scholarly journals O trabalho da memória e a educação pelos desenhos e seriados televisivos (p. 67-91)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Sieiro Fernandes ◽  
Margareth Brandini Park
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Dialogical Relationship ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Domestic Lives ◽  
E Mail

O artigo apresenta resultados parciais de pesquisa com base nas memórias de quatro gerações de homens e mulheres que nasceram nos anos de 1950, 1960, 1970 e 1980 e que cresceram em ambientes urbanos e rurais. Foram enviados questionários com perguntas abertas, por e-mail, para uma rede de sujeitos conhecidos e indicados. Os dados extraídos das memórias narradas pelos sujeitos permitem discutir processos de educação por meio de consumo de desenhos animados e seriados televisivos, levando-se em conta o papel de telespectadores ativos e de produtores de cultura, assim como permitem perceber as influências televisivas nos repertórios de brincadeiras e devaneios. Embora o aparelho de tevê fosse uma constante, especialmente, na vida doméstica das gerações dos anos de 1970 e 1980, ela sempre foi preterida em razão de momentos lúdicos de brincadeira com sujeitos de mesma idade ou de outros grupos de idade. Tenta-se mostrar, por meio de referencial teórico e depoimentos de sujeitos de diferentes gerações, como os sujeitos se educam (aprendem e ensinam), em especial, por meio de um veículo de comunicação, de modos ativos e imaginativos, sem opressão ou sujeitamento ao que é pensado e elaborado pelos produtores dos desenhos animados e dos seriados de tevê.Palavras-chave: Televisão. Memórias. Educação. Relações dialógicas. The work of remembering and the education by cartoons and television seriesAbstractThis article presents the partial search results based on the memories of four generations of men and women who were born in the 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s and who grew up in urban and rural environments. Questionnaires were sent with open questions, by e-mail, to a network of known and indicated subjects. The data extracted from the memoirs narrated by the subjects allow discuss education processes through use of cartoons and television series taking into account the role of active viewers and producers of culture. Allow you to show the television influences, the repertoire of games and daydreams, and although the television set was a constant especially in the domestic lives of generations of the 70s and 80s, it has always been deprecated due to playful moments of play on subjects of the same age or other age groups. We try to show, through theoretical and subject testimonials from different generations, as the subjects are educated (learn and teach), in particular by means of a communication vehicle, asset and imaginative ways, without oppression to what it is planned and executed by the producers of cartoon and TV series.Keywords: Television. Memory. Education. Dialogical relationship. El trabajo de recuerdo y la educación mediante dibujos y series de televisiónResumenEl artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación sobre la base de cuatro generaciones de memorias y las mujeres de los hombres que nacieron en los años 50, 60, 70 y 80 y que creció en los entornos urbanos y rurales. Se enviaron cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas, por correo electrónico, a una red conocida y temas indicados. Los datos extraídos de las memorias narradas por los sujetos permiten analizar los procesos de educación a través del uso de dibujos animados y series de televisión, teniendo en cuenta el papel de los espectadores y productores de cultura activa. Permitir a darse cuenta de la televisión influye en el repertorio de chistes y fantasías y aunque el aparato de televisión fueron una constante en especial en la vida doméstica de las generaciones de los años 70 y 80, siempre fue pasado por alto debido a los momentos lúdicos de juego en los sujetos de la misma edad u otros grupos de edad. Tratamos de mostrar, a través de testimonios teóricos y sujetos de diferentes generaciones, ya que los sujetos son educados (aprender y enseñar), en particular por medio de un vehículo de comunicación, de activos y formas imaginativas, sin opresión o lo sujetamente se ha previsto y ejecutado por los productores de la serie de dibujos animados y series de la Tele.Palabras clave: Televisión. Memoria. Educación. Relaciones dialógicas.

scholarly journals The Discourse of Female Photojournalists: The Imbalance between Remunerated Labor and Maternity as a Professional Calling

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-219
Author(s):  
Nathalia Cunha da Silva ◽  
Elizabeth Moraes Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Las Mujeres

This article aims to understand how female photojournalists see maternity within the profession in the contemporary world through the use of a study on the cultural and historical influence of gender roles on the performance and development of female photojournalists in the city of São Paulo. A qualitative methodology was adopted using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with nine female photojournalists from three different age groups who work both formally and informally. For the purposes of this study, we selected only the parts of the interview where the interviewees referred to their role of mother and professional. The analysis was based on a discursive approach, with theoretical support from French Discourse Analysis. The results show the influence gender roles have on forming symbolic barriers that connect having a career with an imbalance between paid work and maternity.O artigo objetiva compreender como as mulheres fotojornalistas percebem a maternidade dentro da profissão na contemporaneidade por meio de um estudo sobre a influência cultural e histórica dos papéis atribuídos de gênero na atuação e desenvolvimento feminino no fotojornalismo paulistano. A metodologia empregada é qualitativa, com uso de entrevista do tipo semiaberta. As entrevistas foram realizadas com nove mulheres que têm o fotojornalismo como principal atividade, com relações de trabalho formais e informais, divididas em três grupos etários. Para este texto foram selecionadas apenas as falas em que as entrevistadas faziam referência ao papel de mãe e profissional. O procedimento de análise seguiu uma abordagem discursiva, com subsídios teóricos na Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. Os resultados apontam a influência dos papéis atribuídos aos gêneros sobre a configuração de barreiras simbólicas que atrelam a permanência na carreira à exigência de um desequilíbrio entre trabalho remunerado e a maternidade. El artículo objetiva comprender cómo las mujeres fotoperiodistas perciben la maternidad dentro de la profesión en la contemporaneidad por medio de un estudio sobre la influencia cultural e histórica de los roles socialmente asignados de género en la actuación y el desarrollo de mujeres en el fotoperiodismo de la ciudad de Sao Paulo. La metodología empleada es cualitativa, con uso de entrevista del tipo semiabierta. Se entrevistó a nueve mujeres que actúan en el fotoperiodismo, con relaciones de trabajo formales o informales. Ellas han sido divididas en tres categorías de edad. Para este texto se seleccionaron sólo las palabras en las que las entrevistadas se referían al papel de madre y profesional. Los resultados apuntan a la influencia de los papeles atribuidos a los géneros sobre la configuración de barreras simbólicas que atrevan la permanencia en la carrera a la exigencia de un desequilibrio entre trabajo remunerado y maternidad.

The portrayal of elderly men and women in Hungarian television news programmes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Gábor Kovács ◽  
Petra Aczél ◽  
Tamás Bokor
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Television News ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Older Men And Women

Abstract Mass media research on the portrayal of older people has primarily focused on television series and advertisements. News programmes on television have received little attention. We argue that viewers perceive characters on the news as more direct and more accurate representations of social reality than fictional characters, and therefore portrayals on the news are more likely to be integrated in viewers’ stereotypes about elderly people or used as standards of comparison. In order to explore potential differences in the representation of senior men and women, we conducted a quantitative content analysis on a sample of 754 elderly people who appeared on the evening news programmes of four major Hungarian television channels with high viewership. Each character was coded in terms of 115 qualitative variables. Our results indicate that older men are portrayed significantly more often than women as affluent, elegant, knowledgeable, powerful and actively working. By contrast, women are more commonly shown as kind, family-oriented, in ordinary roles (e.g. as the ‘woman in the street’) and engaged in less-productive activities such as shopping. Based on previous research on the role of mass media in the socialisation process as well as social comparison theory, we discuss how these imbalances in the representation of older men and women may affect viewers of different age groups, genders and social status.

Social Patterning in Grip Strength, Chair Rise, and Walk Speed in an Aging Population: The Czech HAPIEE Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Jancova-Vseteckova ◽  
Martin Bobak ◽  
Ruzena Kubinova ◽  
Nada Capkova ◽  
Anne Peasey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Walk Speed ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chair Rise ◽  
Educational Gradient

Background:The aim was to examine the association of objective measures of physical functioning (PF) with education and material circumstances and the decline in PF with age by socioeconomic position (SEP).Methods:In 3,205 subjects (60–75 years) from the Czech Republic, we assessed relationship between PF, SEP, and age. Linear regression was used to assess PF measures and SEP measures.Results:Cross-sectional decline in PF by age was similar in all individuals. Differences between SEP groups were similar across age groups, except for the difference in walk speed by material circumstances in men—bigger at older ages (p = .004). Men and women with the highest education were about 2 s faster at the chair rise test than those with the lowest education.Discussion:Findings suggest strong educational gradient in PF, an inconsistent role of self-assessed material circumstances, and virtually no interaction of SEP with the cross-sectional decline in PF by age.

scholarly journals Visibilizando lo invisible: creencias del profesorado de educación física sobre homofobia y masculinidades (Making visible the invisible: physical education teachers’ believes about homophobia and masculinities)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Joaquín Piedra ◽  
Gonzalo Ramírez-Macías ◽  
Águeda Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Physical Education Teachers ◽  
Sexual Diversity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Patterns ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Invisible

Las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años en el área del deporte y la educación física, resaltan la existencia de un clima hostil hacia las diversidades en este ámbito. Además, reconocen la importancia del papel del profesorado de educación física como agente implicado en un cambio de sensibilidad. Con este estudio se persigue conocer las opiniones y actuaciones del profesorado de educación física en relación con la homofobia y a la aceptación de diferentes tipos de masculinidades en sus clases. La investigación se lleva a cabo mediante entrevistas realizadas a 10 docentes de educación física en Andalucía. Los resultados destacan la sensibilidad que estos docentes dicen que tienen hacia la diversidad sexual en sus aulas, afirmando que tienen un trato cordial y respetuoso con estas personas. Sin embargo, estas afirmaciones a veces se contradicen con otras declaraciones de este profesorado, que en muchos casos reproducen de manera inconsciente estereotipos con su alumnado, transmitiendo una educación discriminativa. Por tanto, podemos concluir que existe un pequeño número de chicos y chicas que no se amoldan a los patrones sociales asignados a los hombres y a las mujeres, sin embargo, la gran mayoría de estos chicos sufren discriminaciones y hasta agresiones por no cumplir con los principios de la masculinidad impuesta.Palabras clave: homosexualidad, masculinidades, educación física, profesorado, igualdad, coeducación.Abstract: Current researches in sport and physical education underline existence of a hostile climate for diversities in this area. In addition, scholars recognize important role of physical education teachers as involved agent in the change of sensitivity. This study aims to know the opinions and engagements of physical education teachers regarding homophobia and acceptation of different kind of masculinities in their classes. The research was carried out with interviews to 10 physical education teachers in Andalusia. The results highlight the sensitivity that these teachers affirm to have towards sexual diversity in their classes, asserting being friendly and respectful with this part of the population. Nevertheless, sometimes such assertions contradict other assertions of these teachers, transmitting a discriminative education. Consequently, we conclude that there is a small group of girls and boys who don’t adjust to social patterns assinged to men and women, nevertheless, most of them suffer discriminations, even harassments by not fulfill with the principles of imposed masculinity.Key words: homosexuality, masculinities, physical education, teachers, equity, coeducation.

scholarly journals Igualdad de género en las ONG para el desarrollo de Gipuzkoa: mito o realidad

2020 ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Cristina Ubani Bazán
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Las Mujeres

Las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales para el Desarrollo (ONGD) plantean a nuestra sociedad debates éticos, sociales, políticos y económicos que actúan a modo de espejo en el que se reflejan nuestras contradicciones y problemas. A su vez son organizaciones compuestas por mujeres y hombres que viven en sociedades concretas, con modelos culturales construidos y transmitidos de manera eficaz, muchas veces invisibles, que nos marcan profundamente estereotipos y sesgos, entre ellos los de género, que, si no sabemos ver y enfrentar, es muy difícil que consigamos revertir. Planteamos el estudio de ONGD guipuzcoanas en tres bloques de análisis: en sus planteamientos ideológicos, en su estructura y en su cultura organizativa para tratar de descubrir una posible brecha entre el discurso teórico sobre la igualdad y la realidad practicada. El objetivo es determinar si existe una diferencia entre el discurso aprendido y la igualdad real en sus propias organizaciones y acciones. Analizamos, dentro de una aproximación teórica, el papel de las mujeres en la cooperación al desarrollo, de los marcos normativos y teórico en los que viven y desarrollan su trabajo estas ONGD guipuzcoanas, los principales mitos y sesgos que se manifiestan en estas organizaciones y que pudieran ser responsables de un discurso aprendido en temas relacionados con la igualdad.Non-Governmental Development Organisations (NGDO) raise ethical, social, political and economic issues for debate which serve to highlight our society’s problems and contradictions. At the same time they are organisations comprised of men and women who live in real societies whose well-established cultural models, transmitted efficiently and often invisibly, strongly influence stereotypes and perception, among which is that of gender, which are difficult to change unless we learn to recognise and confront them. The study of NGDOs in Gipuzkoa focuses analysis on three aspects: their ideological positions, their structure and their organisational culture in an attempt to discover a possible gap that exists between theoretical discourse about equality and the practical reality. Our objective is to determine whether there exists a dif­ference between learned discourse and real equality in their own organisations and actions. We analyse, from a theoretical perspective, the role of women in Development Cooperation and the normative and theoretical frameworks that govern the work carried out by these NGDOs in Gipuzkoa as well as the principal myths that are used in organisations, which could be responsible for the learned discourse in subjects relating to equality

scholarly journals Las mujeres y la economía social y solidaria: construyendo una nueva economía

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 4324-4335
Author(s):  
Sheila Janet Rangel Gómez ◽  
Fernando Fredi Rea García ◽  
Yonaiker del Mar Navas-Montes
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Solidarity Economy ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Sobre Todo

RESUMEN A lo largo de la historia, sobre todo en el ámbito local, el papel que llevaron a cabo las mujeres fue el de ser amas de casa, madres y esposas, además de proveer de alimentos. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha discutido y estudiado sobre si estas actividades son parte de lo privado y reproductivo o realmente pertenecen a lo público y productivo. Es así como, desde la perspectiva de género y de la economía feminista se pueden analizar estas proposiciones y visualizar los papeles que se designan a los hombres y a las mujeres en una sociedad, para de esta manera determinar las formas de comportamiento en lo social, jurídico, económico, cultural o en la vida cotidiana y rastrear el origen de tales condiciones. La presente investigación utiliza la metodología del análisis bibliográfico, mediante el cual se recopila el concepto y teória de la Economía Social y Solidaria y su conexión con la Economía Feminista, que, en conclusión, logran complementar y apuestan por una reorganización del trabajo en el que se valorice el trabajo de las mujeres en particular reconociendo la construcción de una nueva economía.   ABSTRACT Throughout history, especially at the local level, the role of women was to be housewives, mothers and wives, as well as providing food. However, in recent years there has been discussion and study of whether these activities are part of the private and reproductive or actually belong to the public and productive. This is how, from the perspective of gender and the feminist economy, these proposals can be analyzed and the roles that men and women are appointed in a society, in order to determine the forms of behavior in the social, legal, economic, cultural or daily life and trace the origin of such conditions. This research uses the methodology of bibliographic analysis, which collects the concept and theory of the Social and Solidarity Economy and its connection with the Feminist Economy, which, in conclusion, succeed in complementing and committed to a reorganization of work in which the work of women in particular is valued recognizing the construction of a new economy.

scholarly journals Hypertension and Dementia in the Elderly: The Leisure World Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annlia Paganini-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Blood Pressure Medication ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk

Recent studies have highlighted the deleterious role of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, on the incidence of dementia. Although midlife hypertension is associated with later development of dementia, the role of late-life hypertension remains unclear. We explored the association of hypertension and its treatment with incident dementia in 13978 older (median = 74years) adults followed from 1981 to 2010 (median = 13years) and calculated risk estimates using Cox regression analysis in two age groups (<75 and 75+ years) in men and women separately. Dementia status was determined from in-person evaluations, followup questionnaires, hospital data, and death certificates. In the older women, current users of blood pressure medication at baseline had a 26% increased risk of dementia (95% CI 1.06–1.51). In the younger men, those with untreated hypertension and those with past use of blood pressure medication use had about a 30% nonsignificant increased risk of dementia. High blood pressure and its treatment appear to have different effects in men and women and in the old and older.

scholarly journals Ribet!: Persepsi Menikah pada Emerging Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zein Permana ◽  
Alnida Destiana Nishfathul Medynna
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Questions

Persepsi tentang pernikahan merupakan pondasi awal yang dipersiapkan dalam membangun kehidupan keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami persepsi menikah pada emerging adulthood (18-25 tahun) Universitas X di Cimahi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis tematik. Partisipan penelitian adalah mahasiswa (19-20 tahun) berjumlah 64 orang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengajukan tiga pertanyaan terbuka melalui google form. Data diolah menggunakan aplikasi MAXQDA 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menikah adalah menyatukan laki-laki dan perempuan dalam hubungan serius untuk saling berkomitmen, menjalankan ibadah, takut, dan ribet. Menurut partisipan, hal yang akan dilakukan dan penting dilakukan dalam pernikahan adalah komitmen, menjalankan peran suami/istri, interaksi, memiliki keturunan, tanggung jawab, dan menjaga aib. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberikan data empiris terkait persepsi menikah pada emerging adulthood.The perception of marriage is the initial foundation prepared family life. This study aims to explore the perception of marriage in emerging adulthood (18-25 years) University X in Cimahi. This research uses qualitative methods with thematic analysis. The participants are 64 students (19-20 years). Data was collected by asking three open questions via google form. The data is processed using the MAXQDA 2020. The results show that marriage is to unite men and women in serious relationships to commit to each other, worship, fear, and complicated. According to participants, things that will be do and important to do in marriage are commitment, carrying out the role of husband / wife, interaction, having children, responsibility, and maintaining disgrace. Thus, this study provides empirical data regarding the perception of marriage in emerging adulthood.

scholarly journals Conocimiento y uso de anticonceptivos entre los jóvenes mexicanos. El papel del género / Contraceptive Knowledge and Use among Young Mexicans: The Role of Gender

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Casique
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Contraceptive Knowledge ◽  
Current Partner ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Uso Del Condón

Con base en datos provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Violencia en el Noviazgo, levantada en 2007 entre jóvenes mexicanos de 15 a 24 años de edad, se explora el nivel de conocimiento y uso de anticonceptivos en el contexto de las relaciones de noviazgo. Con este análisis se pretende evidenciar el rol que desempeñan las diversas características sociodemográficas de los jóvenes en el conocimiento y uso de anticonceptivos, con particular atención en el papel que juega el género.En general se observan diferencias importantes entre los factores relacionados conel uso de anticonceptivos alguna vez y los factores asociados al uso del condón en las relaciones con la pareja actual. El uso de anticonceptivos aparece asociado positivamente tanto entre los hombres como entre las mujeres con las condiciones socioeconómicas más favorables, con más conocimientos sobre los anticonceptivos, y con un mayor número de compañeros sexuales (sólo para los varones). Entre las mujeres también el hecho de ser estudiante favorece el uso de anticonceptivos.No obstante, cuando se incorporan al análisis elementos propios de la relación denoviazgo y se circunscribe el análisis a la frecuencia de uso del condón en las relaciones sexuales con la pareja actual, pierden relevancia los factores objetivos y cobran significancia ciertos elementos más subjetivos propios de la relación: la diferencia de edad con la pareja (para hombres y mujeres), la duración del noviazgo (para las mujeres), quién decide cuándo y cómo tener sexo (para los hombres), el apoyo que ofrece la pareja (sólo los hombres), la actitud hacia los roles de género (en el caso de los hombres), y la presencia de violencia emocional (para los hombres) y de violencia física. AbstractUsing data from the National Survey on Violence during Courtship, undertaken in 2007 on young Mexicans aged 15 to 24, the author explores the levels of contraceptive knowledge and use in the context of courtship. This analysis seeks to prove the role played by the various socio-demographic characteristics of young people in contraceptive knowledge and use, with particular emphasis on the role of gender.In general, significant differences are observed between “ever use” of contraceptives and factors associated with condom use in relations with one’s current partner. Contraceptive use appears to be positively associated in both men and women with more favorable socio-economic conditions, greater contraceptive knowledge and a greater number of sexual partners (only among men). Among women, being a student also encourages contraceptive use.However, when characteristics of the courtship are incorporated and the analysis is circumscribed by the frequency of condom use in sexual relations with the current partner, objective relations become less important while certain more subjective features of the relationship become more important. These include: age difference between the partners (for men and women), duration of the courtship (for women), who decides when and how to have sex (for men), support provided by the partner (men only) and attitude towards gender roles (in the case of men) and the presence of emotional violence (for men) and physical violence.

scholarly journals El indio desde adentro, el indio desde afuera: ciudadanía, raza y sexo en una comunidad boliviana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Andrew Canessa
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
White Culture ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Discourses

Resumen: En este artículo exploro las relaciones entre ciudadanía,raza y sexo en la comunidad de Pocobaya, aldeaandina de Bolivia, tomando en cuenta diversos aspectosde las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres. En relacióncon las imágenes sobre lo hispánico y lo indio, seanalizan las representaciones hegemónicas de género,el papel de la escolarización, y la feminización de loindígena en general y de los varones en particular comojustificación de la dominación de los blancos, y laracialización de tanto la dominación de género como ladominación política. Se analiza el papel nacionalizantey masculinizante tanto del ejército, mediante el serviciomilitar obligatorio, como de las minas. El contacto delos varones con la prostitución y la pornografía lespermite comparar su imagen de la sexualidad de losblancos con la típica de pocobayeños y pocobayeñas.La falta de contacto de las mujeres con la lengua castellanay la cultura «blanca» las hace doblemente alejadasde lo que se valora en la ciudadanía boliviana. Las ideashegemónicas de raza y género se reproducen a variosniveles en las vidas de los campesinos, lo cual crea tensionesya que diferentes modelos normativos de géneroentran en conflicto. En algunas ocasiones los hombresreproducen las jerarquías de género y raza en instanciasde violencia conyugal, tratando a sus esposas como«indias sucias».Palabras clave: Indígena, indio, género, ciudadanía,raza, sexualidad, BoliviaAbstract: In this article I explore the relations between citizenship,race and sex in the Andean village of Pocobaya,in Bolivia. The relationships that men and women shareare considered against the background of hegemonicideas of gender, discourses surrounding the ‘indian’, aswell as the role of schools; and the racialization of bothgender and political domination. The role of both theArmy and men’s work in the mines is analyzed as anationalizing and masculinizing influence. Men’s contactwith prostitution and pornography allows them tocompare their image of white sexuality with that typicalof Pocobayans. Women’s lack of contact with Spanishlanguage and with the white culture makes them doublyremoved from what is valued in Bolivian citizenship.Hegemonic ideas of race and gender are reproduced ona number of levels within the lives of villagers whichcreates tensions as different normative gender modelsare in conflict. On some occasions men reproduce theraced and gendered hierarchies in instances of conjugalviolence where they cast their wives as ‘dirty indians’.Keywords: Indigenous, Indian, gender, citizenship,race, sexuality, Bolivia

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