GRASSES AND LEGUMES AS COVER CROPS AFFECT MICROBIAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE CERRADO (SAVANNAH ENVIRONMENT) IN THE NORTHEAST REGION1

ABSTRACT The cover crop straw may cause changes in the microbial activity and population, with repercussions on environmental changes and on the C and N dynamics, providing important information for the planning of adequate land use in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of straw of cover crops on the soil microbial attributes and quality of organic matter. Experimental units consisted of 100 g of sieved soil placed in small plastic cups mixed with straw from cover plants. Treatments were distributed in a CRD, in a factorial scheme of 7 x 7 + 1, with seven types of straw, evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63 and 105 days after incubation, and control without straw, with three replicates. The qCO2 ranged from 0.1 (Crotalaria spectabilis at 14 days) to 5.1% (Cajanus cajan ‘IAPAR 43’ at 42 days). The organic carbon and nitrogen reservoir are differently affected by straw of legumes and grasses on the dates. The incorporation of Brachiaria brizantha and Mucuna aterrima had a positive impact on the microbial attributes until the 21st incubation (qCO2, Cmic and Nmic), with little loss of carbon dioxide and growth of the microbial population. All the evaluated species presented a potential to be used in crop rotation systems, enabling no-tillage systems in the Cerrado of Piauí. However, it is recommended to select species according to specific purposes. Thus, the use of cover crops is an important tool for increasing the biological quality of Brazilian northeastern cerrado soils.

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Forest defoliator pests alter carbon and nitrogen cycles

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.160361 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (10) ◽

pp. 160361 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anne l-M-Arnold ◽

Maren Grüning ◽

Judy Simon ◽

Annett-Barbara Reinhardt ◽

Norbert Lamersdorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Leaf Litter ◽

Soil Microbial Activity ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Oak Forests ◽

Operophtera Brumata ◽

Winter Moth ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

C And N

Climate change may foster pest epidemics in forests, and thereby the fluxes of elements that are indicators of ecosystem functioning. We examined compounds of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in insect faeces, leaf litter, throughfall and analysed the soils of deciduous oak forests ( Quercus petraea L.) that were heavily infested by the leaf herbivores winter moth ( Operophtera brumata L.) and mottled umber ( Erannis defoliaria L.). In infested forests, total net canopy-to-soil fluxes of C and N deriving from insect faeces, leaf litter and throughfall were 30- and 18-fold higher compared with uninfested oak forests, with 4333 kg C ha −1 and 319 kg N ha −1 , respectively, during a pest outbreak over 3 years. In infested forests, C and N levels in soil solutions were enhanced and C/N ratios in humus layers were reduced indicating an extended canopy-to-soil element pathway compared with the non-infested forests. In a microcosm incubation experiment, soil treatments with insect faeces showed 16-fold higher fluxes of carbon dioxide and 10-fold higher fluxes of dissolved organic carbon compared with soil treatments without added insect faeces (control). Thus, the deposition of high rates of nitrogen and rapidly decomposable carbon compounds in the course of forest pest epidemics appears to stimulate soil microbial activity (i.e. heterotrophic respiration), and therefore, may represent an important mechanism by which climate change can initiate a carbon cycle feedback.

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Effect of ozone treatment on the microstructure, chemical composition and sensory quality of apple fruits

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013218815285 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 252-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karina Juhnevica-Radenkova ◽

Vitalijs Radenkovs ◽

Karlis Kundzins ◽

Dalija Seglina

Keyword(s):

Sensory Quality ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Epicuticular Wax ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Ozone Treatment ◽

Apple Cultivar ◽

Cell Integrity ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

And Control

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of O3 treatment on the quality of different cultivars of apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.). Apples were stored for six months at different concentrations of ozone. During the research, minor differences between ozone-treated and control fruits were found in terms of cell integrity and epicuticular wax structure. Ozone application for apple treatment could accelerate the natural ageing of the waxes found on the surface of apples, thereby reducing the thickness of the waxes. The rate of degradation for the epicuticular wax was found to be cultivar dependent. After six months of storage, the ozonation process prevented the decay of ‘Iedzenu’, ‘Auksis’ and ‘Belorusskoje Malinovoje’ apple cultivars, but it accelerated damage in the ‘Gita’ apple cultivar. A positive impact of ozone during long-term storage was found regarding flesh firmness of ‘Iedzenu’ apple cultivar samples subjected to O3 exposure at concentrations of 0.8 ppm and 3.0 ppm. In other cultivars of apples, significant differences between ozonation and cold storage (control) were not found. In general, ozone treatment has a potential to be applied in order to maintain the sensory quality and biologically active compound level in apples during six-month storage; however, the degree of effectiveness depends both on the cultivar and on the concentration of ozone.

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Urgensi Profesionalisme Guru di Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar

AR-RIAYAH Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar ◽

10.29240/jpd.v1i1.218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Hamni Fadlilah Nasution

Keyword(s):

Elementary School Teachers ◽

Human Development ◽

Professional Competence ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Education Quality ◽

Learning Tasks ◽

Educational Supervision ◽

Teacher Coaching ◽

And Control

The low quality of education in Indonesia can also be known from the Human Development Report, which states that the Human Development Index for 2004 Indonesia position is ranked 111th out of 177 countries surveyed. Teachers play an important role in the progress of education quality. Professional teachers are teachers who are able to master and control changes with science and technology insights. Professional teachers are teachers who are able to run the competencies they have. Four components of the competency standards that teachers must possess are: Personality competence, Pedagogic competence, Professional competence and social competence. The development of professionalism of elementary school teachers can also be pursued through a system called educational supervision, certification, with a professional teacher coaching system (SPP-Teacher) and learning tasks. The coaching program is useful to improve the quality of teachers so that a positive impact on the success of education

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Supervision and Control of The Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus in The Implementation of Regional Autonomy

International Journal of Science and Society ◽

10.54783/ijsoc.v1i1.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 56-69

Author(s):

Engkus ◽

Cecep Wahyu Hoerudin ◽

Dedeng Yusuf Maolani

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Public Services ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Public Preference ◽

Regional Autonomy ◽

The Government ◽

Study Techniques ◽

And Control

The main problem of this regional autonomy research is the low competence of human resources in the New Autonomous Region of Pangandaran Regency, which is caused by its suboptimal implementation. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of regional autonomy and its impact. The method used is a qualitative approach with observation, interview and library study techniques. This study concludes that the implementation of regional autonomy in Pangandaran is not yet optimal. The positive impact of regional autonomy can increase the efficiency and responsiveness of government in public services with public preference, and arouse the spirit of competition and innovation among local governments. The negative impact, the quality of public services is low, due to the transfer of authority which is often misunderstood or misused so that adequate and formal supervision and control is needed both formally and informally as well as synergy between local, provincial and central governments.

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Governance and Tax Revenue in Asean Countries

Journal of Education and Vocational Research ◽

10.22610/jsds.v6i2.845 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 76-88

Author(s):

Makmun Syadullah

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Political Stability ◽

Tax Revenue ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Asean Countries ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

Tax revenue is influenced by many factors. Existing studies reveal that political stability, level of corruption, quality of the policy, income per capita, share of agriculture to the GDP, and market openness are some of the factors influencing tax revenue. This study aims to analyze the influence of governance by using some indicators, such as political stability, government effectiveness, quality of regulation, law enforcement accountability and control on corruption in tax area through empirical analysis of ASEAN countries. Descriptive analysis and causality methods are employed in this study. causality method is used to determine the relationship between observed variables using panel regression. The results of the study indicate that the controlon corruption, voice and accountability and political stability variables have significant negative effects on the tax ratio, while rule of law and quality of regulatory variables have positive impact on the tax ratio.

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Changes in the Soil Microbial Hydrolytic Activity and the Content of Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen by Growing Spring Barley Undersown with Red Clover in Different Farming Systems

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9070146 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Jaan Kuht ◽

Viacheslav Eremeev ◽

Liina Talgre ◽

Maarika Alaru ◽

Evelin Loit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Red Clover ◽

Hydrolytic Activity ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Organic Systems ◽

Winter Cover ◽

Winter Cover Crops ◽

Conventional Systems

The experiments were carried out during 2012–2017. There were 5 crops in rotation: Red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato and barley undersown (us) with red clover. There were 5 cropping systems in the experimental setup: 2 conventional systems with chemical plant protection and mineral fertilizers; 3 organic systems which included winter cover crops and farm manure. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of cultivating barley undersown with red clover and the preceding winter cover crop on the soil microbial hydrolytic activity, the change in the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (Ntot) compared to the same parameters from the field that was previously under potato cultivation (forecrop of barley in the rotation). The cultivation of barley with red clover (barley (us)) had a positive impact on the soil micro-organisms activity. In organic systems the soil microbial hydrolytic activity increased on average by 19.0%, compared to the conventional systems. By cultivating barley (us) the soil microbial hydrolytic activity had a significant effect on the SOC content only in organic systems where winter cover crops were used. Organic cultivation systems had positive impact on the soil nitrogen content; Ntot in samples taken before sowing the barley (us) was higher by 17.4% and after the cultivation of barley (us) by 14.4% compared to conventional systems, as an average of experimental years. After cultivation of barley (us) with red clover the soil microbial hydrolytic activity had no effect on the soil Ntot content in either cultivation systems.

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The relationships between microbiological attributes and soil and litter quality in pure and mixed stands of native tree species in southeastern Bahia, Brazil

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w11-082 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 887-895

Author(s):

Emanuela F. Gama-Rodrigues ◽

Antonio Carlos Gama-Rodrigues ◽

Nairam F. Barros ◽

Maria Kellen S. Moço

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Tree Species ◽

Litter Quality ◽

Soil Microbial Biomass ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Native Tree ◽

C And N ◽

Native Tree Species

This study was conducted to link soil and litter microbial biomass and activity with soil and litter quality in the surface layer for different pure and mixed stands of native tree species in southeastern Bahia, Brazil. The purpose of the study was to see how strongly the differences among species and stands affect the microbiological attributes of the soil and to identify how microbial processes can be influenced by soil and litter quality. Soil and litter samples were collected from six pure and mixed stands of six hardwood species ( Peltogyne angustifolia , Centrolobium robustum , Arapatiella psilophylla , Sclerolobium chrysophyllum , Cordia trichotoma , Macrolobium latifolium ) native to the southeastern region of Bahia, Brazil. In plantations of native tree species in humid tropical regions, the immobilization efficiency of C and N by soil microbial biomass was strongly related to the chemical quality of the litter and to the organic matter quality of the soil. According to the variables analyzed, the mixed stand was similar to the natural forest and dissimilar to the pure stands. Litter microbial biomass represented a greater sink of C and N than soil microbial biomass and is an important contributor of resources to tropical soils having low C and N availability.

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WINTER COVER CROPS IN LOW-INPUT VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1158a ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1158a-1158

Author(s):

Kathryn E. Brunson ◽

Sharad C. Phatak

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Field Trials ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Winter Cover Crops ◽

And Control

Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L., cv. Hiline) were planted following over-wintering cover crops. In replicated field trials, stand development for 7 different cover crops and their effects on incidence of weeds, insects, diseases, and nematodes was assessed. Effects of cover crops on yield and quality of cantaloupe were evaluated. Cover crops evaluated were rye, crimson clover, lentils, subterranean clover, `Vantage' vetch, mustard, a polyculture of all cover crops and control-fallow. No insecticides were applied and only two applications of fungicides were made. Fertilizer applications were significantly reduced. No differences among cover crops for any of pest nematodes were observed. Significant differences in populations of beneficial and pest insects were observed. Polyculture had the highest plant vigor rating. The highest marketable yield occurred following crimson clover.

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Combinations of Plant Species for Rotation With Onion Crops: Effects on the Light Fraction, Carbon, and Nitrogen Contents in Granulometric Fractions of the Soil Organic Matter

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v9i1.17930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Lucas Dupont Giumbelli ◽

Arcângelo Loss ◽

Claudinei Kurtz ◽

Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽

Marisa De Cássia Piccolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Plant Species ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Cover ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Tillage System ◽

C And N

The conversion of conventional tillage system (CTS) into no-tillage system (NTS) for onion crops with use of soil cover crops increases carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil aggregates. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of combinations of different plant species and soil management systems using rotation with soil cover crops for onion crops on the light organic matter (LOM), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) contents in the organic matter granulometric fractions in soil macroaggregates and bulk soil. A nine-year experiment (2007-2016) was conducted using the treatments (T): maize-onion in NTS (T1); soil cover crops (winter)-onion in NTS(T2); maize-winter grasses-onion in NTS (T3); velvet bean-onion in NTS (T4); millet-soil cover crops (winter)-onion in NTS (T5); velvet bean-rye-onion in NTS (T6); maize-onion in CTS (T7); intercropped soil cover crops (summer)-onion in NTS (T8). C and N contents in the LOM, particulate organic C and N (POC and PON), and mineral- associated C and N (MOC and MON) were evaluated in soil macroaggregates (8.0 to 2.0 mm) and bulk soil (<2.0 mm) from the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–20 cm layers. High diversity and combinations of plant species in T2-T6, and T8 resulted in higher POC and MON contents in aggregates, and higher MOC and PON contents in bulk soil, when compared to T1 and T7. T2 was a better option to increase LOM and POC contents in aggregates (0-5 cm). The evaluation of POC (0–5 cm), PON, and MON (0-10 cm) contents in soil aggregates showed more significant differences between the treatments than the contents found in bulk soil. The onion crops under NTS combined with use of rotations with soil cover crops were more efficient to improve the evaluated soil attributes than those under CTS.

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