Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 among children in India: can the risk of outbreak be prevented during the subsequent waves of COVID-19 pandemic?

The COVID-19 pandemic believed to be originated from Wuhan, China has devastated the health and wealth of the entire world with multiple waves. An age shifting phenomenon towards younger age has been observed with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2) with subsequent waves across the world including India. With vaccination being already in place for adults and elderly, younger especially children less than 18 years may be assumed to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in the subsequent waves. However, few research suggests that children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 due to immature sinuses in the nasopharynx and less number of ACE-2 receptors to which generally the SARS-CoV-2 attaches. On the other hand, poor health and nutrition status of the children, unreached target of immunization services, poor sanitation and fragile health system in India makes children more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. Children may get affected if new variant of virus emerges during the subsequent waves. So, we need to prepare to protect the children who if at all get affected during the third wave of COVID-19 by preventing infection among adult and elderly, strengthening the health system and immunizing the children.

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Review of the Corona Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Syndrome and COVID-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) ◽

10.31344/ijhhs.v5i2.250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Ahmed Nawsher Alam ◽

Mahmuda Siddiqua ◽

Abu Kholdun Al Mahmood ◽

Aminur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Health Sciences ◽

Control Measures ◽

The Third ◽

Corona Virus ◽

New Information ◽

World Class ◽

Corona Viruses

A new virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and still continuing to pose a great threat all over the Globe claiming to a fatality 980,031 persons. Among the human corona viruses it is the third one causing acute respiratory distress syndrome. The others two are SARS CoV and MERS CoV. The objective of this study is to review the human corona viruses causing severe respiratory distresses which are detected thru analysis of some recently published documents on the deadly SARS CoV-2 as well as information on SARS-CoV and MERS CoV from different world class trust worthy reliable and dependable sources. Genetic analysis reveals that the new human corona virus (SARS CoV-2) has similarities with the severe acute respiratory syndrome like (SARS like) bat virus which thought to be the primary reservoir. SARSCoV and MERS-CoV also have same bat reservoir but the intermediate host are different for three human corona viruses. Though the clinical picture is more or less similar but efficiency of human to human transmission is not same for these viruses. So, strict control measures are critical to contain this very big pandemic been occurring since December 2019. Everyday new information has been coming causing strategy to change to control this pandemic. Zoonotic origin of corona viruses indicate researchers, public health specialists should keep the continuous surveillance for early detection of new virus alike SARS –CoV-2.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 139-147

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Response to mutation and variants of the SARS-CoV-2 gene

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.77-78 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 77-78

Author(s):

M.L. Edy Parwanto

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Task Force ◽

Gene Mutations ◽

British Government ◽

News Reports ◽

Corona Virus ◽

New Variant ◽

Circular Letter ◽

The Government ◽

The Uk

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, our society has come to understand that the cause is the Corona Virus (2019-nCoV) or more popularly known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has become a reality that as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have died. We need to record new cases of COVID-19 in other countries, namely the UK and Germany at the end of 2020. This needs to be conveyed because both countries are showing high new cases of COVID-19. The high number of new cases of COVID-19 in the UK and Germany is thought to be related with gene mutation that resulted new strain of SARS-CoV-2. It has been reported in the UK on December 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 gene mutations resulted in a new variant called VUI-202012/01 (Variant Under Investigation, year 2020, month 12, variant 01). The British government implemented new lockdowns for England and Scotland to deal with the spread of the new VUI-202012/01 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Recent news reports that the Government of Germany is extending lockdowns on its territory until January 31th 2021. The policy regarding the prohibition of foreigners entering Indonesia in relation to the emergence of a new variant of the corona virus in the UK is regulated in the Indonesia COVID-19 Task Force Circular Letter No.4 2020. Temporary entry restriction for Foreigners to Indonesia 1-14 january 2021.

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Challenges and Strategies for Pakistan in the Third Wave of COVID-19: A Mini Review

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.690820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Kashif Kamran ◽

Abid Ali

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Developing Country ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Large Population ◽

Third Wave ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The world is currently gripped by the fear of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The causative agent of COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks humans without prejudice, and primarily targets the respiratory system. Pakistan is a developing country with a large population and a weak economy. Currently, it is facing a major challenge to cope with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the third wave. This fatal virus has increased its presence many folds in Pakistan. On average, 100 deaths per day were being recorded in the late spring of 2021. Delay in the acquisition of vaccine has slowed down the vaccination program for this disease. This in turn will accelerate the spreading of virus, and thus will lead to a lockdown situation.

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Human health care against COVID-19 via environmental management

10.53365/nrfhh/143833 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Biswaranjan Paital

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Medical Care ◽

Human Life ◽

Particulate Matters ◽

Third Wave ◽

Human Beings ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

The Third ◽

Antibiotic Drugs ◽

Preventive Methods

Although vaccines are successfully developed against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), and many anticancer, anti-malarial, antibiotic drugs have been repurposed against the disease, it has been just impossible to save valuable human lives in specific conditions. Therefore, medical care has been developed against COVID-19 but not fully able to save human life from the disease. As a result, the third wave is noticed in many countries. Preventive methods such as social distancing, wearing masks, and hand salinization have been accepted as the main strategies to break the chain of the disease. Due to the reduction in pollution under less or no industrial and vehicular operations, water and air ecosystems have been restored in an unseen manner. Especially, NO2, SO2 and particulate matters etc. modulated higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 in humans have also been emphatically documented. Therefore, along with medical care, environmental protection (especially to regulate NO2 emissions) along with practicing COVID-19 guidelines is to be maintained fully to combat COVID-19 the disease. Human beings must use this knowledge and experience as a spotlight to save nature in current and future times.

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