Reflections on the History of a Century Ago on the Basis of the Collection of Documents “Lithuania — Russia 1917—1920”

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7 (105)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Cheslovas Laurinavichus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

Based on archival documents from the Lithuanian and Russian archives, as well as taking advantage of the latest works of historians, the article presents a polemical view of some aspects of the history of the 20th century, relevant for Lithuania and Russia. These are the problems of the red terror, world revolution, propaganda, as well as the preconditions for peace between Lithuania and Russia. The author emphasizes that the peace treaty between Russia and Lithuania not only allowed the two states to build bilateral relations on the basis of peaceful cooperation, but also became one of the treaties that Soviet Russia concluded for possible peaceful and smooth relations with Europe, including the mediation of Lithuania.

scholarly journals Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 Their Importance and Historical Background (Part 2)

2019 ◽  
pp. 207-243
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Makar ◽  
Yuriy Makar ◽  
Vitaly Semenko ◽  
Andriy Stetsyuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

The editorial board continues to publish the most significant documents, which characterize the status and progress of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, its vision in other countries in the early 20th century. The documents from the first book «Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 their importance and historical background» were published in Volume 39 of the Scientific journal. We publish the papers from the second book in current volume. We have selected 10 documents that chronologically cover the period from January 17 to May 9, 1918, and reproduce the vision of the Ukrainian problem by the ruling circles of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, as well as the efforts of Ukrainian public-political figures aimed at the election of Ukraineʼs independence, reproduce the atmosphere of negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. The Austrian drafts of the imperial manifesto on the occasion of the peace treaty with Ukraine and the protocols of meetings of the German, Austrian and Ukrainian delegations during the preparation of the peace treaty are presented as the first 4 documents. The text of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty signed on 9February, 1918 is the fifth document. The following five documents characterize the attitude of Soviet Russia and Poland to the provisions of the Treaty, as well as Germany’s attitude to the state affiliation of the Kholmshchyna. These documents will be useful for both students and researchers of international relations and history of Ukraine in the early 20th century. Whereas we have selected documents from different parts of the book, we stored their serial numbers. Page numbers are shown in square brackets after the text. The language, style of the headings and captions, cursive and text selection are all preserved. Also, for convenience of possible use by interested persons, we submit to them a list of abbreviations from the second book in the original. Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, Galicia, Germany, Ukraine, The Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic, Ukrainian national movement, Ukrainians, Kholmshchyna.

scholarly journals Prison Museums in Soviet Russia in the 1920s

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (50) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
Mikhail Pogorelov
Keyword(s):  
Penal System ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
First Time ◽  
Museum Guides

The paper is devoted to the history of early Soviet prison museums which were opened and operated at research institutes and penitentiaries in the 1920s. It proposes to consider these museums within the context of positivist criminology that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century. The increasing interest in criminal and prison culture motivated scholars and enthusiasts to collect and exhibit objects related to criminals and prisoners. Developing the model of the criminological museum, the Soviet prison museum pursued not only a purely scientific goal but had different functions. By comparing the Soviet penal system to its Tsarist counterpart, prison museums emphasized the revolutionary and emancipatory nature of the former. Representing artifacts (playing cards, tattoos, hand-made prison tools) and the rules of inmate subcultures, museum expositions condemned it as symbols of the old Tsarist prison. The exhibitions with prison factory products (manufactured goods and handicrafts) and samples of inmate initiatives and creativity (newspapers, journals or artwork) had to demonstrate the progressiveness of Soviet penitentiaries, rehabilitating criminals through labor and education. While historians neglected this topic, the article raises questions about the origins and functions of Soviet prison museums for the first time in historiography. The research is based on previously unstudied sources including archival documents, academic publications, museum guides, as well as newspaper and journal articles.

scholarly journals Regional and sectoral aspects of inequality and legal delimitation of the production societas in the late USSR (1950-1980)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Yury S. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Key Aspects

The article examines the factors and sources of inequality and legal delimitation of the industrial societas in the USSR in the 1950-1980s. The article raises the question of the key aspects of regional and sectoral inequality of the Soviet societas. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is associated with the paradigm of the "global intellectual history of inequality". Much attention is paid to the analysis of the concepts of "estate" and "class" in modern historiography. The article is based on the ideas of Mikhail Beznin and Tat’yana Dimoni on the legal demarcation of the production societas in the USSR and the formation of special social classes in Soviet Russia in the 1950s-1980s. An important theoretical role is played by the controversial thesis of the researcher Simon Kordonskiy on the existence of special estates – social registration groups – in the USSR. The source base of the study is represented by the official normative documents of the Soviet era, statistical data, unpublished archival documents of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. The article expresses a scientific hypothesis that the main criteria for inequality and legal delimitation of the production societas of the USSR included 3 indicators in the second half of the 20th century – a formally determined size of wages, social security, horizontal social mobility.

scholarly journals Amateur Magazines of Tomsk Seminarians: The History of Magazine “Soyus”

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
V. A. Esipova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The problem of publications made by students in the early 20th century recently became a matter of interest among scholars. The purpose of the article is to study one of them, “Soyuz” magazine, which was published by students of the theological seminary in Tomsk in 1907. The problem is that not a single issue of the magazine has survived to this day. Therefore, the research relies on the method of historical reconstruction based on the archival documents. The main achievements of this study are as follows. Based on the analyses of previously unknown archival sources, it reconstructs the history of the magazine, its team, printing equipment, and capacities, and the list of authors. It discovers a description of the magazine made by the Tomsk gendarme office. The article contains the contents of two issues of the magazine. It establishes that the magazine stuck to social-democratic ideas and was the structural element of the Tomsk branch of the All-Russian Seminary Union. It indicates the place of the magazine among other Tomsk periodicals. On the one hand, it fully fitted into the practice of the work of social-democratic organizations, on other hand, in terms of the methods of technical and organizational creation, it was a typical students self-published publication.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF THE SOVIET-CHINESE COOPERATION IN PERIODICAL PRESS AND MASS MEDIA (MIDDLE OF XX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-202
Author(s):  
U.V. Ezhelya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Regional Newspapers ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Source Of Information

The article discusses the main milestones of cooperation between the two states – the USSR / Russia and China from the middle of the 20th century to the present. The author cites a number of printed periodicals as sources of information on the development of bilateral relations at different time periods. The dynamics of relations is traced against the backdrop of changing internal and external conditions for the development and interaction of countries: first in the format of socialist ideology (the 50s – the first half of the 60s and in the 80s of the 20th century), then against the background of new realities life of the Russian state and China (90s of the XX century and in the present). The magazines Zheleznodorozhny Transport, Zheleznodorozhnye dorogi mira (printed materials of the Ministry of Railways), departmental regional newspapers Pogranichny transportnik, Dzerzhinets are an interesting source of information about the events and problems of Soviet-Chinese relations, their prospects and successes. The author refers to the latest sources of socio-political and socio-economic information on international cooperation - electronic resources. The author introduces museum sources into circulation as examples of the policy of "popular diplomacy".

scholarly journals “We All Need Your Dictionary”: Letters to Sergey Ozhegov of the 1940s–1960s (To the 120th Anniversary of the Birth of the Scholar)

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-149
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Nikitin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Scientific Biography ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The One ◽  
General Linguistic

The publication presents previously unknown letters to Sergey Ozhegov of the late 1940s – early 1960s, which reveal facts of his scientific biography. The aim of this work is to introduce into scientific discourse rare archival documents on the history of Russian linguistics, and also to study linguistic polemics in the USSR in the era of the onslaught of the Marrism of the end of the 1940s. The main methods of studying the material are historical-linguistic, lexicographic, sociolinguistic and linguistic source analysis (search, decoding and commenting on archival texts). In the course of the research of documentary materials, the author has revealed new facts testifying to the change of a vector of scientific views on explanatory lexicography as a whole which, unlike the previous dictionary projects, was not adapted to academic needs, and first of all solved practical problems of explaining the actual lexicon of the 20th century. The article notes that one of the key issues of the dictionary work of that time was the interpretation of Sovietisms, on the one hand, and religious words and expressions, on the other. The archaic vocabulary (“merchant” and church elements) became the object of fierce criticism of Ozhegov’s opponents. Scholars and non-philological readers, polemicizing with Ozhegov, paid special attention to reviews and analysis of semantic, stylistic and cultural-historical realities of dictionary entries. Ozhegov’s respondents also discussed the difficult fate of the dictionary. The published letters contain semi-official reviews from both famous scholars (A.P. Evgenieva, Ya.M. Endzelin, R.R. Gel’gardt, J.V. Loja) and ordinary readers of The Dictionary, they reveal Ozhegov as a person of special gift loving his native language. These letters provide valuable material for the analysis of linguistic homeland studies of the period of struggle between the two ideologies in science. The letters reveal new facts of Ozhegov’s editorial work, discuss the criticism of the publication in the press, note its strengths and weaknesses. The article emphasizes the sociocultural aspect of Ozhegov’s interpretations and the ambiguity of their perception by contemporaries. The Dictionary is included in the context of general linguistic ideas by D.N. Ushakov and L.V. Shcherba. The high pedagogical value of this source is indicated. The published archival materials confirm a unique fact in the scientific practice of the mid-20th century: the emergence of a popular explanatory dictionary reflecting the cultural constants of the time and serving as a reliable tool for self-education. The article is of interest to historiographers of science, lexicologists and lexicographers, linguaculturologists, sociolinguists.

scholarly journals Transfer of the "social hygiene" idea from Germany to Soviet Russia in the compilation of the curriculum on social hygiene in 1922

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Yulia RATMANOV ◽  
Pavel Ratmanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Teaching Programs

This article is devoted to the history of the development and critical analysis of the curriculum on social hygiene adopted in Soviet Russia in 1922. An analysis of Russian and translated foreign literature of the first two decades of the 20th century, systematization and generalization of knowledge on the compilation and disclosure of the contents of the Soviet social hygiene program 1922 shows that this program was compiled with a fundamental foundation. The building materials in its compilation ware the knowledge and practical experience of Russian public medicine, knowledge on the compilation of social hygiene and teaching programs in Western countries, the difficult socio economic situation of the post revolutionary country and the poor health of the population

scholarly journals Features of Paperwork for Appointment of Widows as Prosphora Bakers in the Tobolsk Diocese in the 19th – Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 699-712
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Spichak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Office Work ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to studying the diocesan paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th centuries. It uses general scientific, historical, and special methods of document science. Despite an abundance of works devoted to the life of clergy in pre-revolutionary Russia, the issue of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory paperwork concerning request of the widows of clergy to appoint them prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th century remains unexplored. During the period of Church revival, it is of great importance to study the history of life of clergy and solution of their problems in the dioceses. The study is to identify the features of paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the Tobolsk diocese in the 19th - early 20th century. Having studied the previously unknown archival documents from the State Archive in Tobolsk, the author has found out what affected the duration of office-work processes and the number of their stages. Most quickly were solved problems of those women, who lived closest to the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, and of those, whose requests were uncontroversial. Thus, there was no need to collect the lacking data, to clarify the controversial points, to enter into correspondence, and the office work included the least number of stages — seven. The number of stages and, accordingly, time needed increased with the moteness of the widow’s place of residence from the city of Tobolsk, where the spiritual consistory was located. The main stages were nearly identical, however, sometimes additional documents were demanded. In case of appointment as prosphora bakers, these were, firstly, approvals expressing the consent of the parishioners and the clergy of churches in which women were to serve, or certificates of village councils, and secondly, tickets for travel to their places of service. These latter were not specific to this type of cases, but general for all personnel-related issues concerning placement in the service and transfer. Bureaucratization prevented widows from getting their desired place faster, but it contributed to a better preservation of documents, thus providing an opportunity for modern researchers to study valuable archival sources. The results of the research may interest archivists; they may be used in preparation of courses on records management, history of organization of office work, and of special courses on the history of office work in institutions.

scholarly journals The Reader’s Interest of Seminarians during the Period of Social Rise in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-620
Author(s):  
Olga D. Popova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Seminaries ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reading Circle

The article analyzes the reader’s interests of students of theological seminaries of the second half of the 19th — early 20th century. Libraries were a mandatory element of the functioning of theological seminaries. Memoirs of the seminarians provided the background for the present article. The author analyzes the state policy on formation of the ideological education of children of the clergy. The article describes the content of the libraries of theological seminaries and the mechanisms for their replenishment. The study is aimed to demonstrate that the library collections did not meet the interests of seminarians, and the reading circle of young people was being influenced by the social rise in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Revolutionary populists were greatly affecting the reader’s interests. The students of seminaries were willing to read the works of leading authors of that time: H.T. Buckle, H. Spencer, N.K. Mikhaylovsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky, D.I. Pisarev. An analysis of archival documents demonstrates that the government attempted to monitor what students read in theological seminaries. Books of the leading authors were banned and withdrawn. The seminarians sought to create their own reading circle. Therefore, many students made attempts to visit city libraries, to take books from friends and acquaintances, to create their own secret collections.The article reveals the history of secret libraries in Kostroma and Vladimir. The study helps to understand that the authors of the memoirs shared their reader’s interests in order to show the impact of reading books by progressive authors. Most of the memoirs’ authors claimed that the interest in the clandestine circles had been caused by a desire to diversify the monotonous daily life in seminaries. Seminarians read forbidden literature because of their interest in current problems of Russia and society.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Propaganda Discourse of the Russian Bolshevism: Tymofii Levchuk’s Film “A Kyiv Citizen” (1958)

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Khomenko ◽  
Bohdan Skopnenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Soviet Cinema ◽  
Constructive Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Ideological Manipulation ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

The history of cinema is one of those unique cultural phenomena, which constantly attracts the attention of researchers. This phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of the cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and the strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian rule) are now actively used by the undemocratic Russian administration to achieve political goals. The construction of the “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” image in Soviet cinema is of special interest in the context of Russia's “hybrid warfare” against Ukraine, which continues today. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man”. Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “A Kyiv Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by the Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at the Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. The film is a classic example of the ideologically biased film production. On the example of this film, we can observe technological principles and constructive models used by the Soviet regime to falsify the history of Ukraine in the 20th century, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “A Kyiv Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were counterfeited in order to illustrate to the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events related to the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. In such a way, the Soviet propaganda tried to form in the viewer a type of psychological perception of reality loyal to the “Soviet empire”. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks' attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and Germany were falsified.

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