scholarly journals Dynamics of Human Capital in Rural Settlements of Russia: Problems of Preservation and Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Nikita Pokrovsky ◽  
Valentina Shilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Livestock Breeding

This article identifies the main theoretical and methodological approaches for defining and researching the human capital. Following the scientific tendencies, the author distinguishes such structural elements of the human capital as the health capital, the cultural capital, the capital of education, the intellectual capital, the informational capital and the communicational capital. Based on the analysis of the official statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia and the secondary mathematical analysis of the RLMS-HSE data for the 1994–2019 period the author makes several conclusions about the changes of the human capital in rural settlements. The structure of martial relationships of the population of rural areas did not undergo any major changes, however the number of residents who were never married or are currently divorced has insignificantly increased. There is also a tendency of the increase in the numbers of families with two children and the reduction of the large families In 1998 the number of the officially employed residents of the rural areas has reached its lowest point, up until 2010 the figures have been increasing, since 2010 there was a tendency of the decrease of the amount of jobs for the rural population. From 2000 to 2019 the practices of cattle breeding, poultry rearing and fish farming have reduced significantly, so as growing anything on the own’s property for sale or exchange between the residents of the rural area. The author comes to the conclusion that at the moment the residents of the rural areas are almost entirely ousted by the agricultural holdings and large commercial farms from the market relations and since are unable to make additional profit of their households. Despite the reduction of the number of jobs in the rural area as well as the reduction of the livestock breeding and crop cultivation practices according to the analysis of the empirical data, we can claim that during the 1994–2019 period there is a strong tendency of the raise of the assessment of the material status of the residents of the rural areas. Following the 2000–2019 period dynamics we can also see the growing tendency of the increase of the level of satisfaction of one’s wealth. Also, the 1994–2019 period shows the stable tendency of the raise of the assessment of one’s legal status by the residents of the rural areas. The author comes to the conclusion that the human capital of the rural area during the 1994–2019 period has undergone several changes because of the reduction of available jobs, changes of the forms of work and working relationship, the loss of specific work practices and the emergence of the new ones. There is also an active development of digital competence between the residents of the rural areas.

scholarly journals New type of ponds? Changing of quantity and function of water bodies in rural built-up areas (Pilsen Region, Czechia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Jan Kopp ◽  
Jindřich Frajer ◽  
Marie Novotná
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Small Water ◽  
The Difference

Abstract This study is focused on the changing of areas of water bodies in selected villages of the Pilsen Region (Czechia). We researched several different types of rural settlements and three time horizons with the help of old maps, orthophoto maps and GIS tools. To capture the influence of their location within the urban system, we chose 15 places from four categories (inner suburban area, outside suburban area, rural area, periphery rural area) depending on their distance to the core of the Pilsen agglomeration. There is no significant change in the amount of water bodies between the first reference period (1838-1839) and the second period (1957-1963) in the selected settlements. However, the third period (2013-2015) is characterized by the emergence of a large number of small water bodies - swimming pools and garden ponds. Based on the results of our research we identified the declining importance of public water bodies in some of the settlements. However, we have identified a notable prevalence of garden ponds which have a more positive ecological impact than pools. The proportion of private water bodies (covered and uncovered pools and garden ponds) in the total area of water bodies in the rural settlements in most cases is less than 20%, in the suburban settlements up to 100%. Peripheral settlements have a below-average share of these water bodies. The difference between the number of pools in different settlements is related to the proportion of newly built houses there. Although there are relatively fewer pools in rural settlements, the difference compared to the situation in suburban settlements is not pronounced due to the change in lifestyle in rural areas and the change in functions of some villages to recreational areas. Influence of pools on water consumption is dependent on the individual exchange technology of water in swimming pools. Filling of the pool before the season can overload the capacity of the local water supply.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN CAPITAL IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
S.N. Smirnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Human

The object of this research is individual human capital in rural settlements of Russia. The aim of the research is to determine the possibilities of using existing statistical data to measure human capital and then develop directions for state policy to increase individual human capital in rural settlements in this country. The methods used are the analysis of scientific literature and statistical processing of population surveys on socio-demographic issues held by the Federal State Statistic Service. The study result is the assessment of modern individual human capital in rural settlements of Russia in comparison with urban settlements. The scope of the results is that the research findings can be used by federal executive authorities in clarifying the state program “Integrated development of rural territories” adopted in 2019 in terms of the impact on the most problematic components of individual human capital in rural settlements.

scholarly journals Quality Analysis on Spatial Planning Pattern of Rural Area in Southern Shaanxi, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12668
Author(s):  
Juan Xu ◽  
Mengsheng Yang ◽  
Ziliang Lu ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Yan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Southern Shaanxi

There have been many studies that have only focused on factors affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements, without paying attention to their function and scale. China’s mountainous rural area has many problems, such as a fragile ecological environment, poor infrastructure and limited public service facilities. As a result, mountainous rural settlements demonstrate a disorderly and scattered layout. This research takes southern Shaanxi as its research area and uses quantitative and qualitative analysis to analyze the field survey data, revealing the spatial format of rural settlements and its influencing factors. The research results show that: (1) The spatial structure of mountainous settlements can be summarized as falling into three types—agglomeration type, belt type, and dispersion type. The individual settlements are discrete, and the spatial structure of the settlement groups exhibits small-scale clustering in a large area. (2) The influencing factors of spatial structure are ranked thus—geomorphological conditions > population quantity > land use scale. (3) The number of settlements in the study area is constantly decreasing, and their boundaries are gradually shrinking, showing randomly distributed characteristics. (4) A radius of 284.12 m can be used as a measure of the development scope of the village to control the scope of settlement construction. The objective of the research is to classify the spatial structure and propose the most optimal spatial mode in mountainous rural areas.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING MECHANISM IN THE RURAL AREAS DEVELOPMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ROSTOV REGION)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Podgorskaya ◽  
◽  
T. A. Miroshnichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Participatory Budgeting ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Rural And Urban

Purpose: to determine the level of involvement and the effectiveness of the participation of rural settlements of municipal districts in regional programs of initiative budgeting. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of this research is dialectical, formal-logical, statistical methods. The empirical basis of the study was made up of data from the reports of the Center for Initiative Budgeting of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Federal State Statistics Service for Rostov Region, the results of the regional competition of initiative budgeting projects and reports of the regional government on their implementation. Results. The region has developed a legislative and regulatory framework for the initiative budgeting development. The diagnostics of the participatory budgeting development in rural areas of Rostov region is presented: the sources and amounts of initiative projects financing of villages and cities are determined, the ratio of the participating in the competition and the winning projects of rural settlements of municipal districts is determined, the amount of financing of initiative projects from the local budget per one villager is determined. The ratings of the municipal districts of Rostov region for 2020 and 2021 have been prepared by the level of activity of rural settlements and the effectiveness of their participation in initiative budgeting projects. Conclusions: the key factors hindering the development of civic participation of villagers in public finance management have been identified: low level of institutional trust of the rural population, insufficient social activity of villagers in resolving issues of local importance, significant income differentiation of rural and urban residents, low income of local budgets, insufficient competencies of local governments for the preparation of initiative projects. Improving the participatory budgeting mechanism in the region will have positive consequences for socio-economic development of rural areas.

TRENDS OF FORMING HUMAN CAPITAL IN VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PATTERNS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1626-1638
Author(s):  
T.N. Medvedeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Agroindustrial Complex

The essence of the developing human capital in rural areas is to provide each enterprise in the industry with qualified personnel and efficient and rational use of human labor. The purpose of this study is to highlight the features of the formation of human capital in various forms of organization of agricultural business. The methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the formation and development of human capital, including its formation in rural areas. The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Department of Agroindustrial Complex of the Kurgan Region. In the course of the study, the methods of scientific generalization and grouping were used, as well as methods of statistical analysis, comparison, which make it possible to carry out the necessary statistical data processing, their interpretation and drawing conclusions arising from the study. The author revealed that formation and use of human resources in the agricultural enterprises of the Trans-Urals is extremely uneven. Large disparities are reflected not only in the quantitative, but also in the qualitative state of the available human capital, as well as in the level of its use. Thus, a large share of those employed in agricultural production is occupied by people of pre-retirement age. Working-age workers in rural areas, as well as young people, are mainly not satisfied with working conditions, low wages and underdeveloped rural infrastructure. The solution to the problem of the outflow of the rural population of the Trans-Urals lies only in changing the named parameters, but also in stimulating various forms of management by providing subsidies, concessional lending, state support, and implementing a program for the financial recovery of agricultural producers, which will contribute to increasing the efficiency of agricultural production.

Small Agribusiness in Ensuring Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
A.I. Chernykh ◽  
◽  
O.V. Goncharenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
National Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Peasant Farmer ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Rural settlements occupy a significant part of the territory of Russia, where about 25% of the population lives and significant natural resource potential is concentrated, but the level of their socio-economic development is significantly inferior to urban ones. Increasing depressiveness of rural areas and spatial socio-economic differentiation is a systemic problem and an obstacle to the balanced development of the national economy, reduces its competitiveness due to insufficient use of economic potential, creates challenges to the economic and national security of the state. A powerful tool for countering such trends is the formation and implementation of the potential for the development of small agribusiness, which is mainly based on households created in the form of peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary associations. The article ana-lyzes the potential of small agribusiness development in rural areas.

The Relationship between the Development of Human Capital and the Agricultural Economy in Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
B.A. Voronin ◽  
◽  
I.P. Chupina ◽  
Ya.V. Voronina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Household Factors ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses a non-standard view of the formation of human capital for work in organizations of the agricultural sector of the economy, in the context of modern socio-economic transformations. In the classical sense, human capital for agriculture should be formed and developed in rural areas. But in real life, this is not always the case, because there are many factors that prevent the classical solution of this problem. First, the demographic factor affects, second, social and household factors, and third, in many rural areas there are no working agricultural organizations where qualified agricultural specialists can work. All these and other circumstances actualize the problem of the quality of human capital in rural areas in relation to the development of agricultural production.

Retrospect of Settlement Pattern in Yakutia Based on Analysis of Population Censuses

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Gavrilyeva ◽  
E. A. Kolomak ◽  
A. I. Zakharov ◽  
K. V. Khorunova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Rural And Urban

The article assesses the intensity of transformation of settlement pattern in Yakutia, the largest northern region of Russia, based on an analysis of 1939-2010 censuses and contemporary statistics. Scope of the work includes the following: to assess key socio-economic results of rural and urban settlement pattern transformation in the 20th century, to determine the most persistent primary units of settlement pattern, and to identify current trends in the settlement pattern of Yakutia. The research database was built based on digitization of Federal State Statistics Service in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) population censuses archives. The period under review shows a trend toward larger size of settlements due to two parallel processes: urbanization as a result of industrial development, and compression of rural settlement system due to amalgamation of rural settlements. From 1939 to the present time, Yakutia’s settlement system has been evolving from dispersed type to large settlement type. There were two major waves in the structuring of space in Yakutia. During the first one, caused by industrialization and complete collectivization, shrinking of rural settlement system was accompanied by setup of rural and urban settlements; it started in the 1930s and lasted until late 1950s. The second wave, concurrent with controlled compression of rural settlement pattern as part of elimination of unpromising sovkhoz state farms, was associated with a full-scale development of urban settlement pattern under planned Soviet deployment. Starting from 2002, market mechanisms have changed the direction of development of settlement system and spatial structure of economic activity. Despite several constraints, which include high transportation costs, focal development, key role of mining and resource sector, distinctive features of traditional economies and agriculture, agglomeration processes have gained momentum in the region. Spatial concentration of population is taking place at relatively high rates, primarily in the core of the system - Yakutsk agglomeration. Compression capacity of settlement system in the region is far from being exhausted, as evidenced by behavior of Theil and Herfindahl-Hirschman indices, as well as by average population density of settlements.

INCOME AS A SOURCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
O. N. KUSAKINA ◽  
◽  
S. V. SOKOLOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Average Structure ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Consumer Expenditures ◽  
Capital Development

The article is devoted to research of dynamics of disposable resources of rural and urban households; components of disposable resources of households depending on the place of residence (per household member on average); structure of consumer expenditures of rural households based on official statistics for 2018–2020. The presented findings may serve as a basis for justifying the trends in social and economic conditions necessary for the growth of human capital in rural areas.

scholarly journals Facilitating co-production in public services: Empirical evidence from a co-design experience with family caregivers living in a remote and rural area

2020 ◽  
pp. 095148482097145
Author(s):  
Eleonora Gheduzzi ◽  
Niccolò Morelli ◽  
Guendalina Graffigna ◽  
Cristina Masella
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Care Agency ◽  
Home Care Agency ◽  
Design Experience

The involvement of vulnerable actors in co-production activities is a debated topic in the current public service literature. While vulnerable actors should have the same opportunities to be involved as other actors, they may not have the needed competences, skills and attitudes to contribute to this process. This paper is part of a broader project on family caregivers’ engagement in remote and rural areas. In particular, it investigates how to facilitate co-production by looking at four co-design workshops with family caregivers, representatives of a local home care agency and researchers. The transcripts of the workshops were coded using NVivo, and the data were analysed based on the existing theory about co-production. Two main findings were identified from the analysis. First, the adoption of co-production by vulnerable actors may occur in conjunction with other forms of engagement. Second, the interactions among facilitators and providers play a crucial role in encouraging the adoption of co-production. We identified at least two strategies that may help facilitators and providers achieve that goal. However, there is a need for an in-depth understanding of how facilitators and providers should interact to enhance implementation of co-production.

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