conditions, the mitotic index (MI) of the onion roots submitted to latex treatment did not differ significantly from the negative control, which suggests that the latex is not cytotoxic. Low incidence of chromosome aberrations in the cells treated with H. speciosa latex was also observed, indicating that the latex does not have genotoxic effect either. The MI and the chromosome aberration frequency responded to the latex concentration, requiring more studies to evaluate the dosage effect on genotoxicity. The results indicate that in tested concentrations H. speciosa latex is probably not harmful to human health and may be potentially used in medicine.

Download Full-text

Genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Tulbaghia violacea as determined through an Allium cepa assay

South African Journal of Science ◽

10.17159/sajs.2019/4391 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (1/2) ◽

Author(s):

Lerato N. Madike ◽

Samkeliso Takaidza ◽

Cornelius Ssemakalu ◽

Michael Pillay

Keyword(s):

Traditional Medicine ◽

Allium Cepa ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Genotoxic Effects ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Allium Cepa Assay ◽

Chromosome Bridges

Tulbaghia violacea (wild garlic) is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments including fungal infections, gastrointestinal ailments, asthma, fever, colds and pulmonary tuberculosis. We assessed the potential genotoxic effects of water extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea using the Allium cepa assay. Extracts at concentrations of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL were tested on root meristems of A. cepa. Ethidium bromide was used as a positive control whereas distilled water acted as a negative control. The results reveal that as the concentrations of the water extracts of T. violacea increased, the mitotic indices decreased. Similarly, the percentage of chromosomal aberrations was dependent on the concentration as well as on which part of the plant was used. The six most common chromosome aberrations included laggard chromosomes, chromosome bridges, c-mitosis, sticky chromosomes, formation of binuclei and formation of trinuclei. The presence of micronucleated cells at interphase also increased as the concentration of the water extracts increased. The results confirm that water extracts of T. violacea exert significant genotoxic effects at higher concentrations, with the stem extracts being more toxic than the leaf and root extracts at similar concentrations. Significance: • Water extracts of T. violacea – a plant commonly used in traditional medicine – were found to have significant genotoxic effects at higher concentrations.

Download Full-text

Aktivitas Hepatoprotektor Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L. Corium) Terhadap Mencit Jantan Yang Diinduksi Parasetamol

Talenta Conference Series Tropical Medicine (TM) ◽

10.32734/tm.v1i3.252 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 001-006

Author(s):

Janet Bardos ◽

Aminah Dalimunthe ◽

Urip Harahap

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

High Dose ◽

Reactive Metabolite ◽

Allium Cepa L ◽

Hepatoprotective Agent

Metabolit reaktif N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) akan dilepaskan setelah pemberian parasetamol dosis tinggi sehingga dapat merusak hati. Salah satu tumbuhan yang berpotensi sebagai hepatoproktektif adalah bawang merah (Allium cepa L.). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas hepatoprotektor ekstrak etanol kulit bawang merah (EEKBM) terhadap mencit jantan yang diinduksi parasetamol. Enam kelompok perlakuan (n= 4) diberi Na CMC 0,5% sebagai kontrol negatif, EEKBM dosis 300, 450, dan 600 mg/kg bb, dan rutin 20 mg/kg bb sebagai kontrol positif selama 14 hari secara oral dan diikuti pemberian penginduksi hepatotoksik parasetamol 1 g/kg bb. Sampel darah dan hati dikumpulkan untuk pemeriksaan biokimia dan mikroskopik. Kelompok normal digunakan sebagai pembanding. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar AST dan ALT dihambat oleh EEKBM dosis 300, 450, dan 600 mg/kg bb dan berbeda signifikan dengan kontrol negatif (p < 0,05) dan melindungi sel hati dari kerusakan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa EEKBM dosis 600 mg/kg bb menunjukkan aktivitas hepatoprotektor. The reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), could be released after administration of high dose paracetamol and induced liver damage. One of plant that has potential to be developed into hepatoprotective agent is Onion (Allium cepa L.). This research aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of onion ethanol extract (OEE) in paracetamol induced mice. There were six groups (n=4), consist of negative control which received Na CMC 0,5% , treatment group received OEE at doses of 300, 450, dan 600 mg/bw, and rutin at dose of 20 mg/bw was positive control for 14 days by oral adminitration and followed by paracetamol 1 g/bw to induce hepatotoxic. Blood sample and liver organ were collected for biochemistry and microscopic examinations. Normal control was served as comparison. The results showed that AST and ALT levels was inhibited by OEE at doses of 300, 450, dan 600 mg/kg bwand significantly different with negative control (p < 0,05) and prevented liver damage. It can be concluded that OEE at the dose of 600 mg/kg bwhas hepatoprotective activity.

Download Full-text

Ability of Allium cepa L. root tips and Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea in N-nitrosodiethylamine genotoxicity and mutagenicity evaluation

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652010000400015 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 925-932 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Claudia R. de Rainho ◽

Andréa Kaezer ◽

Claudia A.F. Aiub ◽

Israel Felzenszwalb

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nitroso Compounds ◽

Repair System ◽

Root Tips ◽

Allium Cepa L ◽

Tradescantia Pallida ◽

Mutation Assay ◽

Dose Dependent

N-nitroso compounds, such as N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), can be formed by the reaction of secundary amines with nitrosating agents, and are suspected to be involved in tumors in humans. NDEA has been considered a weak carcinogen in genotoxic assays probably due to the inefficient nitrosamine activation system that is used and/or to the efficient repair system. In this work, we evaluated the sensibility of Allium cepa L. root tips and Tradescantia stamen hair mutation assay (Trad-SH) using Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea for NDEA (0.1; 0.5; 5 and 25mM) genotoxicity and mutagenicity induction. Allium cepa L. was treated with different NDEA concentrations for 3h, for 3 consecutive days, including negative control (distilled water) and positive control maleic hydrazide (MH 30mg/mL). After treatment, the roots were hydrolyzed, squashed, and the mitotic index (MI) and cytological abnormalities were scored. The results revealed a cytostatic effect of NDEA (0.5 and 5mM), showing a significant reduction in the MI. Chromosome stickiness suggests a NDEA toxic effect. T. pallida purpurea did not respond to mutagens with a dose-dependent pattern. In conclusion, our study indicates that the root tips of Allium cepa L. have sensibility to detect NDEA genotoxicity, but not for Trad-SH test.

Download Full-text

Cytogenotoxic potential of Terminalia actinophylla (Mart.) bark in Allium cepa L.

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e353997322

Author(s):

Francisca Mairana Silva de Sousa ◽

José Rafael da Silva Araujo ◽

Luciana Maria Fortes Castelo Branco Couto ◽

Regina Maria Silva Sousa ◽

Maria das Dores Alves Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Allium Cepa L ◽

Phytochemical Profile ◽

Chromosomal Changes ◽

Harmful Effects ◽

Total Average

Terminalia actinophylla (Mart), commonly known as "chapada", is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, diabetes and anti-inflammatory. However, studies on its toxicity are still incipient. The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the phytochemical profile and the cytogenotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of the T. actinophylla bark using the Allium cepa L. seed. Seeds of A. cepa were subjected to different extract concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL), a negative control (NC - distilled water) as well as trifluralin (PC - positive control), during 24 h of exposure. The phytochemical profile of the extract was obtained to identify the main secondary metabolites. The cytotoxicity (mitotic index) and the genotoxicity (chromosomal alterations) were analyzed by means of the collection of 5,000 meristematic cells. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). The phytochemicals present in the extract were tannins, saponins and reducing sugars. Only the lowest concentration (1.25 mg/ml) of T. actinophylla was cytotoxic in comparison with NC. There was a significant increase in the total average of chromosomal changes to lower concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml) compared to NC. Probably, phytochemicals in the extract interfere with the cell cycle and cause DNA damage in A. cepa in lower concentrations. However, if bad studies must be carried out on mammals, since the extract with medicinal purpose can have harmful effects on the organism.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of an antimalarial herbal mixture and each extract for DNA and chromosomal mutations in Swiss albino mice and Allium cepa cells

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v7i3.56135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 249-259

Author(s):

Akinboro Akeem ◽

Rufai Muhamed Akinlabi ◽

Ogunbameru Aanuoluwapo Dorcas ◽

Oladosu Bolaji Esther ◽

Taiwo Modinat Opeyemi

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Allium Cepa ◽

Sodium Azide ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Water Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Toxicological Evaluation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Individual

Toxicological evaluation of herbal medicines is necessary because of possible adverse effects that may be associated with their consumption. This study screened antimalarial herbal recipe (containing leaves of Azadirachta indica and stem-bark of Alstonia boonei) and its individual plant’s extract for DNA and chromosomes mutation potentials following the DNA fragmentation and Allium cepa assays. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity of the recipe and each extract was determined. The kinds of phytochemicals present in them were determined using the FTIR technique. Water extracts of A. indica, and A.boonei at all the tested doses caused significantly lower DNA fragmentations than those of the controls. However, at 25.0% and 50.0% recipe, there was no significant difference in the percentage fragmented DNA compared to the positive control (0.05% sodium azide). Cell division was significantly inhibited by the extracts and recipe, chromosomal aberrations were not dose dependently induced and were significantly lowered than that caused by sodium azide (positive control). The individual extracts and their recipe significantly inhibited Root growth. However, 12.5% recipe promoted root growth that was not significantly different from that of distilled water (negative control). SOD and CAT activities of each of the extracts and their recipe were dose dependent and significantly higher than those of the controls. Water extract of A. indica significantly suppressed generation of malondialdehyde compared to water extract of A. boonei and recipe as well as the control. The individual extracts and their recipe contained phenolic phytochemicals. The obtained results show that extract of A. indica, A. boonei and their recipe have good antioxidant properties with strong mitodepressive and root growth inhibitory effects except at 12.5% recipe. However, A. indica extract seems to have least cyto-muta-genotoxic effects than water extract of A. boonei and the recipe in mice and A. cepa cells. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (3), 249-259

Download Full-text

Integrative analysis in toxicological assessment of the insecticide Malathion in Allium cepa L. system

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.240118 ◽

2023 ◽

Vol 83 ◽

Author(s):

N. C. Ghisi ◽

V. B. Silva ◽

A. A. Roque ◽

E. C. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Allium Cepa ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Integrative Analysis ◽

Biological Assessment ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Human Populations ◽

Toxicological Assessment ◽

L System ◽

Allium Cepa L

Abstract For many centuries human populations have been suffering and trying to fight with disease-bearing mosquitoes. Emerging and reemerging diseases such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya affect billions of people around the world and recently has been appealing to control with chemical pesticides. Malathion (MT) is one of the main pesticides used against mosquitoes, the vectors of these diseases. This study aimed to assess cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the malathion for the bioindicator Allium cepa L. using a multivariate and integrative approach. Moreover, an appendix table was compiled with all available literature of insecticides assessed by the Allium cepa system to support our discussion. Exposures during 48h to 0.5 mg mL-1 and 1.0 mg mL-1 MT were compared to the negative control (distilled water) and positive control (MMS solution at 10 mg L-1). The presence of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, and mitotic index abnormalities was evaluated. Anaphase bridges were the alterations with higher incidence and presented a significantly elevated rate in the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1, including when compared to the positive control. The integrative discriminant analysis summarizes that MT in assessed concentrations presented effects like the positive control, corroborating its potential of toxicity to DNA. Therefore, it is concluded that MT in its pure composition and in realistic concentrations used, has genotoxic potential in the biological assessment of A. cepa cells. The multivariate integrative analysis was fundamental to show a whole response of all data, providing a global view of the effect of MT on DNA.

Download Full-text

Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v9i2.2015.71-77 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽

Fauzia Andrini ◽

Yulis Hamidy

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

Download Full-text

The Comparison of Ostecyte in the Pressure area and Tension area on Tooth Movement Because of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v12i1.162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Arya Barahmanta ◽

Muhammad Faizal Winaris ◽

Pambudi Raharjo

Keyword(s):

Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Therapy ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Bone Remodelling ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Pressure Area

Background: Orthodontic tooth movement is a interaction prosess of resorption and deposition of bone remodeling. Orthodontic tooth movement by mechanical strength causes changes in alveolar bone. Osteocyte is an essential cell to respond bone remodelling. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy affects production of osteocyte because it can release Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Nitrid Oxide (NO). Purpose: To determine the difference number of osteocyte in pressure and tension area during tooth movement by adjuvant of Hyperbaric Oxygen 2,4 ATA during 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14. Materials and Methods: This research used Completery Randomized Control Group Post Test Only Design. 36 cavia cobaya (male) were divided into 3 groups randomly : the negative control groups, positive control group, and treatment group. Preparat staining used Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and calculated on microscop 1000x with 20 field of view. Data analyses used one way ANOVA and LSD test then compared each area by using paired T test. Result: The data showed that the treatment group (P=10,67) tension area has the highest number of osteocyte than negative control group (K-=3,67), positive control (K+=7,42). In the pressure area showed that negative control group (K-=5,00) has the highest than positive control group (K+=3,83) and treatment (P=3,25). Conclusion: Therapy HBO 2,4 ATA 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14 is could increase osteocyte in the tissue to stimulate process of bone remodelling.<pre> </pre>Keywords: Hyperbaric Oxygen, Tooth movement, Bone remodeling, Osteocyte Correspondence: Arya Brahmanta, Department of Orthodonty, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone 031-5945864, Email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">arya.brahmanta@hangtuah.ac.id</a>

Download Full-text

UJI AKTIVITAS HEPATOPROTEKTOR KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN WANGI (Pandanus amaryllifolius roxb) DAN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanii) TERHADAP KADAR MDA YANG DIINDUKSI PARASETAMOL

Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada ◽

10.34035/jk.v12i1.580 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Yuni Asri Mulatsih Agami ◽

Eka Wisnu Kusuma

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Male Rats ◽

Negative Group ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Dose Combination

Kasus penyakit hati semakin meningkat seiring penggunaan senyawa hepatotoksin salah satunya karena penggunaan parasetamol dengan dosis berlebih. Hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan produksi radikal bebas sehingga memicu terjadinya stress oksidatif yang dapat menimbulkan kerusakan jaringan yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA). Stress oksidatif dapat diatasi dengan antioksidan dari berbagai tanaman. Kulit kayu manis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 53ppm dan daun pandan wangi 39,7% Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dan kayu manis dalam menurunkan kadar MDA. tikus yang diinduksi parasetamol. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental, dilakukan selama 9 hari dengan 30 ekor tikus jantan dibagi menjadi 6 Kelompok, yaitu: Normal diberi aquadest, Kontrol Positif diberi silimarin 100 mg/kgBB, Kontrol Negatif diberi CMC-Na 0,05%, serta 3 kelompok lainnya diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pandan wangi:kayu manis berturut-turut dosis I (25:75), dosis II (50:50), dosis III (75:25). Semua kelompok diinduksi parasetamol 2,5 g/kgBB pada hari ke-7 setelah 30 menit perlakuan, kecuali kelompok normal. Pada hari ke 9 dilakukan pengukuran kadar MDA dengan metode TBARs menggunakan spektrofotometri. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dan kayu manis dapat menurunkan kadar MDA dengan kombinasi dosis yang paling optimal adalah 75:25 berdasarkan statistik dengan nilai signifikan 0,000<0,05 dibandingkan dengan kelompok negatif. Cases of liver disease have increased with the use of hepatotoxin compounds, one of which is due to the use of paracetamol with excessive doses. This can increase the production of free radicals so that it triggers oxidative stress which can cause tissue damage which is characterized by increased levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA). Oxidative stress can be overcome with antioxidants from various plants. Cinnamomum burmanii has antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 53ppm and Pandanus amarrylifolius 39.7%. This study aims to determine the combined activity of ethanol extract of Pandanus amarrylifolius and Cinnamomum burmanii in reducing MDA levels. Paracetamol-induced rats. Research using experimental methods, conducted for 9 days with 30 male rats divided into 6 groups, namely: Normal given aquadest, Positive Control were given silimarin 100 mg / kgBB, Negative Control was given CMC-Na 0.05%, and 3 other groups were given a combination of Pandanus amarrylifolius extract: Cinnamomum burmanii dose I (25:75), dose II (50:50), dose III (75:25). All groups induced paracetamol 2.5 g / kgBB on the 7th day after 30 minutes of treatment, except the normal group. On the 9th day MDA levels were measured using the TBARs method using spectrophotometry. Giving a combination of Pandanus amarrylifolius and Cinnamomum burmanii ethanol extract can reduce MDA levels with the most optimal dose combination is 75:25 based on statistics with a significant value of 0,000<0.05 compared with the negative group.

Download Full-text

UJI IMUNOMODULATOR DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN WARU (HIBISCUS TILIACEUS) DENGAN METODE HIPERSENSITIVITAS TIPE LAMBAT

Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal ◽

10.36656/jpfh.v1i2.103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

Yanna Rotua Sihombing ◽

Debi Dinha Sitepu

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽

Hypersensitivity Response ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Response

Immunomodulator is a compound that can increaase the imuno system. One of the plants that have immunomodulator’s activity is Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus). the purpose of this research was to test the effect of immunomodulator by extract of Waru Leaf ethanol on rat male. The activity of immunomodulator was determined by using digital pletysmometer by measuring the differences between the last leg swelling’s volume and the first leg swelling’s volume. The treatment group were divided into 5 groups. Each group consistof 5 rats CMC-Na 0,5% (negative control), Stimuno® 32,5 mg/kgBW (positive control), dose of EEDW 50, 100 and 200 mg/kgBW, and bacteria E.coli as antigen. The results slowed that distribution of EEDW dose 200 mg/kgBW can give the effect of immunostimulant by swelling enthancement compared by CMC-Na 0,5 %. EEDW 200 mg/kgBW that have activity comparable with Stimuno® 32,5 mg/kgBW. Thus, it is concluded that of Waru Leaf extract has immunomodulator effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity response of rat male.

Download Full-text