Health-care expenditures, economic growth and infant mortality: Evidence from developed and developing countries

Almost all of the millions of babies who die worldwide in the first four weeks of life are in low- and middle-income countries. The socioeconomic status of developing countries adversely affects maternal-child health because it limits access to adequate nutrition, quality health care, medications, safe water, adequate sanitation, and other basic social services. The factors associated with high infant mortality rates transcend national boundaries, making infant mortality a critical global health problem. Poverty is one of the most important factors affecting the infant mortality rate in Nigeria. This examination of infant mortality in Nigeria exemplifies the multifactorial national and international issues underlying infant mortality in developing countries. Infant mortality in these countries will not improve without global attention and intervention. By finding creative ways to share expert knowledge about caring for neonates, neonatal nurses can contribute to global improvements in maternal-child health care.

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Immunization Coverage and Infant Mortality Rate in Developing Countries

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/101053959400700406 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 228-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Akira Shimouchi ◽

Kotaro Ozasa ◽

Kyohei Hayashi

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Multiple Correlation ◽

Primary Health ◽

Multiple Correlation Coefficients

We examined whether immunization coverage (IMC) is one of the predictors of infant mortality rate (IMR), as a single indicator representing the availability of primary health care (PHC) services in developing countries. Multiple regression analysis showed that partial correlation coefficients for IMR with immunization coverage (-0.224), logarithm of per capita GNP (-0.294), total fertility rate (0.269), and adult literacy rate (-0.325) were all statistically significant (p < 0.001) in 97 developing countries which make up more than 97% of the population in all developing countries of the world. Multiple correlation coefficients of IMR with these four variables in 97 countries was 0.921. Thus, more than 80% of variation of IMR in developing countries were explained by the variation of the four variables. The study also showed that IMC was well correlated (simple correlation) with the four indicators of the availability of primary health care services: access to local care (0.730), care of pregnant women (0.603), delivery care (0.666), and infant care (0.553), all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the 48 developing countries which make up 42% of the population of all developing countries. Multiple correlation coefficients of these four variables was 0.787. About 60% of the variation of IMC will be explained by the variation of the four variables. Thus we conclude that immunization coverage is one of the main predictors of the infant mortality rate. It represents one of the health intervention components which can be used as a proxy indicator of the availability of PHC service in developing countries. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(4): 228-32.

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Health care cost containment

Prague Economic Papers ◽

10.18267/j.pep.100 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Martin Dlouhý

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Policy ◽

Cost Containment ◽

Health Care Cost ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Health Needs ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Prime Objective ◽

Further Development

The prime objective of health policy is to improve the health of the population. This must be done with limited resources and at costs that do not impose an unsustainable burden on the economy and its international competitiveness. This is the crucial question to answer: Is the performance of the economy sufficient to allow further development of health services? If the answer is, no', then the affordability of health care has to be maintained through cost containment. The aim of cost containment (or cost control) is to contain the escalation of health care cost in real terms, or in relative terms as opposed to economic growth. Cost containment is a response to the imbalance between the resources generated by the economy end the health system needs (thus not necessarily health needs). This imbalance proves, inter alia, by growing health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP.

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Is it Possible to Buy Longevity: the Relationship between Health-Care Expenditures and Life Expectancy

Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics. Electronic Journal ◽

10.38050/2078-3809-2018-10-2-99-117 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 99-117

Author(s):

Polina Karelina ◽

Ekaterina Ivanova ◽

Ekaterina Cherkasova

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Hypotheses Testing ◽

Men And Women ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

The task of this article is to assess the effect of the health-care expenditures per capita on the life expectancy (LE). This paper hypothesizes that health-care expenditures lead to an increase in the life expectancy and that they affect LE in different ways depending on sex and age. For hypotheses testing the panel 6-year-data for 183 countries are used. Based on these data the authors build econometrical model, considering LE as a dependent variable. Other factors influencing LE are included as control variables, all independent variables are with taken with a 10-year lag. The hypotheses are partially confirmed. All other things being equal, health-care expenditures actually lead to an increase in the LE, but only for developing countries. The second hypothesis is also not fully confirmed: LE at old age is more quantitatively dependent on health-care expenditures then LE at birth is, however strong differences for men and women were not revealed.

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Risks of Simultaneous Co-Infection of Dengue and COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations

10.20944/preprints202009.0701.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Sahidur Rahman ◽

Tazrina Rahman

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Social System ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Data Driven ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Dengue Outbreak ◽

Peak Transmission ◽

Positive Results

The current global COVID-19 pandemic is compounding on populations susceptible to tropical illnesses like dengue in different developing countries like Bangladesh. The growing concern is that Bangladesh is a dengue-endemic zone and the peak transmission occurs in the monsoon season (June to October). In the most recent monsoon, a total of 354 dengue cases have been confirmed until 27th July 2020, data-driven from only 41 hospitals alone. A fifty-three-year-old male patient was found to be co-infected with COVID-19 and dengue fever. Concerns arise as hospitals are increasingly denying to admit the patients. Moreover, reports of the false-positive results in dengue screening tests recorded in different countries further exacerbate the issue. These conditions could postpone the early diagnosis of COVID-19 cases and aggravate the situation. In addition, the overwhelming wave of the dengue cases would be a challenge for the vulnerable health care system of the country which is already under strain due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Failure to establish and implement proper policies might lead to the dengue outbreak with the burdens of the concurrent COVID pandemic, resulting in the collapse of the health and social system, as well as the economic growth of the country.

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Economic Growth and Infant Mortality in Developing Countries

European Journal of Development Research ◽

10.1057/ejdr.2011.17 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 630-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akira Nishiyama

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Infant Mortality

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A Comprehensive Review of The Impact of Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcomes on Economic Growth

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrset2072116 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 585-597

Author(s):

Ampon-Wireko Sabina ◽

Zhou Lulin ◽

Asante Antwi Henry ◽

Wireko Brobby Ebenezer

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Outcome ◽

Health Status ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

English Language ◽

Health Care Expenditure ◽

Health Spending ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

The Impact

Objectives: The unceasing increase of health care expenditures is a very crucial decision to take by most governments and has drawn the attention of scholars and policy makers to research and rethink about the effects on health status and economic growth. However, from open and available literature, it can be established that not much studies have considered this linkage. The study aims to bring to light and review the current state-of-art of all previous studies regarding the interplay between health spending, health outcome and economic growth within both high and middle-income countries. Methods: An electronic exploration was carried out in the academic databases below: Emerald, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, web of Science additionally JSTOR in English language between the period 1990 to 2018. Results: The results revealed mixed conclusion between health expenditure and population health. The findings of healthcare expenditure and economic growth shows a positive relationship mostly in the developed nations The study again found that better health status improves economic growth. Conclusion: The outcome of the study appeared to foster more confusion as findings regarding association between health expenditure and health outcome have not been consistent. The research findings revealed that there is still much to be done for scholars to build a strong theoretical base, on these connections to for an effective decision-making.

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Nonlinear Granger Causality between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in the OECD and Major Developing Countries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091953 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1953 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Liping Ye ◽

Xinping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Granger Causality ◽

Health Care Expenditure ◽

Life Quality ◽

Health Spending ◽

Causality Tests ◽

Nonlinear Features ◽

Linear And Nonlinear

Differing from previous studies ignoring the nonlinear features, this study employs both the linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests to examine the complex causal relationship between health care expenditure and economic growth among 15 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and 5 major developing countries. Some interesting findings can be obtained as follows: (1) For Australia, Austria, and UK, linear and nonlinear Granger causality does not exist between them. A unidirectional linear or nonlinear causality running from economic growth to health care expenditure can be found for Ireland, Korea, Portugal, and India. For these seven countries, health or fiscal policy related to health spending will not have an impact on economic growth; (2) For Belgium, Norway, and Mexico, only a unidirectional linear causality runs from health care expenditure to economic growth, while bidirectional linear causality can be found for Canada, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Spain, Brazil, and South Africa. Especially for the US, China, and Japan, a unidirectional nonlinear causality exists from health spending to economic growth. To improve the quality of national health, life quality and happiness, these 13 countries should actively look to optimise policy related to health care expenditure, such as by enhancing the efficiency of health costs to promote sustainable economic development.

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Government Health Expenditure and Public Health Outcomes: A Comparative Study among EU Developing Countries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182010725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (20) ◽

pp. 10725

Author(s):

Mihaela Onofrei ◽

Anca-Florentina Vatamanu ◽

Georgeta Vintilă ◽

Elena Cigu

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

System Performance ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Good Governance ◽

Reduce Infant Mortality ◽

The Status

The aim of this paper was to empirically analyze the relationship between public health expenditure and health outcomes among EU developing countries. Using regression analysis and factor analysis, we documented that public health expenditure and health outcomes are in a long-run equilibrium relationship and the status of health expenditure can improve life expectancy and reduce infant mortality. Secondarily, we studied how the status of good governance, health care system performance, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities affect the public health’s outcomes in the selected countries. We found that the effectiveness of health and the way to reduce infant mortality or to improve life quality is directed conditioned by good governance status. Moreover, the consolidation of health care system performance directly improves the quality of life among EU developing countries, which indicates that public policymakers should intervene and provide political and financial support through policy mixes.

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Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity among High School Students in the City of Golpayegan in 2015

Journal of Nutrition and Food Security ◽

10.18502/jnfs.v4i3.1312 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mosayeb Fallahi ◽

Hassan Mozaffari-khosravi ◽

Davood Bahrami ◽

Maryam Lotfi-foroshani

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Health Care ◽

Developing Countries ◽

High School Students ◽

Weight Status ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

School Students ◽

10Th Grade ◽

The City

Background: Obesity is considered as one of the most important nutrition and health issues among adolescents in the developing countries. In this respect, risks and problems associated with obesity can put a huge burden on the health care system of a society. Moreover, underweight and malnutrition are also prevalent in developing countries and impose enormous health care expenditures on individuals and societies. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the weight status among 10th-grade high school students residing in the city of Golpayegan, Iran. Methods: A total number of 800 students including 396 boys and 404 girls studying at the 10th grade of high school were included in this cross-sectional research with a descriptive design. The participants were selected using a random cluster sampling method. Moreover, the demographic characteristic information and the anthropometric status (based on the US CDC criteria, 2000) questionnaires were completed for each participant and the data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 16). Results: The mean age of the students was 15.6 ± 6.6 years. The total prevalence rate of underweight was 11.4% (91 individuals) including 14.2% in boys and 8.7% in girls. The overweight rate was equal to 10.85% including 10.4% in boys and 11.1% in girls. Furthermore, the rate of obesity was 6.3% including 7.3% and 5.2% in boys and girls, respectively. Conclusion: Following the specification of the rates of underweight, overweight, and obesity among students, the authorities are recommended to provide proper nutrition programs, good lifestyle, and educational courses for individuals in this domain.

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