Biological role and clinical significance of neuropeptides in pediatrics: peptide YY and ghrelin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
A.I. Khavkin ◽  
◽  
V.A. Ayrumov ◽  
N.O. Shvedkina ◽  
V.P. Novikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Alimentary Obesity ◽  
Active Substances

The increasing prevalence of alimentary obesity necessitates the search for its causes. In addition to eating disorders, other factors were found to affect lipid metabolism, including genetic predisposition, adipose tissue hormones, neurohormones, and digestive tract hormones regulating hunger and satiety, such as peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin. This literature review focuses on these biologically active substances and their physiological and pathophysiological role. Key words: obesity, peptide, ghrelin

Modern concepts of the adipose tissue effect on bone metabolism regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
N. Yu. KRUTIKOVA ◽  
◽  
A. S. EFREMENKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Metabolism Regulation ◽  
Active Substances

At present, it has been proved that adipose tissue, in addition to storing energy, is a complex hormonally active organ. Biological active substances secreted by adipose tissue, entering the general circulation, have a variety of metabolic effects, interact with various organs and systems, in particular with bone tissue, and participate in maintaining the constancy of the body internal environment. A number of hormones secreted by adipose tissue are well studied, such as leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, etc., others require further research in order to study their effects on various organs and systems. The published data suggest the multidirectional effect of biologically active substances on bone metabolism. The biological activity of hormones can be increased or decreased when interacting with receptors and/or binding proteins. Lack or excess of adipose tissue leads to various metabolic disorders and a shift in the dynamic balance of the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

scholarly journals The Influence of Biologically Active Substances Secreted by the Adipose Tissue on Endometrial Cancer

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Kaja Michalczyk ◽  
Natalia Niklas ◽  
Małgorzata Rychlicka ◽  
Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Active Substances

Endometrial cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological neoplasms in developed countries and its incidence is rising. Usually, it is diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and has a good prognosis; however, in later stages, the rate of recurrence reaches up to 60%. The discrepancy in relapse rates is due to the heterogeneity of the group related to the presence of prognostic factors affecting survival parameters. Increased body weight, diabetes, metabolic disturbances and estrogen imbalance are important factors for the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Even though prognostic factors such as histopathological grade, clinical stage, histological type and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors are well known in endometrial cancer, the search for novel prognostic biomarkers continues. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ involved in metabolism, immune response and the production of biologically active substances participating in cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. In this manuscript, we review the impact of factors secreted by the adipose tissue involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism (leptin, adiponectin, omentin, vaspin, galectins) and factors responsible for homeostasis maintenance, inflammatory processes, angiogenesis and oxidative stress (IL-1β, 6, 8, TNFα, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)) in the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer.

scholarly journals ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Vladimir Georgievich Solovyov ◽  
◽  
Svetlana Petrovna Kalashnikova ◽  
Lyubov Gennadievna Nikonova ◽  
Margarita Albertovna Gagaro
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Active Substances

Adipose tissue serves not only as a place for the accumulation and storage of triacylglycerides as energy substrates, but also produces many hormone-like substances, mediators, cytokines, chemokines that act at the local and systemic level and aff ect metabolism, regulate tissue sensitivity to insulin, reproductive and the immune system. The review presents the current results of scientifi c research on the problem of the physiological role of biologically active substances produced by adipose tissue and their participation in the development of metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Perivascular adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 4567
Author(s):  
O. T. Kim ◽  
V. A. Dadaeva ◽  
A. I. Korolev ◽  
O. M. Drapkina
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active regulator of vascular homeostasis. In physiological conditions, it maintains normal function of vessels, releasing antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilating biologically active substances. Dysfunctional PVAT secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, which play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This review considers the PVAT function in health and disease, its contribution to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic aneurysm and vasculitis. In addition, novel methods of non-invasive PVAT assessment and potential strategies for targeted treatment of cardiovascular diseases are presented.

COLONIC MICROBIOTA AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. MESSAGE ONE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
A. Sh. Rumyantsev ◽  
V. Akimenko
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Active Substances

Interest in studying the role of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis in chronic kidney disease is a traditional one. It served, in particular, as a starting point for the  creation of enterosorbents. However, if earlier the main attention  was paid to the mechanical removal of a number of potentially  dangerous biologically active substances, recently an intestinal  microbiota has become an object of interest. The first part of the  literature review on this topic is devoted to questions of terminology, the normal physiology of the colon microbiota. A  detailed description of dysbiosis is given. The features of the main  groups of microorganisms are reflected. The hypothetical and  confirmed interrelations of the intestine-kidney axis are presented.  The pathogenetic mechanisms of the colon dysbiosis influence on the processes of local and systemic inflammation are discussed. The  influence of dysbiosis on the state of the kidney parenchyma and its  participation in the progression of CKD are debated.

scholarly journals The Role of “Mixed” Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Signals and Autoantibodies Reacting with Appetite-Regulating Neuropeptides and Peptides of the Adipose Tissue-Gut-Brain Axis: Relevance to Food Intake and Nutritional Status in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kvido Smitka ◽  
Hana Papezova ◽  
Karel Vondra ◽  
Martin Hill ◽  
Vojtech Hainer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Abnormal Eating ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Circulating Autoantibodies ◽  
The Individual

Eating disorders such as anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behavior. The essential aspect of AN is that the individual refuses to maintain a minimal normal body weight. The main features of BN are binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. The gut-brain-adipose tissue (AT) peptides and neutralizing autoantibodies play an important role in the regulation of eating behavior and growth hormone release. The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve an interplay between gut, brain, and AT. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and serotoninergic systems are required for communication between brain satiety centre, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include neuropeptides ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, putative anorexigen obestatin, monoamines dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and neutralizing autoantibodies. This extensive and detailed report reviews data that demonstrate that hunger-satiety signals play an important role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. Neuroendocrine dysregulations of the AT-gut-brain axis peptides and neutralizing autoantibodies may result in AN and BN. The circulating autoantibodies can be purified and used as pharmacological tools in AN and BN. Further research is required to investigate the orexigenic/anorexigenic synthetic analogs and monoclonal antibodies for potential treatment of eating disorders in clinical practice.

scholarly journals UP-TO-DATE VIEW AT THE ROLE OF ASEPTIC INFLAMMATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE GENESIS OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Kryukov ◽  
M. M. Ginzburg ◽  
E. V,. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Aseptic Inflammation ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Active Substances

Over the past two decades the views at the role of adipose tissue in the metabolic and energy metabolism have radically changed. There have appeared more and more evidence on the production of biologically active substances by adipose tissue, the so-called adipocytokines that are involved in the regulation of metabolic processes at the local or systemic level, of the tissue sensitivity to insulin, as well as pro-inlammatory or anti-inlammatory effect. By analysing the relationship and interaction of abdominal obesity, aseptic inlammation of adipose tissue and insulin resistance, it should be emphasized that these processes operate on the principle of mutual reinforcement, forming a vicious circle. Further understanding of adipokines and cytokines participation in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome may contribute to a deeper insight into their biological role.

Cross-talk between adipose tissue and the HPA axis in obesity and overt hypercortisolemic states

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Vicennati ◽  
Silvia Garelli ◽  
Eleonora Rinaldi ◽  
Guido Di Dalmazi ◽  
Uberto Pagotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Active Substances

AbstractIn addition to its roles in providing insulation and mechanical support, adipose tissue (AT) has been recognised as the major site for storage of surplus fuel. Since leptin was discovered, white AT (WAT) has been recognised as an endocrine organ and an important source of biologically active substances with local and/or systemic action called adipokines. The metabolic and endocrine activities of AT are under the control of several hormones: a particular role has been played by glucocorticoids (GC), which able to participate, along with other hormones, both in recruitment of progenitor cells and in differentiation and secretive activities. AT is also able to generate cortisol from cortisone through 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). There are controversial reports in the literature, showing a hyperactivity of 11β-HSD in obesity. It has been postulated that obesity, particularly the visceral body fat distribution (V-BFD), may be considered a maladaptation to stress exposure, thus leading to hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and higher-than-normal cortisol levels. In this review, we will examine the cross-talk between the HPA axis and AT, their relationship under stressful events, depending on steroid hormones and different adipokine secretions.

scholarly journals Metabolic role of visceral adipose tissue and main methods of its diagnosis at the present stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Fadieienko ◽  
Ya.V. Nikiforova
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Active Substances

A review of the literature on the metabolic role of visceral adipose tissue and the main methods for its diagnosis is presented. Visceral adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ what secretes a number of biologically active substances. With an increase in the proportion of visceral adipose tissue, moderate inflammation is observed with a chronic systemic increase in the activity of adipokines. Adipokines carry out several immune or metabolic functions associated with inflammatory infiltration. Active substances such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, etc., the source of which is visceral adipose tissue, have peripheral, central and local effects on the metabolism of glucose and lipids, glycolysis processes in the liver, etc. It is the activity of visceral adipose tissue that should be considered among the main pathophysiological development factors obesity and its potential metabolic cardiovascular and/or liver complications.

scholarly journals Metabolic disorders in adipocytokine imbalance and gestational complications

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya B. Chabanova ◽  
Sergey I. Mataev ◽  
Tatiana N. Vasilkova ◽  
Irina A. Troshina
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Active Substances

Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ synthesizes a large number of biologically active substances, adipocytokines, which have both local and systemic effects influencing the vascular wall, tissue sensitivity to insulin, glucose metabolism, and systemic inflammation. The data obtained from clinical and experimental studies demonstrate the close relationship between the imbalance of adipocytokines and pregnancy complications such as insulin resistance, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. In this connection, close attention of obstetrician-gynecologists and endocrinologists is focused on etiopathogenic aspects of the formation of gestational complications with metabolic disorders caused by an imbalance of adipocytokines with maternal obesity and to the search for markers of these disorders. The review presents the current literature data on adipose tissue hormones and their influence on the course of a gestational process.

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