Factors associated with Leishmania infection in dogs and geospatial analysis in the Sertão of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution that has a major impact on public health. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum, the factors associated with the infection and its spatial distribution in the municipality of Mãe D’Água, in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 150 dogs for diagnosis by the DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® and qPCR assays. The prevalence was calculated considering the positivity in at least two tests. SaTScan® was used for spatial analysis. The prevalence of canine infection with Leishmania was 18.6% (28/150), with the rural area being identified as a risk factor (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.93). The permanence of the dog loose during the night (OR = 0.33) and deworming (OR = 0.30) were identified as protective factors. A risk cluster was formed in the northern region of the urban area. Mãe D’Água showed a pattern of active transmission in the rural area, but VL control measures also need to be carried out in the urban area to prevent human cases and the spread of the disease in the risk zone.

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Identification of factors and groups at risk of infection with Schistosoma mansoni: a strategy for the implementation of control measures?

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46651994000300009 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 245-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pedro Coura-Filho ◽

Roberto Sena Rocha ◽

Marcio Willian Farah ◽

Grace Carolina da Silva ◽

Naftale Katz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Large Scale ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Measures ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Domestic Water

A fourteen year schistosomiasis control program in Peri-Peri (Capim Branco, MG) reduced prevalence from 43.5 to 4.4%; incidence from 19.0 to 2.9%, the geometric mean of the number of eggs from 281 to 87 and the level of the hepatoesplenic form cases from 5.9 to 0.0%. In 1991, three years after the interruption of the program, the prevalence had risen to 19.6%. The district consists of Barbosa (a rural area) and Peri-Peri itself (an urban area). In 1991, the prevalence in the two areas was 28.4% and 16.0% respectively. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for schistosomiasis indicated the domestic agricultural activity with population attributive risk (PAR) of 29.82%, the distance (< 10 m) from home to water source (PAR = 25.93%) and weekly fishing (PAR = 17.21%) as being responsible for infections in the rural area. The recommended control measures for this area are non-manual irrigation and removal of homes to more than ten meters from irrigation ditches. In the urban area, it was observed that swimming at weekly intervals (PAR = 20.71%), daily domestic agricultural activity (PAR = 4.07%) and the absence of drinking water in the home (PAR=4.29%) were responsible for infections. Thus, in the urban area the recommended control measures are the substitution of manual irrigation with an irrigation method that avoids contact with water, the creation of leisure options of the population and the provision of a domestic water supply. The authors call attention to the need for the efficacy of multivariate analysis of risk factors to be evaluated for schistosomiasis prior to its large scale use as a indicator of the control measures to be implemented.

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Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in dogs from rural settlements in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2531 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2531

Author(s):

José Dêvede Da Silva ◽

Demmya Haryssam Menezes Melo ◽

Érico Luiz de Barros Correia ◽

José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽

Diego Figueiredo Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

The State ◽

Control Measures ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Sanitary Conditions ◽

Epidemiological Characterization

Rural settlements are defined as family-run agrarian spaces. Their purpose, based on public policies, is to strengthen family agriculture. They are peculiar environments that can predispose to the risk of diseases, especially zoonotic diseases, due to close natural contact with animals that can be sources of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Leptospira antibodies in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total of 306 dogs were sampled and Leptospira screening was performed using the microscopic agglutination test. In all, 27 of 306 (8.82%; 95% CI = 6.13-12.5%) dogs were seropositive for Leptospira spp. The most frequent serotype was Pomona. Street access (odds ratio = 3.53, p = 0.012) was indicated as a risk factor for infection. The results indicate that leptospirosis is present in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. This reinforces the need to limit contact between dogs and wild reservoirs and perform serological monitoring of swine. It also reinforces the need for implementation of control measures such as improvements in hygienic-sanitary conditions in the settlements, including the construction of pigsties away from homes, and the introduction of vaccination to reduce the occurrence of this disease, which will prevent transmission to humans and animals.

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Canine leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil: epidemiology, factors associated with seropositivity and spatial analysis

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612020027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Maria da Cruz Ferreira Evaristo ◽

Anaiá da Paixão Sevá ◽

Glauber Meneses Barboza de Oliveira ◽

Ivo Wesley Gomes da Silva ◽

Matheus Silva Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Control Measures ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Canine Leishmaniasis ◽

Effective Control ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, factors associated with seropositivity to Leishmania infection in dogs and spatial analysis in six municipalities in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 462 dogs, 77 in each municipality, and used for serological analysis [dual path platform (DPP®) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]. Clinical signs of dogs were evaluated and associated factors for Leishmania infection were analyzed using robust Poisson regression model. A seroprevalence of 42.8% (198/462, IC: 95% = 38.6%-47.6%) was detected in dogs that tested positive in both tests, ranging from 29.8% to 55.8%, with higher prevalence in the municipality of Cabrobó (55.8%; P = 0.006). About 67% (132/198) of the seropositive dogs showed one or more clinical signs suggestive of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), such as lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions and conjunctivitis, which were associated with seropositivity. High seroprevalence levels were identified in urban and rural areas in all the municipalities, and the buffer for sand flies around cases covered almost these entire areas. Spatial analysis revealed a significant cluster, showing a relative risk of 1.88 in the urban area of Cabrobó. The higher density of seropositive dogs in urban areas indicates the need effective control measures against CanL to prevent the emergence of canine and human diseases.

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A study on prevalence of various risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural areas of Dharwad region

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184736 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 5101

Author(s):

Murari Pradeep Kumar ◽

Pushpa S. Patil ◽

Umesh R. Dixit

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

Age Group ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Tobacco Usage

Background: Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is routinely carried out in developed countries. The aim was to study the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases in urban and rural areas of Dharwada population.Methods: A total of 652 subjects (male-328; female-324) with an age group 15-64 years from rural and urban areas of Dharwad population were selected for the present study. Pregnant women, severe chronic illness, bedridden patients and subjects who refused to participate in the study were excluded from the study. Age-sex, religion educational status, and occupation, type of family, socioeconomic status followed by a questionnaire on the use of tobacco, alcohol were collected and tabulated.Results: Subjects with tobacco smoking habit were 30 (9.2%) in the urban area which was more in comparison to 11 (3.4%) in the rural area. In the urban area, tobacco usage was more among males (62.9%) and unemployed (55.9%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In the rural area, tobacco usage was more among 40-64 years age group (39.4%), males (61.6%), literates (39.4%), employed (48.8%) and lower socioeconomic group (39.2%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The alcohol consumption habit among the study subjects was more in the age group of 40-64 years in both urban (18.3%) and rural (9.6%) area and they were found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Consumption of tobacco, alcohol is the major risk factor in the management of cardiovascular diseases in the urban and rural population.

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Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in dogs from rural settlements in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2531 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2531

Author(s):

José Dêvede Da Silva ◽

Demmya Haryssam Menezes Melo ◽

Érico Luiz de Barros Correia ◽

José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽

Diego Figueiredo Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

The State ◽

Control Measures ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Sanitary Conditions ◽

Epidemiological Characterization

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Perubahan Pemaknaan Peran Perempuan Muslim dalam Pengasuhan Anak di Pedesaan Kawasan Prambanan

10.31227/osf.io/z8vhg ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muryanti Muryanti

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Public Sector ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Day Care ◽

Rural Society ◽

Muslim Women ◽

Economic Reason ◽

Domestic Worker

Muslim women worked in public sector in all variant jobs not only in urban area, but also in rural area phenomena. They had been doing it because of freedom, education, solidarity, or economic reason. When Muslim women worked in public sector, the new problems were appears, about care of children in the house as domestic work. These phenomenons were related to Indonesian’s culture and Islam perspective that believed the jobs of care of children was women burden. This article described about changing of meaning the role of Muslim women in the caring children. There were many institutions replaced care children, like day care etc. This article used qualitative research with observation and interview. The result of research, there were changing care of children in rural society. Before 2000, Muslim women were depend on family (extend family), neighbors, domestic worker, but in 2013, they prefered care of their children in the new institution (day care) because this institution gave early education to the child and save. But, majority Muslim women in this research believed that domestic works are their jobs.

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Postharvest Burning of Crop Residues in Home Stoves in a Rural Site of Daejeon, Korea: Its Impact to Atmospheric Carbonaceous Aerosol

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12020257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Jin Sang Jung ◽

Ji Hwan Kang

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽

Rural Site ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽

High Concentration ◽

Crop Residue Burning ◽

The Impact

To investigate the impact of burning postharvest crop residues in home stoves, PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm) were collected every 3 h at a rural site in Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season in 2014. A high concentration of levoglucosan was observed with a peak value of 3.8 µg/m3 during the sampling period. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.18) at the rural site during a severe BB episode (levoglucosan > 1 μg/m3) was similar to burnings of pepper stems (0.19) and bean stems (0.18) whereas the average OC/levoglucosan ratio (9.9) was similar to burning of pepper stems (10.0), implying that the severe BB episode was mainly attributed to burning of pepper stems. A very strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.81) during the entire sampling period, suggesting that the emission of organic aerosols at the rural site was strongly associated with the burning of crop residues in home stoves. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.17 ± 0.06) in the rural area was similar to that in a nearby urban area in Daejeon (0.16 ± 0.04). It was concluded that crop residue burning in a home stove for space heating is one of the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols not only in a rural area but also in the urban area of Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season.

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Cryptosporidium hominis genotypes involved in increased incidence and clusters of cases, Navarra, Spain, 2012

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814001836 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (5) ◽

pp. 1033-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. FUENTES ◽

C. MARTÍN ◽

X. BERISTAIN ◽

A. MAZÓN ◽

J. M. SAUGAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

The Other ◽

Single Exposure ◽

Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽

Molecular Subtyping ◽

The Future

SUMMARYTwo clusters of confirmed cryptosporidiosis infections were detected in Navarra, Spain, in the summer of 2012, in the context of an increased incidence in the region. Molecular subtyping of Cryptosporidium hominis determined that one cluster, occurring in an urban area, was due to the predominant circulating subtype IbA10G2R2 and the other cluster, with cases occurring in a rural area, was due to a rare subtype IaA18R3. No single exposure was associated with infection, although exposure to certain children's pools was reported by a majority of patients interviewed in each cluster. Genotyping tools were useful in the investigation and could aid investigation of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Spain in the future.

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Dynamics of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers at a COVID-19 referral hospital in Milan, Italy

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2020-107060 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. oemed-2020-107060

Author(s):

Laura Milazzo ◽

Alessia Lai ◽

Laura Pezzati ◽

Letizia Oreni ◽

Annalisa Bergna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Control Measures ◽

Referral Centre ◽

Single Centre ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Professional Exposure ◽

First Time ◽

Time Point

ObjectivesHealthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this single-centre prospective study was to evaluate the trend of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in HCWs working at the primary referral centre for infectious diseases and bioemergencies (eg, COVID-19) in Northern Italy and investigate the factors associated with seroconversion.MethodsSix hundred and seventy-nine HCW volunteers were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies three times between 4 March and 27 May 2020 and completed a questionnaire covering COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and personal protective equipment (PPE) training and confidence at each time.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rose from 3/679 to 26/608 (adjusted prevalence: 0.5%, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.7% and 5.4%, 95% CI 3.6 to 7.9, respectively) between the first two time points and then stabilised, in line with the curve of the COVID-19 epidemic in Milan. From the first time point, 61.6% of the HCWs had received training in the use of PPE and 17 (61.5%) of those who proved to be seropositive reported symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Contacts with ill relatives or friends and self-reported symptoms were independently associated with an increased likelihood of seroconversion (p<0.0001 for both), whereas there was no significant association with professional exposure.ConclusionThe seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the HCWs at our COVID-19 referral hospital was low at the time of the peak of the epidemic. The seroconversions were mainly attributable to extrahospital contacts, probably because the hospital readily adopted effective infection control measures. The relatively high number of asymptomatic seropositive HCWs highlights the need to promptly identify and isolate potentially infectious HCWs.

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Violence and discrimination among Ugandan residents during the COVID-19 lockdown

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10532-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Katana ◽

Bob Omoda Amodan ◽

Lilian Bulage ◽

Alex R. Ario ◽

Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

World Health ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Past

Abstract Background In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda inclusive, implemented lockdowns, curfew, banning of both private and public transport systems, and mass gatherings to minimize spread. Social control measures for COVID-19 are reported to increase violence and discrimination globally, including in Uganda as some may be difficult to implement resulting in the heavy deployment of law enforcement. Media reports indicated that cases of violence and discrimination had increased in Uganda’s communities following the lockdown. We estimated the incidence and factors associated with experiencing violence and discrimination among Ugandans during the COVID-19 lockdown to inform control and prevention measures. Methods In April 2020, we conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data under the International Citizen Project (ICP) to assess adherence to public health measures and their impact on the COVID-19 outbreak in Uganda. We analyzed data on violence and discrimination from the ICP study. We performed descriptive statistics for all the participants’ characteristics and created a binary outcome variable called experiencing violence and/or discrimination. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with experiencing violence and discrimination. Results Of the 1726 ICP study participants, 1051 (58.8%) were males, 841 (48.7%) were currently living with a spouse or partner, and 376 (21.8%) had physically attended work for more than 3 days in the past week. Overall, 145 (8.4%) experienced any form of violence and/or discrimination by any perpetrator, and 46 (31.7%) of the 145 reported that it was perpetrated by a law enforcement officer. Factors associated with experiencing violence or discrimination were: being male (AOR = 1.60 CI:1.10–2.33), having attended work physically for more than 3 days in the past week (AOR = 1.52 CI:1.03–2.23), and inability to access social or essential health services since the epidemic started (AOR = 3.10 CI:2.14–4.50). Conclusion A substantial proportion of Ugandan residents experienced violence and/or discrimination during the COVID-19 lockdown, mostly perpetrated by law enforcement officers. We recommend mitigation of the collateral impact of lockdowns with interventions that focus on improving policing quality, ensuring continuity of essential services, and strengthening support systems for vulnerable groups including males.

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