scholarly journals About unification of indices of the possibility of disease occurrence in risk assessment methodology and the determination of the probability of non-carcinogenic effects in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies and according to data about health-seeking behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 998-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury N. Katulskiy
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
The Impact

In the methodology for the assessment of the risk the possibility of the disease occurrence under the impact of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances is measured by different indices. This leads to the fact that within the single methodology there are used various scores for such similar index as the risk of the disease occurrence, as a result carcinogens and systemic toxicants happen to be inconsistent from this point of view. At the same time, unlike carcinogens risk indices for systemic toxicants do not allow to evaluate the number of possible diseases in the population during the corresponding period of time, because they contain no information about their probability. Obviously, from this point of view, the characteristics of carcinogenic risk have certain advantages. Therefore, noncarcinogenic risk should be assessed by the similar indices as carcinogenic ones. However, an obstacle to this is the fact that in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies, according to the results of which there is determined the risk for systemic toxicants, the impact of non-lethal levels of the exposure is established not in separate individuals, as for carcinogens, but according to mean-group values of indices of the state of the body as the identification of the nonspecific effect under relatively non high doses (concentrations) in the single person is fairly difficult. Such data do not allow to estimate the probability of the break of the effect. Also the data concerning seeking for the medical help, considering repeated medical resource utilization due to protract diseases or afflictions occurring repeatedly in a person several times for the considered period of time fail to be the estimation of the probability for the disease occurrence. For the obtaining of the possibility of unification of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic indices of risk in the paper there are presented methods for the determination of the probability of non-carcinogenic effects in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies, as well as according to statistical data on the seeking for the medical help, taking into account the repeated appeals of the protract or re-emerging diseases.

scholarly journals Artrose i Norge

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Slatkowsky-Christensen ◽  
Margreth Grotle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
The Individual

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex process affecting many different joint areas in the body. The joints most commonly affected are the knees, hips, and hands. From a patho-physiological point of view, some features are crucial for the diagnosis, such as cartilage fibrillation and thinning, subchondral sclerosis and the presence of osteophytes. The currently most widely used definitions of OA include pathogenetic features (mechanical and biological events), morphologic features (changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone) as well as clinical features (joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, limitation of movement, crepitus and occasionally inflammation/effusion).<br />The features that until now have been used for diagnosis and classification are based on radiographic and/or clinical descriptions. From a clinical perspective, OA is the most prevalent rheumatic joint disorder, causing pain and stiffness of the joints and for the individual impaired function and health status. For epidemiological descriptions of prevalence and incidence of OA, radiographic criteria are the most reliable and commonly used. Definitions of radiographic OA include descriptions of cartilage thinning (such as joint space narrowing), subchondral bone involvement (sclerosis) and/or the presence and grading of osteophytes. Although there are geographical variations in the occurrence of OA of different joint areas, OA is seen in all populations studied. The prevalence and incidence estimates show a vide variation, however. Still the epidemiological studies of OA are hampered by a number of factors including different definitions of the disorder, different subsets of disease, and low degree of correlation between different definitions (radiographic vs clinical). Several highly suggested risk factors have been identified for knee OA. Several of these may be important targets for intervention or prevention, such as physical activity, body mass index, nutritional constituents and quadriceps strength. There is a need for prospective studies evaluating risk factors in hip and hand OA. Although there are problems in studying OA epidemiologically, the available data have shown that OA is an extremely common and disabling disorder. Through a further development of both epidemiological and other methods of OA research, this area can continue to be exciting and rapidly developing.

Atorvastatin: A Review of Analytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-809
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Kogawa ◽  
Ana Elisa Della Torre Pires ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Pharmaceutical Samples ◽  
Pharmaceutical Quality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Atorvastatin, a lipid-regulating drug, was the best-selling drug in the world in the early 2000s. Thus, monitoring of this drug is important because it is accessible to a large portion of the population. In addition, its quality control is fundamental to provide quality medicines. Method of analysis can be the first step in the rational use of pharmaceuticals. Objective/Methods: In this context, a critical review of analytical methods present in the literature and official compendia for the pharmaceutical quality control of atorvastatin was made. Results: Among the analytical methods most used in the evaluation of atorvastatin, HPLC is highlighted, followed by HPLC coupled to MS, and spectrophotometry in UV. Tablets are the most studied pharmaceutical samples, and plasma is the most studied biological matrix. In the literature, studies with atorvastatin-based pharmaceutical products are more common than biological materials. Acetonitrile is the organic solvent most commonly used in the methods surveyed to evaluate atorvastatin. Conclusions: Currently, awareness of the impact that the analytical choice has on the health of the operator and the environment is growing. Therefore, the suitability of existing methods for the determination of atorvastatin can be made to adhere to the current analytical chemistry. In this way, the analytical, environmental, and human consciousness will remain united. Highlights: Although the literature shows interesting methods from an economic and environmental point of view, such as UV, Vis miniaturized, and TLC, they can still be improved to meet the requirements of the current sustainable analytical chemistry.

Identification and Analysis of Residual Stresses in the Axisymmetric Workpiece Existing before and after Machining

2016 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Otko ◽  
Wojciech Zębala
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Shape Accuracy ◽  
Workpiece Surface ◽  
Plastic Processing ◽  
Machining Allowance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Semi-manufactured parts dedicated for precise machining often have internal stresses which have remained after previous cutting and plastic processing. These stresses reside in a fixed state of balance over the entire volume of the workpiece. Removal of the machining allowance is associated with a change in the state of balance and deformation of the workpiece, which affect its dimensional and shape accuracy. The study, involving non-stress removal of precisely defined volume of the machining allowance and determination of the impact of this treatment on the deformation of the workpiece surface is presented. It is important from the point of view of dimensional tolerance of the axially symmetrical workpiece, finally processed by turning.

scholarly journals CAE Modeling Rubber-metal Body Mounting of the Body-on-frame Car in Crash Simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rigid Connection ◽  
Metal Body ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

The aim of the study was to research the behavior of the rubber-metal body mounting under various modeling options and to select the optimal, from the point of view of ensuring the accuracy of the results in the crash tests simulations. Body supports provide a link between the body and the car frame, and this has a critical effect on the impact test results of the car. The article discusses various options for modeling the body mounting by the degree of simplification from the simplest model with a rigid connection between the body and the frame to the model that takes into account the non-linearity of the stiffness characteristics of the supports, contact interaction between parts of the mounting and its surrounding parts, tension of the supports and failure. The results of virtual tests of a car with various options for modeling mountings were compared with the results of real tests. As a result of the study, a methodology for modeling the body supports was developed, which allows providing the necessary measurement error in virtual crash test modeling.

scholarly journals Comparative Characteristics of Dances in China and Ukraine from the Point of View of Historical, Genre, Target, Methodological and Socio-Political Aspects: a Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dance Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Education In China

Purpose: to compare target, style, methodological, historical and socio-political features and determine the possibilities of mutual application of various approaches to the development of dance education in China and Ukraine. Material and methods. The review included articles on the peculiarities of historical development, methodological aspects, the dance influence on health of people of different ages and different social status. The review also included articles on the peculiarities of the social and political aspects of dance art in China and Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources was carried out by working with scientific articles that are presented in the databases "Web of Science", "Scopus", "Pub Med" and others. Results. The features of Chinese dances that can be applied in Ukraine have been identified: 1 - the practice of mass dances on the streets and squares of cities; 2 - the inner orientation of the dance art towards unity with nature, towards the self-expression of people of their feelings, emotions, experiences, towards achieving harmony through movement; 3 - increased attention to the psychological preparation of dancers; 4 - high attention of researchers to the influence of dancing on the mental and cardiological health of people of different ages; 5 - high number of articles, published in rating journals. The features of Ukrainian dances, which can be applied in China, have been determined: 1 - the development of speed-power qualities of dancers; 2 - implementation of an individual approach, which is currently beginning to develop in Ukraine. Conclusions. The combination of Ukrainian speed-power dance and Chinese inner focus on harmony of body and soul, on unity with nature will create a qualitatively new approach to the development of dance art in general and to the process of teaching dance. This study is the first from the point of view of a comparative analysis of the process of teaching dance in China and Ukraine in terms of historical, socio-political, methodological, substantive aspects, as well as the impact of dancing on the body of the practitioners.

COVID-19: WHAT PEDIATRICIANS LEARNED ABOUT PECULIARITIES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION AFTER YEAR OF FIGHTING IT

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
L.S. Namazova-Baranova ◽  
◽  
A.A. Baranov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact

A year ago, the world heard about an outbreak of a new severe coronavirus infection in China, which later, after its rapid spread across the globe, WHO defined as a pandemic. Pediatricians, of course, expected the worst-case scenario and mass illness of the most vulnerable patients – children and people of older age groups with a new infectious disease. From the immunological point of view, everything is obvious – the new pathogen is most dangerous for those who have not yet formed a defense against it, or for those with weakened defense. But it quickly became clear that, unlike, for example, a flu pandemic, there is an unexpected situation when adults, including elderly and senile patients, become seriously ill and die, and children remain practically outside the spread of the infectious process. During a year of living «in a new reality», not only physicians, but all of humanity learned to respond to a new infectious challenge, empirically looking for possible therapeutic or diagnostic interventions and at the same time trying to plan and implement scientific research that would help shed light on the questions posed. For the first time, the international medical community united to perform serious clinical trials of drugs that were proposed for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. As a result of actions of scientists and clinicians around the world, answers to some questions were obtained, however, most of the information on the impact of the new coronavirus on the human body, including children, is still unavailable to medical practitioners. The review presents latest data on the causative agent of the new coronavirus infection, its effect on the body of children and adults, describes peculiarities of immune response to the new virus, and outlines basic principles of managing such patients in real clinical practice.

Use of entomotoxicology in estimating post-mortem interval and determining cause of death

2017 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Joanna Stojak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Toxicological Analysis ◽  
Post Mortem Interval ◽  
The Impact

Entomotoxicology allows the estimation of the post-mortem interval and the determination of the cause of death in cases in which the corpse has decomposed and the tissues necessary for toxicological analysis are no longer available. Obtaining information about toxic substances potentially present in the body is possible by isolation of larvae and pupae of true flies (Diptera) and/or adult forms of, e.g., beetles (Coleoptera) present on or near the corpse. This article was intended to summarize the current knowledge in the field of entomotoxicology, including examples from the literature, and to present the impact of selected toxic substances and medicines on the development of necrophagous larvae of insects.

The role of the main ingredients of chocolate in the formation of its beneficial properties for the consumer

2021 ◽  
pp. 582-587
Author(s):  
I.V. Goloviznin ◽  
A.V. Ryzhakova
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Regular Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Confectionery Product

Chocolate is the most staple and consumed confectionery product in Russia and the world. The determination of the beneficial properties of such a product as chocolate is an important and regular process of food institutions in every country, since new lines of already well-known manufacturers and new manufacturers with an innovative assortment are added to the retail assortment. Today, it is very relevant and important to understand the impact of new products on human health. In this regard, in order to provide complete information on a specific product, it is necessary to know its composition, ingredients and their effect on the body separately and within the framework of a specific product. Along with its beneficial properties, chocolate can also affect health negatively. It is necessary to understand the mechanism of the effect of chocolate on human health when consumed and to assess the risks that may arise subsequently after its active consumption.

Theoretical Research of the Impact of the Digging-Out Working Tool on the Beetroot During the Vibrational Digging up from the Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
V. Bulgakov ◽  
I. Golovach ◽  
V. Adamchuk
Keyword(s):  
Translational Motion ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Oscillation Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Impact Interaction ◽  
Analytic Expression ◽  
The Impact

Aim. The elaboration of the theory of the impact of the vibrational digging-out working tool on the body of the beetroot, attached to the soil, and the substantiation of the rational kinematic and constructive parameters of the advanced vibrational digging-out working tool on the basis of the results obtained. Methods. The main provisions of advanced mathematics and theoretical mechanics were used, in particular, the general theory of mechanical impact and the oscillation theory. The equation systems obtained were solved using PC and the elaborated programme. Results. The main provisions of the theory of the impact of the digging-out working tool on the beetroot while extracting the latter from the soil were elaborated. The mathematical model of the impact interaction of the digging-out working tool and the body of the beetroot, attached to the soil, during the vibrational digging-out of sugar beets was created. The equations, describing the mentioned process, were used as a basis for the impact impulse and the impact force; the conditions of not damaging the beetroot during the impact were established. The analytic expression for the determination of the allowed frequency of vibra- tions of the working vibrational digging-out tool with the consideration of its constructive parameters and the translational motion was obtained. The estimates, obtained using PC calculations, allow designing advanced working vibrational digging-out tools to harvest sugar beets, taking the condition of avoiding damage to the root into account. Conclusions. The analytic expression for the determination of the allowed frequency of vibrations of the vibrational digging-out working tool, taking into account its constructive parameters and the translational motion, was obtained taking the condition of avoiding damage to the root into consideration. The algorithm and the PC analysis programme for the allowed frequency of oscillations of the vibrational digging- out working tool with the consideration of no damage to the beetroot during the impact interaction were elabo- rated. Numerous PC estimates demonstrated that on condition of the mentioned weight of the working tool of m = 1.0 kg the allowed frequency, at which there is no damage to the beetroot, should not exceed v = 10.0 hertz (with the oscillation amplitude of a = 0.015 m and the maximum depth of the digging-out working tool in the soil of h = 0.1 m). Here the translational motion should be in the range of 1.3 ... 2.2 m/s. The obtained results of the theoretical research allow designing advanced vibrational digging-out working tools to harvest sugar beets without damaging them.

A Determination of Contact-Loss at a Bearing of a Linkage Mechanism

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. S. Wu ◽  
S. W. E. Earles
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Design Point ◽  
The Impact

A method is described for analyzing the kinematic and dynamic response of a linkage mechanism in which one bearing has a known clearance. Assuming the clearance to be represented by a massless link, the analysis predicts the occurrence of contact-loss. Part of an extensive experimental investigation is presented in which the impact accelerations resulting from contact-loss are measured. A good correlation is shown to exist between the predicted and measured times of contact-loss. Although the analysis may predict no contact-loss, it does not readily indicate, from a design point of view, how this condition could be produced.

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